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Computer crime on the Internet poses a significant threat to the well-being of businesses and individuals, and none are immune from the repercussions that can result. One type of this unethical and unlawful activity is online software piracy. In this work, the significance of piracy as a topic for academic inquiry is first presented, followed by a...
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... Entre sus resultados, se encuentra que las diferencias en las prevalencias entre géneros no son tan altas como la existente en la conducta de hacking, una conducta esencialmente masculina, (8.29% vs. 2.58%); sin embargo, todavía existe diferencia, aunque menor, entre hombres y mujeres en la conducta de descargar ilegalmente (54.6% vs. 42.4%). Asimismo, respecto de la conducta de piratear software, los estudios apuntan a que esta conducta es también realizada más por hombres que por mujeres (Hinduja 2003;2007). En esta línea, si bien, Cox & Collins (2014) encontraron que las mujeres y los mayores tenían menos probabilidad de realizar conductas de piratería digital, también encontraron que las mujeres tenían menos probabilidad de piratear películas que música. ...
... Por este motivo, quizá, pueda encontrarse que la literatura al respecto arroja resultados mixtos, pero éstos pueden deberse al tipo de conductas, o más bien al tipo de obra u objeto protegido, que se evalúan en los distintos estudios y no tanto a que los hallazgos sean contradictorios. Si se trata de estudios que analizan la conducta de software piracy, tal y como indica la literatura al respecto(Higgins, 2006;Hinduja, 2003;2007), ésta es una conducta que realizan más los hombres que las mujeres. De este modo, nuestros resultados con respecto a esta conducta en concreto se alinean con los encontrados en la literatura. ...
Resumen: El ciberespacio como ámbito de perpetración delictiva en el que el mensaje normativo es incumplido por sujetos anónimos y a distancia, plantea nuevos interrogantes con respecto al género como el relativo a la brecha de género en el cibercrimen y a la brecha de género en las variables de los enfoques tradicionales explicativos del cumplimiento normativo. Para analizar ambas cuestiones se ha llevado a cabo un estudio empírico con una muestra representativa de la población española (N=613) sobre distintas conductas de piratería digital. Los resultados sugieren que la brecha de género persiste y las mujeres incumplen menos que los hombres, pero
solo con respecto a determinadas formas de piratería. En concreto, la descarga ilegal de
contenido audiovisual, de software, el acceso ilegal a partidos de fútbol u otros deportes y el plagio. La distribución de los factores explicativos de los enfoques tradicionales es similar, y se discute la mayor prevalencia de las conductas cometidas por hombres sobre la base de variables relacionadas con el juicio moral y factores ambientales. // Abstract: Cyberspace as an area of criminal perpetration in which the normative message is infringed by anonymous and at remote distance subjects, raises new questions regarding gender, such as the gender gap in cybercrime and the gender gap in the variables of traditional explanatory approaches to compliance. To analyze both issues, an empirical study has been carried out with a representative sample of the Spanish population (N=613) on different digital piracy behaviors. The results suggest that the gender gap persists and that women are less noncompliant than men, but only with respect to certain forms of piracy. Specifically, illegal downloading of audiovisual content, illegal downloading of software, illegal access to football or other sports matches, and plagiarism. The distribution of explanatory factors of the traditional approaches is similar, and the higher prevalence of behaviors committed by men is discussed on the basis of variables related to moral judgment and environmental factors.
... Moreover, a "high price" need not be viewed as an unfair or unjust price. Indeed, it appears that the literature has analyzed thoroughly the link between price and willingness to buy a cultural good (see, e.g., Hinduja 2003;Kwong et al. 2003;Al-Rafee and Cronan 2006;Higgins et al. 2008) with less attention devoted to the choices of alternative methods of acquisition. This paper reports results from a field experiment on the relationship between the experience of unfair pricing in the case of cultural goods and acquiring cultural goods from unauthorized sources. ...
