Figure
Descriptive characteristics of the studied population
Source publication
Background:
During the 2020/2021 winter, the labour market was under the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Changes in socioeconomic resources during this period could have influenced individual mental health. This association may have been mitigated or exacerbated by subjective risk perceptions, such as perceived risk of getting infected with SARS-...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... majority of participants (79%) filled out the DASS questionnaire 28 days or more after Q2. Descriptive characteristics of the participants are presented in Table 1. The median age was 53 years (IQR = 40-64) and 52% of participants were female. ...Context 2
... Differences and similarities between retired and not retired participants are reported in Table 1. The proportion of scores above the threshold for normal level for the three mental health outcomes was lower among retired participants compared to non-retired participants (depression: 12% vs 18%, p = 0.002; anxiety: 6% vs 9%, p = 0.017; stress: 5% vs 12%, p < 0.001). ...Context 3
... perceived risk of getting infected was associated with higher stress scores and a worse perception of the Swiss economic situation with slightly higher stress, anxiety and depression scores. Similar associations were observed in the non-retired subset of the study population (Fig. 2B) . Coefficients and confidence intervals of the multivariable model are reported in table S5 (Additional file 1: Table ...Context 4
... results of the sensitivity analyses were consistent with the main analyses and are shown in supplementary material (Additional file 1: Tables S7-10; Figure S5-S6). When running the multivariable linear model using multiple imputation by chained equation, the association between a worsened financial situation and higher anxiety scores disappeared as well as the interaction effect of perceived risk of getting infected on anxiety levels in people with consistently precarious or insufficient results (Additional file 1: Table S7 and Table S10). ...Context 5
... majority of participants (79%) filled out the DASS questionnaire 28 days or more after Q2. Descriptive characteristics of the participants are presented in Table 1. The median age was 53 years (IQR = 40-64) and 52% of participants were female. ...Context 6
... Differences and similarities between retired and not retired participants are reported in Table 1. The proportion of scores above the threshold for normal level for the three mental health outcomes was lower among retired participants compared to non-retired participants (depression: 12% vs 18%, p = 0.002; anxiety: 6% vs 9%, p = 0.017; stress: 5% vs 12%, p < 0.001). ...Context 7
... perceived risk of getting infected was associated with higher stress scores and a worse perception of the Swiss economic situation with slightly higher stress, anxiety and depression scores. Similar associations were observed in the non-retired subset of the study population (Fig. 2B) . Coefficients and confidence intervals of the multivariable model are reported in table S5 (Additional file 1: Table ...Context 8
... results of the sensitivity analyses were consistent with the main analyses and are shown in supplementary material (Additional file 1: Tables S7-10; Figure S5-S6). When running the multivariable linear model using multiple imputation by chained equation, the association between a worsened financial situation and higher anxiety scores disappeared as well as the interaction effect of perceived risk of getting infected on anxiety levels in people with consistently precarious or insufficient results (Additional file 1: Table S7 and Table S10). ...Citations
... Therefore, a longitudinal approach to comprehensively describe the patterns of change and development of mothers' psychological distress remains limited. The available longitudinal literature concerning psychological distress primarily focuses on the general adult population [22][23][24], university students [25], employees [26], teachers [27], or a specific vulnerable population, such as primary school children and patients with eating disorders [28,29]. Those studies reveal varying results. ...
... Some longitudinal studies suggest stability in mental health status [24]. However, more studies indicate a worsening of mental health [23,[25][26][27][31][32][33]. ...
Background
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted the psychological well-being of populations worldwide. Despite this, there is a paucity of research on the specific psychological distress experienced by mothers during this crisis. This study aims to address this gap by examining the trajectories of psychological distress experienced by Indonesian mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods
A sample of 108 mothers aged 25 to 65 (mean = 38.9, SD = 7.3) participated in three waves of data collection during the lockdown phase, adaptation phase, and new normal phases of the pandemic. Participants completed the Indonesian version of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-18 (DASS-18) questionnaire to assess their levels of depression, anxiety, and stress.
Results
Depression remained constant while anxiety and stress levels decreased over time. Notably, older participants reported lower levels of stress than their younger counterparts, and those who had been married for a longer time reported lower levels of stress.
