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Demographics of all participating subjects (n=921).

Demographics of all participating subjects (n=921).

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Decentering is defined as the ability to observe one’s thoughts and feelings in a detached manner. The Experiences Questionnaire (EQ) is a self-report instrument that originally assessed decentering and rumination. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of EQ-Decentering and to explore its clini...

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... demographics and clinical data of all participants are displayed in Table 1. ...

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... Decentering is the ability to observe thoughts and feelings in a detached manner [30]. In the present study, items from the Spanish validation EQ-Decentering was used [49]. These items were: (i) "I can separate myself from my thoughts and feelings" (factor loading: 0.74); (ii) "I can observe unpleasant feelings without being drawn into them" (factor loading: 0.72); (iii) "I view things from a wider perspective" (factor loading: 0.77). ...
... These items were: (i) "I can separate myself from my thoughts and feelings" (factor loading: 0.74); (ii) "I can observe unpleasant feelings without being drawn into them" (factor loading: 0.72); (iii) "I view things from a wider perspective" (factor loading: 0.77). The Spanish EQ version has good internal reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.89) [49] and in the present study the 3-items scale had an acceptable internal reliability at session 1 (Cronbach's α = 0.73). ...
... Decentering is described as a metacognitive awareness that helps us disidentify from the contents of our experience so that instead of fusing with them (e.g., "I am not lovable"), we can perceive them as transient mental events (e.g., "I am having a thought of not being lovable") [31]. Given that decentering is diminished in individuals with BPD [49], a goal of mindfulness skills in DBT is to increase meta-awareness of mental contents by enhancing the ability to detach from thoughts and sensations, and decreasing reactivity to mental events (14). Furthermore, the findings support that decentering not only allows for greater meta-awareness of mental contents but also of bodily sensations, but not inversely (i.e., moderating role), suggesting that observing judgmental thought patterns and intense bodily sensations (e.g., associated with distress) from a decentered perspective may help reduce emotional reactivity [64]. ...
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Background Mindfulness skills training is a core component of Dialectical Behavior Therapy and aims to improve emotion dysregulation (ED) in people with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). However, the underlying mechanisms of change are not fully understood. Methods A total of 75 BPD outpatients participated in a 10-week mindfulness skills training. Multilevel models with a time-lagged approach were conducted to examine the temporal dynamics between the proposed mechanisms and ED. Decentering, nonjudgment, body awareness and attention awareness as putative mechanisms and ED as outcome were assessed on a session-by-session basis. Results Greater nonjudgment and body awareness showed within-person effects; participants who reported higher nonjudgement of inner experience and body awareness than their own personal average at a given week showed improvement in ED at the following week. Notably, decentering moderated these associations, such that increased nonjudgment and body awareness predicted improvements in ED more strongly in those participants with high decentering ability. Lastly, a bidirectional relationship between the mechanisms and ED was found; when participants were more emotionally dysregulated than their usual state, they showed less gain in the mechanisms at the following week. Conclusions Knowing how mindfulness training works is relevant to optimize treatments. Clinicians may use strategies to increase these mechanisms when the goal is to improve emotion regulation difficulties in BPD.
... The EQ has been translated into several languages. The psychometric properties of the Spanish version (Soler et al., 2014) were examined in a sample of 921 adults (231 with and 690 without psychiatric disorders). The Spanish version confirmed the original one-factor structure and showed good internal consistency and convergent and divergent validity for mindfulness, anxiety, depression, stress, and avoidance (Soler et al., 2014). ...
... The psychometric properties of the Spanish version (Soler et al., 2014) were examined in a sample of 921 adults (231 with and 690 without psychiatric disorders). The Spanish version confirmed the original one-factor structure and showed good internal consistency and convergent and divergent validity for mindfulness, anxiety, depression, stress, and avoidance (Soler et al., 2014). The Portuguese version (Gregório et al., 2015) was evaluated in a sample of 709 adults (50.2% students). ...
... This study represents a psychometric evaluation of the EQ-F, a French version of the Experiences Questionnaire . A one-factor structure proposed in the original work has been confirmed, similar to the Spanish version (Soler et al., 2014). These results are notable due to the replication of the one-factor model, despite cultural differences between the French and Swiss samples. ...
