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This paper develops and tests a new framework for addressing entrepreneurial skills. We first used a qualitative research methodology and interviewed entrepreneurs from France, Canada, and Algeria in order to figure out the relevant skills. Then we used a quantitative research methodology to validate our findings. Our framework relies on 44 skills...
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Citations
... Numerous studies have highlighted the medium-and long-term benefits of developing entrepreneurial competencies during the school years (e.g. Seikkula-Leino, 2011;Loué & Baronet, 2012;Eurydice, 2016;Youth Start, 2018;Tittel & Terzidis, 2020;Reis et al., 2021;Fan et al., 2022;Maragh, 2024). These effects are evident both socially and economically. ...
This paper critically examines the recently approved Portuguese Framework for Entrepreneurship Education (REE), in 2024, a key policy document aimed at implementing entrepreneurship education (EE) in compulsory public education. It addresses the historical context and current challenges of EE in Portugal, where participation in EE programmes has been limited. The REE is part of a broader initiative under the Citizenship Education subject, aiming to develop entrepreneurial skills among students as they progress through the education system. This article explores the evolution of EE frameworks, particularly focusing on the European Entrepreneurship Competence Framework (EntreComp), which has been widely adopted across Europe. It investigates how these frameworks, including the REE, contribute to the development of entrepreneurial competencies—skills that go beyond business creation to foster creativity, resilience, and problem-solving. The paper also highlights the benefits and challenges of implementing EE, including the need for tailored teaching materials and the importance of teacher support. By presenting Portugal’s recent efforts to integrate EE into its curriculum, this paper contributes to the international discourse on effective strategies for fostering entrepreneurial skills. It emphasises the role of such frameworks in overcoming barriers to EE, ensuring inclusivity, and addressing the evolving needs of global education systems in the face of rapid socio-economic changes.
... Entrepreneurial competencies have been categorized in various ways. Loué and Baronet (2012) listed intuition, opportunity recognition, financial, human resource, marketing, leadership, self-discipline, and communication skills as critical competencies, while Man et al. (2002) highlighted strategic, conceptual, opportunity, interpersonal, organizational, and commitment abilities as predictors of entrepreneurial success. Gender-specific studies have identified that female entrepreneurs often excel in multitasking, interpersonal skills, and emotional empathy, which can complement business goals (Kirkland et al., 2013;Newburry et al., 2008;Ruderman et al., 2017). ...
... Zhou et al., 2019). The scale focusing on ECs was derived from Chatterjee andDas (2016 andLoué andBaronet (2012). Pilot study was used to check the initial reliability of scale. ...
... Zhou et al., 2019). The scale focusing on ECs was derived from Chatterjee andDas (2016 andLoué andBaronet (2012). Pilot study was used to check the initial reliability of scale. ...
The present research examines whether entrepreneurial perceived behavior and entrepreneurial intentions have a positive effect on entrepreneurial success when mediated by entrepreneurial competencies through training. The primary reason for reviewing the mediation of entrepreneurial competencies through training was to analyze whether it enhances success in entrepreneurship. The main motive is to examine this through a gender perspective. The analysis will throw light on gender differences in antecedents of entrepreneurial success. The sample consists of 363 male and 177 female graduates from engineering students. Data were collated through a survey of 540 respondents from top engineering institutions in North India. The analysis was conducted using Smart PLS. The outcomes suggest that mediation of entrepreneurial competencies through training enhances the scope of success for both males and females. However, the outcomes are better for males. An examination of gender differences highlights some significant variations that should be taken into consideration when offering training in necessary competencies. It is essential to train women in order to improve their enterprise launching competencies (ability to identify opportunities and ability to plan). Their ability to take risks has to be strengthened as well. The results of this research indicate that training in entrepreneurial competencies can facilitate the development of entrepreneurial intentions that lead to success, which makes a valuable contribution. The present study is noteworthy due to the significance of entrepreneurial perceived behavior and entrepreneurial intention as antecedents of entrepreneurial success. Furthermore, the research adds the mediation effect of entrepreneurial competencies to the body of knowledge on entrepreneurship, which is encouraging as supported by the results.