Conclusion
This study provides critical insights into the mental health status of Indonesian mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the importance of considering contextual factors such as age and length of marriage in interventions and support programs.
... 53 54 High levels of anxiety and depression were also observed in vulnerable groups due to socioeconomic insecurity and more precarious employment. 55 These factors collectively contributed to the prevalence of fatigue observed in this study. ...
Objectives
This study aims (1) to assess the prevalence of severe fatigue among the general population of Geneva, 2 years into the COVID-19 pandemic and (2) to identify pandemic and non-pandemic factors associated with severe fatigue.
Design
Cross-sectional population-based survey conducted in Spring 2022.
Setting
General adult population of Geneva, Switzerland.
Participants
6870 adult participants, randomly selected from the general population, included in the Specchio-COVID-19 cohort study, were invited to answer an online health survey.
Outcome and cofactor measure
Prevalence of severe fatigue was measured by the Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire with a cut-off score≥4 out of 11. We assessed prevalence ratios of severe fatigue considering sociodemographic factors, health and behavioural characteristics (body mass index, depression, recent diagnosis of chronic disease or allergy, acute health event, smoking status, physical activity and sleep quality) and recent self-reported COVID-19 infections.
Results
A total of 4040 individuals participated (participation rate 59%, 58% were women, mean age 53.2 (SD=14.1 years)). Overall prevalence of severe fatigue was 30.7% (95% CI=29.2%–32.1%). After adjusting for age, sex, educational level and pre-existing comorbidities, the following characteristics were associated with severe fatigue: individuals aged 18–24 years (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR)=1.39 (1.10–1.76)) and 25–34 years (aPR=1.23 (1.05–1.45)), female sex (aPR=1.28 (1.16–1.41)), depression (aPR=2.78 (2.56–3.01)), occurrence of health events unrelated to COVID-19 (aPR=1.51 (1.38–1.65)) and self-reported COVID-19 infection in the past 12 months (aPR=1.41 (1.28–1.56)). After further adjustment for depression, previous associations were maintained except for young age.
Conclusions
About one-third of the adult general population of Geneva experienced severe fatigue, 2 years into the COVID-19 pandemic. Heightened fatigue among young adults is partly explained by depressive symptoms. Recent COVID-19 infection is substantially associated with severe fatigue, regardless of infection severity or co-occurrence of depressive disorder.
Trial registration number
CCER project ID 2020-00881.
... Саранск; 17 ГБУЗ РМ "Мордовская республиканская центральная клиническая больница". Саранск; 18 . Analysis of the association between factors and a binary variable was carried out using the logistic regression method. ...
Aim. To analyze the prevalence of anxiety and depression in Russians using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) during the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation (ESSE-RF) study. To study the associations of increased levels of anxiety and depression (HADS-A/ HADS-D ≥8+) with demographic and socio-economic characteristics according to the ESSE-RF3 study.
Material and methods. In the ESSE-RF3 study, a representative sample of the population of 15 Russian regions aged 35-74 years was examined with a response >70%. After removing respondents with missing data from the analysis, the final sample was 28716 people. The level of anxiety/depression was assessed by the sum of points <8 — "normal", ≥8 <11 — subclinical, ≥8+ — increased, ≥11 — clinical (high level). The changes in HADS-A/HADS-D over time were studied in a single age range of 35-64 years with the inclusion of materials from the ESSE-RF (2012-2014) and ESSE-RF2 (2017) studies. Statistical analysis was performed using the open-source R environment (version 4.1). Analysis of the association between factors and a binary variable was carried out using the logistic regression method. The significance level for all tested hypotheses was p≲0,05.
Results. In the Russian cohort (ESSE-RF3), the average level of anxiety/depression was 4,3±3,7/3,9±3,4, respectively, while the prevalence of subclinical/clinical anxiety and depression was 19,3/6,8% and 15,9/4,5%, respectively. The prevalence rates of HADS-A/HADS-D ≥8 <11 and HADS-A ≥11 in the ESSE-RF and ESSE-RF2 studies were significantly higher (p<0,001) compared with data from the ESSE-RF3 study. Regression analysis of HADS-D ≥8+ in men and women in models (M1 and M2) showed a significant (p<0,001) association with age 55-74 years, with secondary and less than secondary education and income, as well with diseases (men ≥2 and women ≥1) and women living in rural areas (p=0,019).