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This article presents the results of a psychometric evaluation and initial validation of the French version of the Experiences Questionnaire (EQ-F), a self-report measure of decentering. Decentering is the ability to maintain a detached stance toward one’s thoughts and emotions and is related to adaptive psychological functioning. Study 1 explored the EQ-F’s factor structure and construct validity in a nonclinical population. Study 2 evaluated the construct validity of the EQ-F in an intervention design. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a one-factor model of the original measure. The construct validity of the EQ-F was supported by positive correlations with mindfulness and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and negative associations with cognitive fusion, experiential avoidance, stress, anxiety, depression symptoms, and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Furthermore, construct validity was demonstrated by pre–post changes in decentering in a mindfulness-based intervention. EQ-F can be used as a valid measure of decentering in French.
... Decentering is the ability to observe thoughts and feelings in a detached manner [31]. In the present study, items from the Spanish validation EQ-Decentering was used [49]. These items were: (i) "I can separate myself from my thoughts and feelings" (factor loading: .74); ...
... The Spanish EQ version has good internal reliability (Cronbach's α = .89) [49] and in the present study the 3-items scale had an acceptable internal reliability at session 1 (Cronbach's α = .73). ...
... Decentering is described as a metacognitive awareness that helps us disidentify from the contents of our experience so that instead of fusing with them (e.g., "I am not lovable"), we can perceive them as transient mental events (e.g., "I am having a thought of not being lovable") [32]. Given that decentering is diminished in individuals with BPD [49], a goal of mindfulness skills in DBT is to increase metaawareness of mental contents by enhancing the ability to detach from thoughts and sensations, and decreasing reactivity to mental events [15]. Furthermore, the ndings support that decentering not only allows for greater meta-awareness of mental contents but also of bodily sensations, but not inversely (i.e., moderating role), suggesting that observing judgmental thought patterns and intense bodily sensations (e.g., associated with distress) from a decentered perspective may help reduce emotional reactivity [63]. ...
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Background Mindfulness skills training is a core component of Dialectical Behavior Therapy and aims to improve emotion dysregulation (ED) in people with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). However, the underlying mechanisms of change are not fully understood. Methods A total of 75 BPD outpatients participated in a 10-week mindfulness skills training. Multilevel models with a time-lagged approach were conducted to examine the temporal dynamics between the proposed mechanisms and ED. Decentering, nonjudgment, body awareness and attention awareness as putative mechanisms and ED as outcome were assessed on a session-by-session basis. Results Greater nonjudgment and body awareness showed within-person effects; participants who reported higher nonjudgement of inner experience and body awareness than their own personal average at a given week showed improvement in ED at the following week. Notably, decentering moderated these associations, such that increased nonjudgment and body awareness predicted improvements in ED more strongly in those participants with high decentering ability. Lastly, a bidirectional relationship between the mechanisms and ED was found; when participants were more emotionally dysregulated than their usual state, they showed less gain in the mechanisms at the following week. Conclusions Knowing how mindfulness training works is relevant to optimize treatments. Clinicians may use strategies to increase these mechanisms when the goal is to improve emotion regulation difficulties in BPD. Keywords Mindfulness training, Mechanisms, Moderators, Emotion regulation, Borderline personality disorders, Dialectical behavior therapy
... The Experiences Questionnaire (EQ) [37] is an 11-item questionnaire used to assess decentering, understood as the capacity to observe one's thoughts and feelings as temporary and objective events of the mind. A high mean score indicates an elevated level of decentering. ...
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... The EQ is now one of the most frequently used questionnaires for the assessment of decentering in cross-sectional studies (Naragon-Gainey et al., 2020). It has also been adapted in Spanish (Soler et al., 2014), Portuguese (Gregório et al., 2015), Hebrew (Hadash et al., 2017) and German (Gecht et al., 2014). While Soler et al. (2014) and Gregório et al. (2015) both found a good fit for the one-factor model, Gecht et al. (2014) proposed a two-factor model for the EQ-D with the factors Distanced Perspective (DP) and Accepting Self-perception (AS). ...
... It has also been adapted in Spanish (Soler et al., 2014), Portuguese (Gregório et al., 2015), Hebrew (Hadash et al., 2017) and German (Gecht et al., 2014). While Soler et al. (2014) and Gregório et al. (2015) both found a good fit for the one-factor model, Gecht et al. (2014) proposed a two-factor model for the EQ-D with the factors Distanced Perspective (DP) and Accepting Self-perception (AS). Similarly and more recently, Hadash et al. (2017) examined the factorial structure of decentering across different self-report measures. ...