... As per McBer's research, Boyatzis (1982) [47] documented six competencies associated with managerial effectiveness, whose clusters comprised leadership knowledge, action management knowledge, directing subordinate knowledge, other focused knowledge, human resource management knowledge, and specialised knowledge. The group of competencies included in this work are based on the study by Loué et al. (2012) [7] and Lopes et al. (2023) [16]. This current study has been conducted to further investigate the impact of education on entrepreneurial intentions by including entrepreneurial competencies like risk propensity, perceived behavioural control, and social norms, as well as their relationship to SDG-8-driven sustainable entrepreneurial intentions, with the following research questions in mind: ...
... As per McBer's research, Boyatzis (1982) [47] documented six competencies associated with managerial effectiveness, whose clusters comprised leadership knowledge, action management knowledge, directing subordinate knowledge, other focused knowledge, human resource management knowledge, and specialised knowledge. The group of competencies included in this work are based on the study by Loué et al. (2012) [7] and Lopes et al. (2023) [16]. This current study has been conducted to further investigate the impact of education on entrepreneurial intentions by including entrepreneurial competencies like risk propensity, perceived behavioural control, and social norms, as well as their relationship to SDG-8-driven sustainable entrepreneurial intentions, with the following research questions in mind: ...
... Both the cognitive competency and social competency and resilience scales included eight questions. These were adapted from [7,38,39,44,79]. The risk propensity scale utilising seven questions was adapted from the works of [7,80]. ...
This paper empirically examines whether integrating entrepreneurial abilities with the theory of perceived behaviour positively influences Sustainable-Development-Goal-8-driven sustainable entrepreneurial intentions (SDG-8 SEIs). The data used in this study were gathered from 540 students from top-ranked Indian engineering colleges that offer entrepreneurship courses and have access to company incubators. According to the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), perceived behavioural control, subjective norms, and entrepreneurial drive are the three elements of perceived entrepreneurial behaviour. The TPB’s dimensions in this study have entrepreneurial competencies as their antecedents. Cognitive competency, risk propensity, and social competency and resilience are antecedents of the TPB’s dimensions. One entrepreneurial viewpoint uses sustainable UNDP-SDG-8 as a metric for assessing intentions; its objectives are the promotion of inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all. This study used partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). According to the findings, engineering students in India are more likely to have entrepreneurial-focused intentions based on sustainability if they adhere to the TPB’s dimensions along with additional constructs. Using an expanded TPB model, we show that the TPB has learnable and stimulating antecedents, with these having a positive effect on SDG-8 SEIs, thus extending entrepreneurial activity in India. Policymakers, universities, and students will find these results very intriguing. The TPB’s dimensions and three additional dimensions are proposed as antecedents in a new conceptual model aimed at sustainable entrepreneurship in this study.
... Entrepreneurial skills have been proposed as the lifeline of any business irrespective of size (Abdul, 2018). Although there is existence of studies between entrepreneurial skills and SME, most of these were case studies focused on the relationship of one or two skills and performance or growth (Loué & Baronet, 2012). Little research focused on the 'acquired and trainable' skills of entrepreneurial skills of networking on growth of SMEs yet significant national (Vision, 2020) efforts have been directed towards developing these skills (SMEDAN, 2019; Omolara, 2019). ...
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of entrepreneurial networking skills on growth of small and medium plastic manufacturing enterprises in Nigeria. Methodology: Mixed methods research design was applied by the study. The study target population was 18,476 plastics manufacturing SMEs in LAGOS State, Nigeria. Based on Yamane Formula adopted the sample size for this study was 397 respondents. Random sampling was used to select the 392 plastics manufacturing SMEs. The study therefore randomly selected 392 plastics manufacturing SMEs from a list of total lists of these is 18476 plastics manufacturing SMEs in LAGOS State, Nigeria. The managing director/CEO of these enterprises were the main respondents therefore the study administered 392 questionnaires. The study used semi structured questionnaires to collect primary data. The study used SPSS version 27 software to analyse the data. Both descriptive and inferential analyses were carried out. Results: The inferential analysis results revealed that entrepreneurial networking skills had a significant and positive influence on the growth of small and medium plastic manufacturing enterprises in Nigeria at p<0.05. This indicates that strategic question asking, ability to get referrals and value adding skills are crucial drivers of growth of small and medium plastic manufacturing enterprises. The Coefficient of determination R2 of 0.470 showed that 47.0% of Growth of SMEs is explained by entrepreneurial financial skills. The R value for the model was 0.686 and the R2 was 0.470. This was a sign that the model was appropriate for establishing the link between entrepreneurial networking skills and the growth of small and medium plastic manufacturing enterprises and, as a result, for drawing the conclusions and suggestions from the study. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: While the existing Social network entrepreneurship theory used in this study was validated, the study recommends that SMEs in Nigeria should form quality networking which will enable them to create social communities shared by stakeholders such as customers, suppliers, other enterprises. According to the study, policymakers and state regulatory organizations should take the lead in formulating favourable legislation and policies that will provide friendly operating environment to enhance the growth of SMEs.