We study a relationship between perceived price fairness and digital piracy. In a large-scale field experiment on customers of a leading ebook store, we employ the Bayesian truth serum to elicit the information on acquiring books from unauthorized sources (often referred to as digital piracy). We provide empirical evidence in support of the conjecture that willingness to “pirate” is associated with having experienced subjective overpricing. We propose and verify the relevance of two mechanisms behind this link: reactance theory and moral cleansing/licensing. The results indicate that pricing policy perceived as fair may reduce the scope for digital piracy.
... Zauważyli tym samym istnienie poczucia niesprawiedliwości, jakie odczuwają konsumenci. S. Hinduja (2003) wskazuje z kolei, że jedną z form neutralizacji nietycznych i nielegalnych zachowań związanych z piractwem cyfrowym jest właśnie racjonalizacja, polegająca na obwinianiu wysokich cen oprogramowania za konieczność jego nielegalnego kopiowania. C.W.L. Hill (2007) łączy takie zachowanie konkretnie z teorią sprawiedliwości, a dokładnie z poczuciem braku zrównoważenia kosztów, w tym przypadku oprogramowania, z korzyściami jego posiadania. ...
... People have not seen punishment for pirates as same as street criminals [36]. Therefore, an ordinary perception exists among young consumers that piracy does not bother the movie industry because the movie industry is a billion-dollar business; therefore, downloading a movie will not hurt the studios [37]. ...
... Similarly, [38][39] studied how internet skill impacts piracy by measuring hours that consumers spend daily and they found that more hours spent meant more piracy behaviors. Besides, [24,36] used similar tools to measure the knowledge of consumers. According to these studies, we propose the following hypothesis: ...
Nowadays, movie streaming is ubiquitous amongst the younger population, and it is a supposed substitute for movie piracy. Without prejudice to the previous, reasons of various kinds may cause users to download their favorite movies illicitly. The objective of this study is to identify if movie streaming increases movie piracy. For this purpose, an online survey of potential users of movie streaming services was conducted in Chile. The sample was divided into students and not students, and logit models were used to analyze the data obtained. The results indicate that, on one hand, movie streamers are intentions to engage the download movie illegally, and on the other hand, peer pressure explains movie piracy among students.
... consisting of young males with strongly shared norms about freedom and democracy on the Internet (Bhattacharjee et al., 2003;Chiou et al., 2005;Hinduja, 2003), more recent studies have indicated that values supporting piracy as an acceptable behaviour have spread to the majority of consumers (Hamrick, 2016). ...
... Young people typically exhibit a strong need to engage in peer emulation. It is therefore reasonable to expect, in line with previous studies (Bhattacharjee et al., 2003;Chiou et al., 2005;Hinduja, 2003), that young age will be strongly associated with piracy. Previous research has also shown an important association between perceived behavioural control and young age (Fleming et al., 2017) as well as between behavioural control and gender (Lowry et al., 2017). ...
Recent research has shown that typically law-abiding people perceive the act of illegal downloading as less unethical than other illegal acts. A major thrust of today's digital piracy research is indeed to understand how emerging social norms influence consumer perceptions and lead to rationalisations that justify antinormative behaviour despite moral and ethics. We adopt a model comparison approach to evaluate the impact of moral disengagement mechanisms with respect to the most often used constructs referring to the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and of moral obligation on intention to pirate. Comparisons between the tested models clearly indicate that moral disengagement plays a significant role in the prediction of piracy. The results also suggest that the practice of illegal downloading is spreading across genders, and that other than moral disengagement, demographic factors of young age, pirating experience, and pirating ability are strong predictors of illegal downloading. When moral disengagement mechanisms are included in the model, intention to pirate is explained by past piracy behaviour, perceived behavioural control, and subjective norms as well as the moral disengagement mechanism of 'euphemistic labelling'. Our findings advance the current understanding of digital piracy and support the design of more effective interventions to counteract its further diffusion.
... This gender gap is consistent with the existing research. Hinduja [38]; among other criminologists, have documented a significant gender gap with software piracy. His study of college undergraduates found significant differences in the frequency and intensity of piracy activity. ...
This paper examines factors that affect online movie piracy activity. Specifically, the authors examine the impact of inexpensive legal streaming services, such as Netflix, and household family income as well as gender. A sample of college students at a private university, representing a more affluent population, are compared with students from a public institution. Initial findings indicate differences between the two samples. Lastly, although digital piracy is reduced among the samples, it does still exist suggesting a much more complex issue than previously thought.
