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A simplified method for preliminary seismic vulnerability assessment of existing building in particular area of Kundasang, Sabah Malaysia region is proposed. The surveys are mainly focused on building inventory such as identifying the building occupancy, building type and the storey number of buildings for study area. Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) c...
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Context 1
... 2 shows example of buildings in Kundasang in term of building occupancy. The data collection was prepared taking into consideration of five (4) main types of construction practice within the ward which are Reinforced Concrete (RC), brick, wood (Wood for housing,W1 and Wood For Commercial use, W2) and steel (Steel Frame Building,S3) as shown in Table 1. Figure 3 illustrates the information such are occupancy classes (Residential) and structure type (W1) required in the rapid visual form in order to assess vulnerable buildings in study area. ...
Context 2
... 10 demonstrates the RVS result using GIS based tool to locate the building which require further investigation. The result obtained from RVS shows the location of buildings that need further investigation, for which based on Table 10, the total structural score less than 2 (S< 2) in Kundasang area is lower (34%) than no need further investigation which is 66% that score exceeding 2.5 (S>2.5). Figure 11(a) provides the number and percentage of hazardous and non-hazardous in study area respectively while figure 11(b) shows the composition of the hazardous buildings. About 183 (75.6%) considered hazardous buildings which is influenced by close proximity to the hill sides followed by commercial buildings (33, 13.6%), education buildings (10, 4.13%), government buildings (5, 2.1%), emergency buildings (6, 2.5%), History buildings (4, 1.7%), Industrial buildings (1, 0.4%), Religious buildings ...
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... The focus of earthquake-related studies is on seismic hazard assessment, with only a handful of studies conducted on seismic vulnerability and earthquake risk assessment. Amongst them are the evaluation of earthquake threat in Sabah considering the rate of earthquake events, the distribution of various magnitude quakes and the level of ground shaking [15]; the preliminary seismic vulnerability assessment of existing buildings using the simplified method that focus only in particular areas of Kundasang, Sabah [16]; evaluation of earthquake vulnerability in the context of physical (buildings only) components on Ranau, Sabah [17]; and the Earthquake Vulnerability Assessment (EVA) [14] to assess the earthquake vulnerability in terms of environmental and social characteristics. However, this study is only focused on the district of Ranau, which is one of the most prone areas to earthquake hazard in Malaysia. ...
Sabah is located in the northeast region of East Malaysia and recognized as the most active seismic area in Malaysia. The scalability and frequency of earthquakes are growing due to the existence of both local and distant ground motions from active faults, with more than 67 earthquake occurrences with light to moderate
magnitude (Mw larger than 3.5) recorded since the 1900. On the other hand, the skewed socio-economic development process associated with the rapid population growth and changes in the family structure, inequality issues, and the lack of adaptation measures would intensify the vulnerability of the earthquakes. Key elements
linked to socio-economic vulnerability need to be addressed in order to reduce the risk of earthquake. Based on previous studies, we identified vulnerabilities from a multi-dimensional perspective consisting of exposure,
resilience and capacity across districts. Subsequently, a holistic indicator system with 18 variables was constructed to assess the potential earthquake vulnerability in Sabah, Malaysia. The accumulated data will present an
earthquake vulnerability classification using the Geographical Information System (GIS) approach. Finally, the earthquake risk was derived by integrating the earthquake vulnerability map with earthquake hazard map proposed by the Department of Mineral and Geoscience (JMG) Malaysia. The results of the analysis revealed that the highest level of earthquake risk, which accounts for 15.5 %, were concentrated in the eastern part of the Sabah
region; the high-risk areas account for 7.7 %; the moderate-risk areas account for 11.3 %; and the low to very low risk areas account for 65.4 %. Accordingly, it is expected that the derived earthquake vulnerability and risk map will allow the policymakers and response teams to improve the earthquake disaster mitigation and management in Sabah.
... Ghafar et al. [75] Preliminary seismic vulnerability assessment of existing buildings in Kundasang, Sabah through FEMA P-154 (2015) level 1 method. ...