Conclusion. Data analysis showed significant (p<0,001) lower values of the standardized prevalence of anxiety and depression in men and women in ESSE-RF3 compared with the ESSE-RF and ESSE-RF2 studies. The exception were women with HADS-D ≥11, among which its prevalence in ESSE-RF3 did not differ significantly from that in ESSERF2. Regression analysis showed different associations of anxiety and depression with socioeconomic and demographic indicators in men and women.
... Although several studies have shown the effect of socioeconomic and cultural factors on mental health changes during the pandemic [25][26][27], our evidence reflects that such factors do not play a significant role in the Cuban SCA2 population. This is explained by the personalized social and economic care policies developed in Cuba for these patients and the high literacy rate of the Cuban population, including the SCA2 patients. ...
Limited evidence suggests that the SARS-CoV-2 infection can accelerate the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, but this has been not verified in the spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA). The objective of this study is to assess the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health and motor features of SCA2. A follow-up study was carried out in 170 Cuban SCA2 subjects and 87 community controls between 2020 and 2021. All subjects underwent a structured questionnaire to assess the risks of exposure to COVID-19, the confirmation of COVID-19 diagnosis, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Moreover, 36 subjects underwent the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of ataxia (SARA). The risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and the frequency of COVID-19 were similar between the ataxia cohort and the community controls. Within the ataxia group, significantly increased HADS scores existed at the 2nd visit in both groups, but this increase was more evident for the infected group regarding the depression score. Moreover, a significant within-group increase of SARA score was observed in the infected group but not the non-infected group, which was mainly mediated by the significant increase of the speech item score in the infected group. Similar results were observed within the subgroup of preclinical carriers. Our study identified no selective vulnerability nor protection to COVID-19 in SCA2, but once infected, the patients experienced a deterioration of mental health and speech function, even at preclinical disease stage. These findings set rationales for tele-health approaches that minimize the detrimental effect of COVID-19 on SCA2 progression and identify SCA2 individuals as clinical model to elucidate the link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and neurodegeneration.
... Although several studies have shown the effect of socioeconomic and cultural factors on mental health changes during the pandemic [25][26][27], our evidence reflects that such factors do not play a significant role in the Cuban SCA2 population. This is explained by the personalized social and economic care policies developed in Cuba for these patients and the high literacy rate of the Cuban population, including the SCA2 patients. ...
Objective
Comprehensive evidence on the impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the use of mental health services is scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the access to mental health services in Italy and to assess the socioeconomic and citizenship inequalities for the same outcome.
Methods
A population-based longitudinal open cohort of residents aged ≥ 10 years was established in three large centers covering about 6 million beneficiaries (nearly 10% of the entire population) of the Italian National Health Service (NHS) from 01 January 2018 to 31 December 2021. The primary outcome of interest was the first access to one of the following mental health care services (FAMHS): outpatient facilities, hospital discharges, psychiatric drug prescriptions, emergency room admissions, residential and day care facilities, co-pay exemptions. To evaluate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on FAMHS, the temporal trend of FAMHS rates was investigated through an interrupted time series (ITS) analysis of their monthly rates. Crude incidence rates per 100,000 person days with 95%CI were calculated comparing the two time periods (pre- and post-COVID-19) by sex, age group, deprivation index (as a proxy of socioeconomic status), and citizenship. Finally, adjusted rates and rates ratios with 95%CI were estimated via ITS analysis using a step-change model.
Results
ITS analysis for the trend of FAMHS rates showed a significant drop at the outbreak of the pandemic in crude rates and after adjusting for age, sex, deprivation level, and citizenship (RR=0.83 p<0.001). After the outbreak of COVID-19, the trend increased, with rates returning to pre-pandemic levels. Adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) showed a higher probability of having a FAMHS for females, Italians, and for residents in the most deprived areas. A gradient of higher rates with the increase in age was observed. Greater COVID-19 impact was found on the most deprived areas of residence, with a reduction in IRRs from pre- to post-COVID-19 significantly stronger.
Conclusions
The COVID-19 pandemic increased socioeconomic inequalities in mental health in Italy. Population-based cohorts are the most powerful instrument to monitor inequalities in access to mental health services and to provide timely information to drive policy.