... Software piracy problems have been studied by many researchers with different approaches. The first approach is aimed to looking the differences in demographic characteristics of hijackers [11], [17], [16], & [20], while the second approach looks for factors that determine or explain why people hijack [13], [15], [20]. According to [20] decision-making processes related to software piracy are influenced by five factors: (1) stimulus to act, (2) socio-cultural factors (3) legal factors, (4) personal factors (personal factors), and (5) situation factors). ...
... SLT's additional components also apply to cyber offending in several important ways. Given the anonymity of the virtual environment, cyber offenders may receive rewards both quickly and with relatively little risk, such as through the acquisition of free software or music, which may serve as differential reinforcement of their behavior (Higgins and Makin 2004a;Hinduja 2003;Hinduja and Ingram 2008;Miller and Morris 2016). Potential offenders have access to an unlimited source of instruction and demonstration of cyber offenses from peers and internet users with varying levels of experience. ...
... Self-administered questionnaires were utilized to collect data from undergraduate students in the spring of 2010 at a midsize southern university. College students have been identified as individuals more likely to engage in digital piracy and computer hacking when compared to individuals who are not in college or are in the working world (Higgins, Fell, and Wilson 2006;Hinduja 2001Hinduja , 2003. Efforts were made to ensure that students in a variety of majors were represented in the sample to reflect diversity in the student population at the university. ...
The current study examines the mediating and moderating effects of both social learning theory (SLT), focusing on peer interactions (including both traditional and virtual peers), and self-control theory on self-reported cyber offending. Results for the two strongest SLT predictors, differential association and definitions favorable to crime, were in line with previous studies of both traditional and cyber offending in their conditional relationship with cyber offending. Self-control had no direct effect on cyber offending but displayed a significant interaction effect with both differential reinforcement and definitions.
... Another approach adopted by Gupta et al. and described that ethics as a aspect is fixed in a set of factors (attitudes, legal aspects, social support, perception of economic loss and age) that affect software piracy [41]. While adopting target group approach, some researchers described that students of colleges and universities are the most frequently used as a target population for software piracy studies [42][43]. ...
... Technological factors also contribute to the understanding of software piracy. These factors includeaccesstospecificresources,suchashigh-speedinternetbandwidthorparticularpeer-to-peer filesharingsoftware (Bhattacharjeeetal.,2003;Cuadrado,Miquel,&Montoro,2009).Yet,having accesstotechnologymightnotbesufficienttoillegallydownloadcopyrightedcontent.Owningthe necessaryknowledge,skills,andopportunitiesappearessentialtoengageindigitalpiracy.Accordingly, Internetproficiencyandexperiencecorrelatewithindividuals'levelofsoftwarepiracy (Hinduja, 2003;Malin&Fowers,2009).Evidencealsoindicatesthatthegreatertheopportunities(e.g.,daily computerusage),thegreatertheintentiontoillegallydownloadsoftware(B.Moonetal.,2010). Additionally, simply trusting in one's own technical savoir faire might be sufficient to motivate participationindigitalpiracy.Consequently,someresearchershaveconfirmedtheroleofperceived self-efficacyonparticipants'intentionstodownloadsoftware (Liaoetal.,2010;Udoetal.,2016). ...
Conclusions about factors affecting software piracy are rarely consensual and often rely on student samples. In addition, the actual dilemma faced by software downloaders-whether to pay or not-received little attention in the past. In this paper, the authors suggest an explanation to the compensation dilemma facing software downloaders using the theory of cognitive dissonance. From a survey with more than 10,400 participants, researchers investigate a series of individual characteristics that can potentially differentiate three groups of software downloaders-groups defined by their respective online compensation behavior. One distinctive characteristic for each group of software downloaders is hypothesized and a predictive model is developed. Results suggest that always-paying downloaders are older and that erratic downloaders prefer quality products and engage in more online activities. Authors conclude with a discussion that includes several implications for the software industry.