Rapid visual screening is a quick and simple approach often used by researchers to estimate the seismic vulnerability of buildings in an area. In this study, preliminary seismic vulnerability assessment of 500 buildings situated at Northern and Eastern George Town, Malaysia, was carried out by utilizing a modified FEMA-154 (2002) method that suits Malaysian conditions. Data were collected from online sources via Google Maps and Google Earth instead of traditional surveying data collection through street screening. The seismic assessment analysis of this study was based on the RVS performance score and the damage state classification for each building typology. This approach generates, for each building, a final performance score based on governing parameters such as structural resisting system, height, structural irregularities, building age, and soil type. The findings revealed the immediate need for effective seismic mitigation strategies, as 90% of the studied buildings required a further detailed analyses to pinpoint their exact seismic vulnerability performance. Most of the surveyed buildings were predicted to experience moderate-to-substantial damage, with 220 out of 500 being classed as damage state 2 (D2) and damage state 3 (D3). A GIS map, “RVS Malaysian Form-George Town Area”, was generated via ArcGIS and shared with the public to provide vital information for further research.
... The score assignment approach, as described by Ghafar et al. [11], Mansor et al. [12], and Mohamad et al. [13], is a regularly used method for seismic vulnerability in Sabah. Rapid visual evaluation, such as the FEMA 154 [14] technique, is the easiest method. ...
... Calvi et al. [10] suggested a simple analytical vulnerability technique based on estimated building displacement and the energy dissipation capacity of the existing building. Rapid screening evaluations are appropriate for earthquake scenario projects involving a large number of structures, as investigated by Ghafar et al. [11], Mansor et al. [12], and Mohamad et al. [13]. In comparison to analytical methods such as extensive analysis procedures, which require even more time and resources and can only be employed for the evaluation of a few structures, as demonstrated by Adnan et. ...
... In recent years, however, numerous studies have been performed by local authorities and researchers towards establishing decreased seismic risks. Additional emphasis can be observed on the vulnerability assessment carried out in Sabah, which is located in the eastern part of the country (Ghafar et al. 2015;Tongkul 2015;Indan et al. 2018;Raduan et al. 2018;Roslee et al. 2018), whereas Pahang-based works are primarily seismic hazard-based in nature (Shuib 2009;Nabilah and Balendra 2012;Marto et al. 2013;Lam et al. 2016;Weijie Loi et al. 2018). ...
... Therefore, addressing the problem of insufficient data for building vulnerability assessment has resulted in the use of Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) method to develop a building inventory. It is employed to map the physical vulnerability of the Kundasang area in Sabah (Ghafar et al. 2015). Accordingly, Raduan et al. (2018) have designed an earthquake threat map for the state by implementing the GIS application for the purpose of geographic location and attribute information classification and display in line with the threat level categories. ...
Various techniques and frameworks for an evaluation of seismic vulnerability have been developed and established in previous studies. However, some techniques demand a significant amount of empirical data currently not readily available in developing countries. Therefore, this study proposes a new seismic risk evaluation method at the local district level. A holistic model was constructed for the purpose of assessing potential seismic vulnerability based on appropriate indices and their relative contribution towards vulnerability and coping capacity. It allowed the estimation of vulnerability in terms of exposure, resilience, and capacity factors. Then, utilization of Geographical Information System (GIS) tools resulted in the generation of a total vulnerability map via integration of the study variables to highlight the socio-economic and physical characteristics of vulnerability for the districts in Pahang, Malaysia. Subsequently, a seismic risk map of the study area was derived by overlying the derived map with the seismic hazard map. Consequently, the study revealed the highest levels of seismic risk were concentrated in the central-west of the Pahang region, namely the Bentong district. In contrast, the least vulnerable areas encompassed the Pekan and Jerantut areas, which were located in the eastern region. In brief, the study findings would serve as the foundation towards reducing the country’s vulnerability to disasters.
... Past research on seismic vulnerability in Sabah such as [7,[112][113][114][115] only focused on buildings or physical vulnerability rather than implementing the combination of various indicators such as physical (e.g. buildings, buildings' materials and other man-made infrastructures), economy (Gross Domestic Product (GDP), wealth of households), environmental (slope, elevation) and social (population, age) indicators in vulnerability mapping [16,21,116]. ...
