Fig 2 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
Demonstration of physical success of vitrification in multiple volumes. a Table summarizes vitrification results for all the 3 CPAs and volumes. Photos of a successful vitrified (glass) M22 inside a cryobag for b 0.5 Liter, c 1 Liter, and d 3 Liter (largest volume reported). The out-of-plane thicknesses are 5.5, 6.5, and 10.5 cm for 0.5, 1, and 3L cryobags, respectively.
Source publication
Organ banking by vitrification could revolutionize transplant medicine. However, vitrification and rewarming have never been demonstrated at the human organ scale. Using modeling and experimentation, we tested the ability to vitrify and rewarm 0.5–3 L volumes of three common cryoprotective agent (CPA) solutions: M22, VS55, and 40% EG+0.6M Sucrose....
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... in case of complete crystallization (center of Fig. S8B, S8C). Another mode of physical failure is fractures or cracking, which could be visually observed as the presence of linear defects (Fig. S9). In the absence of failure modes (crystallization and fractures), the CPAs looked clear, transparent, and glassy, implying successful vitrification (Fig. 2). In the case of organs, failure was assessed visually on the surface and internally by photos of the bisected vitrified organ to evaluate for ...
Context 2
... vitrification in M22 was achieved for all volumes tested (Fig. 2). 40%EG+0.6Msucrose was also successfully vitrified with no visual ice formation up to 1L (Fig. S10). Ice formation was observed in VS55 for all three volumes ( Fig. S8 and S10). This was expected as the achieved cooling rate for these three volumes (0.5L~ 1.4°C/min, 1L~1°C/min, 3L~0.5°C/min) were lower than the CCR of VS55 ...
Context 3
... demonstrate nanowarming scales relevant for vitrified human organs, we prepared M22 with IONPs at ~10.7mgFe/mL for 1L and ~4.6 mgFe/mL for 2L volume. Different cryobags than those used in the vitrification studies were used to fit in with the workable volume of our 120 kW RF coil (Fig. 7A, also see Fig. S20). After the 1L and 2L volumes were vitrified in the CRF following the same protocols described above, they were stored in a -150°C freezer overnight. For rewarming, the samples were rapidly transferred to (within ~3-5 seconds) and rewarmed inside the 120 kW RF coil. Samples were rewarmed to 0°C within ~1min for 1L and ~2min for 2L at ...
Context 4
... modeling was performed using commercial multiphysics simulation software (COMSOL 5.4). A 3D CAD geometry of a cryobag filled with CPA was created and simulated in COMSOL for heat transfer simulations (Fig. S2). Three cryobag volumes were simulated (0.5, 1L, and 3L) with dimensions close to experimental volumes (see supplementary on cryobag finite element modeling (FEM)). Details regarding governing equations, boundary conditions, initial conditions, and geometry are provided in the supplementary text and Table S4. All the experimental and ...
Context 5
... was performed in the 120 kW RF coil described above. Volumes of 0.5, 1, and 2L M22 with EMG308 were vitrified in heat-sealed cryobags with cylindrical shapes that fit within the RF coil. Three fiber optic temperature probes were placed in the center, left, and right regions of the cryobag ~4cm apart for all volumes using 3D printed jigs (Fig. S20). After vitrification, samples were stored overnight at -150°C in a cryogenic freezer (MDF-C2156VANC-PA, Panasonic, IL). For rewarming, the sample was rapidly transferred from the freezer into the 120k kW RF coil (< 20 seconds), placed in an insulated holder, and immediately rewarmed. The temperature was recorded every 1 sec during ...