... pp 32 -42, 2023 www.iprjb.org answer these challenges, it establishes their future, the success or failure of the organization (Loué & Baronet, 2012). The life of organizations shows a cyclic process, as Mustapha (2017), emphasized; the life of a company or organization is a set of new challenges, which may be solved successfully or unsuccessfully. ...
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of entrepreneurial marketing skills on growth of small and medium plastic manufacturing enterprises in Nigeria. Methodology: Descriptive research design was applied by the study. The study target population was 18,476 plastics manufacturing SMEs in LAGOS State, Nigeria. Based on Yamane Formula adopted the sample size for this study was 397 respondents. Random sampling was used to select the 392 plastics manufacturing SMEs. The study therefore randomly selected 392 plastics manufacturing SMEs from a list of total lists of these is 18476 plastics manufacturing SMEs in LAGOS State, Nigeria. The study used semi structured questionnaires to collect primary data. The study used SPSS version 27 software to analyse the data. Both descriptive and inferential analyses were carried out. Results from analysed data were presented in tables and figures. Results: The inferential statistics results revealed a positive and significant relationship between entrepreneurial marketing skills on growth of small and medium plastic manufacturing enterprises in Nigeria at p<0.05. Entrepreneurial marketing g skills on growth of small and medium plastic manufacturing enterprises had a Pearson’s correlation of r=0.808 (p=0.000). The correlation results implied that implied that entrepreneurial marketing skills had very strong positive correlation with growth of small and medium plastic manufacturing enterprises in Nigeria. The finding implied that improving the marketing skills for SMEs entrepreneurs would results to high growth of heir enterprises. The R2 for the model was 0.653 indicating that 65.3% of growth of SMEs is explained by entrepreneurial marketing skills other factors held constant. This was a sign that the model was appropriate for establishing the relationship between entrepreneurial marketing skills on growth of small and medium plastic manufacturing enterprises in Nigeria. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Life Cycle Theory used in this study may be used to anchor future studies on describing the different stages of corporate life. The study recommends that SMEs owners should invest in capabilities that will enable gather market information in the industry they operate. This will ensure that marketing approach and their entire growth model is streamlined to optimize market segment that have the largest potential for growth. According to the study, policy makers should formulate policies that will ensure that SMEs are trained on entrepreneurial marketing skills and financial management to equip them with adequate skills need to grow their businesses.
... They discovered that personal skills, business skills and technical skills significantly affect business performance but no significant findings on entrepreneurial skills. Loué and Baronet (2012) through their reviews on qualitative research conducted among SMEs from France, Canada and Algeria mutually agreed on several entrepreneurial skills that are significant for SMEs such as opportunity recognition and exploitation, financial management, human resources management, marketing and commercialization, leadership, self-discipline, marketing and monitoring and intuition and vision. Due to inconsistency of the role of entrepreneurial skills on the performance of SME, it triggers us to identify the consistency of the results in Malaysia SME setting. ...