Sabah is prone to seismic activities due to its location, being geographically located near the boundaries of three major active tectonic plates; the Eurasian, India-Australia, and Philippine-Pacific plates. The 6.0 Mw earthquake that occurred in Ranau, Sabah, on 15 June 2015 which caused 18 casualties, all of them climbers of Mount Kinabalu, raised many issues, primarily the requirements for seismic vulnerability assessment for this region. This study employed frequency ratio (FR)–index of entropy (IoE) and a combination of (FR-IoE) with an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to map seismic vulnerability for Ranau, Sabah. The results showed that the success rate and prediction rate for the areas under the relative operating characteristic (ROC) curves were 0.853; 0.856 for the FR-IoE model and 0.863; 0.906 for (FR-IoE) AHP, respectively, with the highest performance achieved using the (FR-IoE) AHP model. The vulnerability maps produced were classified into five classes; very low, low, moderate, high, and very high seismic vulnerability. Seismic activities density ratio analysis performed on the final seismic vulnerability maps showed that high seismic activity density ratios were observed for high vulnerability zones with the values of 9.119 and 8.687 for FR-IoE and (FR-IoE) AHP models, respectively.
Keywords: frequency ratio; index of entropy; analytical hierarchical process; seismic vulnerability
... The seismic risk assessment refers to the seismic hazard, vulnerability and response capacity assessment of an area against earthquake threats depending on the location, magnitude and intensity of an earthquake when it occurs. The impediment for developing countries such as Malaysia when implementing seismic vulnerability assessments is the lack of comprehensive data [13][14][15][16]. Most of the data required in assessing population and property vulnerability during disasters is the crucial statistical information from the census. ...
... Moreover, there would be constraining issues relating to access to the data given its proprietary nature, confidentiality, reliability, consistency and lack of data transparency [17]. However, in recent years, various research has been conducted by local authorities and researchers to decrease seismic risks focusing on vulnerability assessment in Malaysia [12,13,[18][19][20][21]. ...
This research was conducted with a view to updating the management of earthquakes through an exposure vulnerability and potential seismic risk assessment, along with its application in Sabah (a state in East Malaysia). A set of indicators and methodologies has been proposed in this study with the goal of evaluating the level of exposure vulnerability and potential risk of certain locations to earthquake events at the local district scale. This study specifically involves the development of exposure vulnerability indicators; the statistical analysis method to standardize multivariate data together with a weight calculation of indicator variables; and a mathematical combination of different indicators for the development of the index map using the spatial analysis function of Geographical Information System (GIS) tools. Then, the derived exposure vulnerability index (EVI) map is overlaid with the seismic hazard in determining the geographical location of the most vulnerable areas and their exposure to seismic hazard events. As a result, and based on the available data, the exposure vulnerability index map shows that most districts in Sabah are at relatively low and moderate levels of risk except for a few districts, with several major cities in Sabah, such as Kota Kinabalu, Penampang, Sandakan and Tawau municipality, being situated at a high or very high exposure index. The combination of EVI maps and hazard maps indicate the dominance of the two factors influencing the potential level of earthquake risk. Studies reveal most of the southwest and central parts of the region are not at risk, as both exposure and hazard factors are at a low level. The proposed approach depicts an instrument for identifying cost-effective risk reduction initiatives by providing a scientific method for regional risk planning and management strategies. This research represents the first attempt to evaluate Sabah’s vulnerability to this type of natural disaster by understanding the spatial relationship between exposure vulnerability and earthquake hazard, which undoubtedly could be improved in several aspects.
... In the study by Islam [43], a visual assessment method was presented to identify buildings having insufficient seismic performance. Murashko [44], Ghafar [45] and Modi [46] compare the RVS method with other methods in their studies. Ilki et al. [47] studied on evaluating the primary and secondary effects of seismic movement on structural sensitivity and financial effects. ...
In this study, firstly, visual screening based (VSB) (FEMA 154, RVS and RBTE) and capacity-based (P25, Yakut, AURAP and DURTES) methods which are rapid seismic safety assessment methods of existing buildings have discussed. In addition, the linear and nonlinear earthquake performance procedures of the reinforced concrete structures according to the TBEC-2018 which does not have a rapid evaluation method but includes a detailed performance analysis procedure code were also given. After that, 30 existing reinforced concrete buildings collected from Istanbul-Turkey have been analyzed to all these mentioned methods. In this study results of all 7 different rapid seismic assessment methods were compared with results of TBEC-2018’s linear and nonlinear performance with regard to advantages and disadvantages. Finally, it was seen that while FEMA 154, RVS and RBTE methods are faster to apply on the buildings however P25, Yakut, AURAP and DURTES methods take more time to apply and give more conservative results. It was observed that the results obtained from the non-linear evaluation method of TBEC-2018 are less conservative than other methods. In addition, different results obtained from linear and nonlinear evaluation methods given in TBEC-2018 for the same buildings were also drawn attention.