... For people with university degree we found a three-dimensional structure that did not even closely resemble the two-dimensional structure found for the remaining sample. Taken together, the data of the study at hand suggest that the good fit of the one-factor model found in previous studies (e.g., Fresco et al., 2007;Soler et al., 2014;Gregório et al., 2015) might apply for certain samples (e.g., young, highly educated) rather than resembling the characteristics of decentering in its entirety, which hampers the generalizability of a one-factor model. The current study investigated a large sample with a broader age range. ...
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Introduction Decentering describes the ability to shift the focus away from one’s subjective experience onto the experience itself. The Experiences Questionnaire (EQ) is a self-report measure that was developed to systematically assess changes in Decentering ability. Although several studies show the validity of the questionnaire, there are discrepancies between the factorial structure of the Decentering scale of the EQ (EQ-D) found in the initial study (one factor) and other studies (two factors). Therefore, the current study aimed to assess the dimensionality of the EQ-D using Exploratory Graph Analysis (EGA). Methods In total, 1,100 participants were recruited online (790 female, 307 male, 3 non-binary; age 18 to 65 years). Participants completed the EQ and the Rosenberg Self-esteem scale (RSES). Results The bootstrapped EGA results revealed a two-dimensional structure of the EQ-D (Factor 1: Distanced Perspective, DP; Factor 2: Accepting Self-perception, AS) with high structural and item stability (all items > 0.70). The two dimensions of the EQ-D showed a high internal consistency (DP: ω = 0.74; AS: ω = 0.86) and discriminant validity with the rumination items of the EQ. Furthermore, a high convergent validity of the EQ was established, as the AS factor exhibited a significantly stronger correlation with self-esteem than the DP factor ( z = 7.98, p < 0.001), which aligns with theoretical considerations suggesting that the AS factor encompasses aspects of self-compassion alongside decentering. We also found measurement invariance of the DP and AS factor across age, gender and country but not for education. Discussion These results support the EQ’s validity, demonstrated in a larger sample with a new methodology, aligning with existing two-factor decentering models literature.
... A higher score indicates a higher degree of decentering (ranging from 7 to 77 scores). The Spanish version was used (Soler et al., 2014). In this sample, the EQ showed adequate internal consistency (α = 0.83). ...
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Objectives The Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS) and the State Mindfulness Scale (SMS) are two relevant self-report measures of state mindfulness. The purpose of this study was to examine the internal structure and to offer evidence of the reliability and validity of the Spanish versions of the TMS and SMS. Methods Data from six distinct non-clinical samples in Spain were obtained. They responded to the TMS (n = 119), SMS (n = 223), and measures of trait mindfulness, decentering, non-attachment, depression, anxiety, stress, positive and negative affect, self-criticism, and self-reassurance. The internal structure of the TMS and SMS was analyzed through confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability, construct validity, and sensitivity to change analyses were performed. Results The correlated two-factor structure (curiosity and decentering) was the best-fitting model for the TMS (CFI = 0.932; TLI = 0.913; RMSEA = 0.100 [0.077–0.123]; WRMR = 0.908). The bifactor structure (general factor, mindfulness of body, and mindfulness of mind) was the best-fitting model for the SMS (CFI = 0.961; TLI = 0.950; RMSEA = 0.096 [0.086–0.106]; WRMR = 0.993). Adequate reliability was found for both measures. The reliability of the SMS specific factors was very poor when controlling for the general factor. The patterns of correlations were mainly as expected and according to previous literature. The TMS and SMS have been able to detect state mindfulness changes after different meditation practices. Conclusion Validity evidence is provided to support the use of the TMS and SMS in Spanish populations, though the reliability of the SMS specific factors merit revision.
... The psychometric assessment of decentering originated with the development of the Experiences Questionnaire (EQ; Fresco et al., 2007), which is an 11-item singlefactor scale. The unidimensional EQ received further evidence support in a Spanish sample of people with and without psychiatric disorders (Soler et al., 2014) and a Portuguese sample of ordinary people (Gregorio et al., 2015). However, other studies failed to provide support for the dimensionality of decentering as assessed by EQ. ...
... To conclude, the unidimensional 12-item DSS was developed specifically to measure decentering in sports context, which refers to athletes with the ability to observe their thoughts and feelings from a detached view. Given the debate on the dimensionality of the decentering construct (e.g., Gecht et al., 2014;Gregorio et al., 2015;Soler et al., 2014), the evidence on developing the DSS provided support for the viewpoint that decentering should be conceptualized as a unidimensional construct in an athletic population. In short, a unidimensional decentering measure of DSS was demonstrated through a series of four related studies, demonstrating satisfactory construct validity and internal consistency reliability . ...