This study was purposely conducted to examine the influence of conceptual factors such as external environment (i.e. government support and information access) and managerial expertise (i.e. business planning and entrepreneurial skills) on SMEs business success in Malaysia. The main objectives are to examine which factors that influences most on SMEs' business success. A survey was administered through a face-to-face approach to 115 individuals who run the SME business. We utilized SPSS version 20 software and analyzed the data using multiple regression analysis to test the hypothesis. Findings showed a significant relationship between all tested variables (government support, information access, business planning & entrepreneurial skills) and the dependent variable (business success of SME). Through multiple regression analysis, although all variables tested have a significant effect on SMEs' success, however, a greater influence is shown by entrepreneurial skills on the probability of SMEs' success. Findings are expected to contribute to improve the understanding of the obstacles or challenges that might be faced by SMEs. These findings also benefit policymakers and development partners to formulate policies related to improvement for SMEs. The useful information will help the SMEs continue to grow. At the same time, the government also can promote the development of competitive, innovative, and resilient SMEs through effective coordination and provision of business support that focuses on improving entrepreneurial skills. The research is useful for development partners in developing programs including searching for funds. Lastly, this study hopes to contribute to the body of knowledge concerning SMEs in Malaysia.
... A university education also polishes an individual's Page 9 of 27 Martins et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2023) 12:63 innovative competencies and creative skills, leading to a better diploma of entrepreneurial intention (Loué & Baronet, 2012). Past research (Journal et al., 2014) defined that the subjective norm supported by the environment and circle of relatives led to high-quality association among entrepreneurial intention (Michelacci, 2003). ...
As worldwide unemployment is an extensive problem with the increasing population every day, job opportunities did not increase with a similar ratio. Unemployment is increasing, affecting developing countries’ economies like Pakistan. This attempt to solve this problem is commonly acknowledged by creating new opportunities and starting new business ventures. Considering this aspect, this study inspects the aspects that create and affect entrepreneurial intention in young entrepreneurs to start entrepreneurial projects. This study explores the effect of self-efficacy, family, institutional, and peer support on entrepreneurial intention. These factors are expected to create entrepreneurial intention in young graduates to start their business ventures. All these factors and the mediating role of knowledge of entrepreneurial skills, ability to take risks, and entrepreneurial innovativeness motivate young entrepreneurs to take startups. For results, a survey method with a questionnaire has been utilized to gather data. The collected data were evaluated through descriptive and inferential statistics. SPSS and SMART-PLS 3.3 were used for the analysis of results. 716 respondents participated in the data collection process. Data have been gathered from the master's students who registered in Pakistan's top business sector universities. The results of this study showed that self-efficacy, peers support, institutional support, and family support positively impact entrepreneurial intention. Additionally, knowledge of entrepreneurial skills, the ability to take risks, and entrepreneurial innovativeness also significantly affect entrepreneurial intention. In this study, all these results have been discussed. This study also discusses various theoretical and practical factors with substantial policy-making significance.
... The success of creating technology startups depends on many external and internal factors; one of the most essential elements is the entrepreneur's competence (Gemmell, Boland, and Kolb 2012;Ezzedeen and Zikic 2012). To be actively engaged in the venture creation process, they should possess diverse and well-developed skills, knowledge, and competencies, such as opportunity identification (Shane 2000;Chell 2013); business and management (Loué and Baronet 2012); technical (Chang and Rieple 2013), personal, interpersonal, leadership (Hayton and Kelley 2006); and social skills (Baron and Tang 2009). Traditionally, social skills have been associated with networking, negotiation, and collaborative processes. ...
... Despite the progress made, existing measurements of EP (Bacigalupo et al., 2016;Bird, 2019;Davidsson et al., 2017;Davis et al., 2015;Jilinskaya-Pandey and Wade, 2019;Lou e and Baronet, 2012;Robinson et al., 1991;Santos et al., 2013;Shaver et al., 2019), remain fragmented, they suffer from the lack of theory integration and clarity, are inadequately specified and assessed and the dimensions are unordered by importance. The fragmentation in the current EP scales is surprising because the process of creating and growing a business is multidimensional, and the individual entrepreneur who goes through it cannot be divided into different bits. ...
... Step 2: generation of the first pool of items Some of the studies that informed the selection of EP dimensions and sub-dimensions were meta-analyses and systematic reviews of core entrepreneurial competencies, behaviours and mindsets (Bacigalupo et al., 2016;Chell, 2013;Gaylen and Jansen, 1992;Lou e and Baronet, 2012; New measurement scale Mitchelmore and Rowley, 2010;Reis et al., 2020;Rezaeizadeh et al., 2017;Shaver et al., 2019;Tittel and Terzidis, 2020). The lack of a substantially clear and unified EP theoretical framework made the inclusion criteria a very complicated exercise. ...