... A landslide caused by the magnitude 6.0 earthquakeRamly et al., (2015) have conducted the rapid visual screening on building inventory for particular area in Kundasang, Sabah after an earthquake. There are roughly 717 numbers of structures such as residential, commercial, religious, industrial, government, education and history property surveyed. ...
... Building in Kundasang, Sabah[9] Relation between number of buildings and number of storey[9] ...
... Building in Kundasang, Sabah[9] Relation between number of buildings and number of storey[9] ...
In the past decade, there were a lot of seismic activities around the world that cause low rise reinforced concrete suffered severe damage and total collapse. A special based isolation system can be equipped to the low rise building to prevent it from damaged and collapse by improving the period, stiffness and damping of the structures. The based isolation system can increase the natural period of a rigid structure under first mode shape by applying low stiffness rubber isolators. These method can provide a better structural behaviour of low rise RC building as compared to moderate or high stiffness rubber isolators. Furthermore, the special based isolation system with maximum damping of 15% for 4 storey and 6 storey RC building. However, the value of optimum damping depends upon the characteristics of ground motions and frequencies of the earthquakes.
... For instance, Ramly et al. (2014) had applied the RVS procedure for seismic vulnerability assessment of the existing buildings in Bukit Tinggi Pahang. In addition, RVS was also used by Ghafar et al. (2015) as a simplified method for preliminary seismic vulnerability assessment of existing buildings in Kundasang, Sabah where is as well a moderate seismicity region in Sabah. JKR Malaysia (2017) was also pertained RVS as the preliminary assessment for the vulnerability study of existing government buildings due to seismic activities in Sabah. ...
CLIMATE CHANGE AND CAMPUS SUSTAINABILITY VOLUME II
Selection of papers presented at the 5th Regional Conference on Campus Sustainability 2018 (5RCCS2018)
20-21 March 2018 Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
Yogyakarta termasuk daerah yang memiliki tingkat resiko gempa yang tinggi, sehingga dapat mengakibatkan bangunan-bangunan yang didirikan di Yogyakarta memiliki potensi terhadap kerusakan. Gempa bumi yang terjadi pada tanggal 27 Mei 2006 masih meninggalkan trauma bagi masyarakat Yogyakarta, dimana menurut BNPB (2012) gempa di Yogyakarta menimbulkan korban jiwa sebanyak 4.674, dan sebanyak 19.897 dinyatakan cedera berat. Sebagian besar korban diakibatkan karena tertimpa bangunan, serta material rumah. Gempa di yogyakarta menimbulkan kerusakan yang berat pada bangunan sebanyak 96.790, sebanyak 117.075 alami kerusakan yang sedang, serta sebanyak 156. 971 bangunan alami kerusakan yang ringan. Pendirian bangunan-bangunan baru di wilayah Yogyakarta khususnya diharapkan dapat menerapkan prinsip bangunan tahan gempa pada tahapan-tahapan pembangunan agar tingkat kerentanan terhadap gempa tidak besar, salah satunya adalah proyek pembangunan gedung Research and Innovation Center of Dasron Hamid yang sedang dalam tahap pembangunan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kerentanan bangunan RIC terhadap gempa menggunakan RVS (Rapid Visual Screening) berdasarkan FEMA P-154 2015. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dan observasi secara langsung di lokasi pembangunan dengan mengisi formulir FEMA P-154, bangunan yang ditinjau terdiri 8 lantai yang dilengkapi 1 lantai dasar. Formulir yang digunakan adalah tipe high seismicity yang berarti tingkat seismitas di lokasi penelitian memiliki persebaran gempa yang tinggi. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan nilai S sebesar 2,3 dengan persentase kerentanan bangunan untuk roboh adalah 0,5%, sehingga aman terhadap gempa. Hal ini dikarenakan bangunan ini didirikan setelah adanya acuan atau code meskipun memiliki ketidakberaturan seperti vertical irregularity, dan, plan irregularity.