... The psychometric assessment of decentering originated with the development of the Experiences Questionnaire (EQ; Fresco et al., 2007), which is an 11-item singlefactor scale. The unidimensional EQ received further evidence support in a Spanish sample of people with and without psychiatric disorders (Soler et al., 2014) and a Portuguese sample of ordinary people (Gregorio et al., 2015). However, other studies failed to provide support for the dimensionality of decentering as assessed by EQ. ...
... To conclude, the unidimensional 12-item DSS was developed specifically to measure decentering in sports context, which refers to athletes with the ability to observe their thoughts and feelings from a detached view. Given the debate on the dimensionality of the decentering construct (e.g., Gecht et al., 2014;Gregorio et al., 2015;Soler et al., 2014), the evidence on developing the DSS provided support for the viewpoint that decentering should be conceptualized as a unidimensional construct in an athletic population. In short, a unidimensional decentering measure of DSS was demonstrated through a series of four related studies, demonstrating satisfactory construct validity and internal consistency reliability . ...
... high testretest reliability of r = .88 [65], good convergent and discriminant validity [64], and sensitivity to change [65]. To assess values-aligned behavior, we use the Valuing Questionnaire [66], which shows good convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity, and high internal validity (α = 0.87). ...
... high testretest reliability of r = .88 [65], good convergent and discriminant validity [64], and sensitivity to change [65]. To assess values-aligned behavior, we use the Valuing Questionnaire [66], which shows good convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity, and high internal validity (α = 0.87). ...
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Background Up to half of adults with advanced cancer report anxiety or depression symptoms, which can cause avoidance of future planning. We present a study protocol for an innovative, remotely-delivered, acceptance-based, multi-modal palliative care intervention that addresses advance care planning (ACP) and unmet psychological needs commonly experienced by adults with metastatic cancer. Methods A two-armed, prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT) randomizes 240 adults with Stage IV (and select Stage III) solid tumor cancer who report moderate to high anxiety or depression symptoms to either the multi-modal intervention or usual care. The intervention comprises five weekly two-hour group sessions (plus a booster session one month later) delivered via video conferencing, with online self-paced modules and check-ins completed between the group sessions. Intervention content is based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), an acceptance, mindfulness, and values-based model. Participants are recruited from a network of community cancer care clinics, with group sessions led by the network’s oncology clinical social workers. Participants are assessed at baseline, mid-intervention, post-intervention, and 2-month follow-up. The primary outcome is ACP completion; secondary outcomes include anxiety and depression symptoms, fear of dying, and sense of life meaning. Relationships between anxiety/depression symptoms and ACP will be evaluated cross-sectionally and longitudinally and theory-based putative mediators will be examined. Discussion Among adults with advanced cancer in community oncology settings, this RCT will provide evidence regarding the efficacy of the group ACT intervention on ACP and psychosocial outcomes as well as examine the relationship between ACP and anxiety/ depression symptoms. This trial aims to advance palliative care science and inform clinical practice. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04773639 on February 26, 2021.
... It is also relevant for the utility of test scores to detect between-group differences if those differences are expected. The MAAS demonstrated convergent and divergent validity with a wide range of constructs and mechanisms related to mindfulness, such as subjective well-being (Smith et al., 2017), depression and anxiety (Barajas & Garra, 2014), experiential avoidance (Catak, 2012), awareness and acceptance (Barajas & Garra, 2014;Johnson et al., 2014), decentering (Soler et al., 2014), and self-compassion (Evans et al., 2018). However, the overlap and causal relation between mindfulness and some of these variables is still cause for debate (Neff & Dahm, 2015). ...
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The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) is the most cited instrument to measure dispositional mindfulness. However, some aspects of its validity are still under debate. We aimed to assess different sources of validity evidence (i.e., response processes, content, internal structure, reliability, and relations with external variables) of the MAAS scores in a sample of Spanish-speaking participants (N = 812) applying Rasch modeling. The items formed an essentially unidimensional structure, the item hierarchy was similar to that of previous comparable studies, the items were well targeted, and the ordering of persons along the construct was adequate. Moreover, measures were invariant across four age groups and three groups based on meditation practice, and correlated as expected with a variety of well-being variables. In sum, our findings supported the interpretation of MAAS scores as a measure of mindfulness in our sample of Spanish-speaking participants. Any other specific inference should be tested.