... Eslami et al., 2016;Lou e and Baronet, 2012; Manai and Holmlund, 2015;McCorkle et al., 2003;Parham et al., 2015; Sampath et al., 2020) (continued) ...
Purpose
As good as existing measurements of entrepreneurial potential (EP) may appear in the literature, they are fragmented, suffer from the lack of theory integration and clarity, are inadequately specified and assessed and the dimensions are unordered by importance. These limitations of EP metrics have hindered entrepreneurial practice and theory advancement. There is a risk of atomistic evolution of the topic among “siloed” scholars and room for repetitions without real progress. The purpose of this paper was to take stock of existing measurements from which the authors developed a new instrument that is brief and inclusive.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors followed several steps to develop and validate the new instrument, including construct domain name specification, literature review, structured interviews with entrepreneurs, face validation by experts, semantic validation and statistical validation after two waves of data collected on employee and entrepreneur samples.
Findings
A clear operational definition of EP is proposed and serves as a starting point towards a unified EP theory. The new EP instrument is made up of 34 items classified into seven dimensions, which in order of importance are proactive innovativeness, management skill, calculated risk-taking, social skill, financial literacy, entrepreneurial competencies prone to cognitive and heuristic biases and bricolage. The authors provide evidence for reliability and validity of the new instrument.
Research limitations/implications
Although a model is not the model, the authors discuss several ways in which the new measurement model can be used by different stakeholders to promote entrepreneurship.
Originality/value
The authors discuss the domain representativeness of the new scale and argue that the literature can meaningfully benefit from a non-fuzzy approach to what makes the EP of an individual. By developing a new EP instrument, the authors set an important pre-condition for advancing entrepreneurial theory and practice.
... The framework by Loué and Baronet [68] focused on 44 skills classified into eight groups: (a) Intuition and vision; (b) opportunity recognition and exploitation; (c) financial management; (d) human resource management; (e) marketing and communication activities; (f) leadership; (g) self-discipline; and (h) marketing and monitoring. Thus, as highlighted through earlier studies, there is a necessity for entrepreneurship training to develop the skills needed for being a successful entrepreneur [69][70][71]. ...
... The study used the EI metric from Liñán and Chen [93] covering present and future intentions with a few items from Maresch et al. [75] and Shirokova et al. [76]. The EC metric was selfconstructed with items borrowed from Chatterjee and Das [66] and Loué and Baronet [68]. The items were validated through a pilot survey and expert input (faculty and mangers of business incubators in these institutions). ...
... Chatterjee and Das [66], Loué and Baronet [68] To help them know about the market needs for determined products/services. ...
This research was undertaken with the objective of relating entrepreneurial perceived behaviour (EPB) and entrepreneurial intentions (EI) with students’ perceptions of the United Nations sustainable development goals. The current research advances on from EPB and EI to analyse whether the study of entrepreneurial competencies (ECs) enhance the impact of EI on sustainable growth. Sustainable growth is measured through the perception of students regarding the United Nations SDGs, measured through SDG3, SDG8, SDG9, and SDG10. Earlier studies have linked EPB with EIs as entrepreneurship, in the long run, has to focus on sustainable growth. EPB comprises entrepreneurial attitude, perceived behavioural control and subjective norms. ECs comprise leadership skills (LS); risk-taking skills (RTS); opportunity identification skills (OIS); perseverance skills (PS); and societal skills (SS). The study is based on a survey with data collected through a structured questionnaire from 480 engineering students. SEM-PLs was used to analyse the results. The outcomes suggest a direct relationship between EPB and EI, and EI and sustainable growth. However, as the main objective of the study was to find whether ECs enhance the impact of EIs with respect to ECs on sustainable growth, the results provide empirical support for EM-EI(ECs)-SG as there is a positive and significant indirect effect, suggesting complementary action, thus validating the proposed theoretical sustainable growth (SG). These outcomes suggest that there is a need to focus on ECs to improve the impact of EIs on SG.
