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Heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis) are parasitic nematodes that cause significant cardiopulmonary-associated morbidity and mortality in canids worldwide. The global dissemination of heartworms is believed to have occurred alongside the dispersal of domesticated dogs. To test this theory, we performed the largest population genetics study of heartworm...
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... PCAs of SNPs from each chromosome found the same 140 continental clustering pattern across all chromosomes, including the sex-linked X chromosome 141 (Extended Data Fig. 2b-f), suggesting that this is a genome-wide rather than region-specific 142 observation. The distinct geographical partitioning in our nuclear data was not supported by 143 the mitochondrial (Extended Data Fig. 3a) or Wolbachia data (Extended Data Fig. 3b), likely 144 due to the few variant sites within each dataset. ...
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... pattern across all chromosomes, including the sex-linked X chromosome 141 (Extended Data Fig. 2b-f), suggesting that this is a genome-wide rather than region-specific 142 observation. The distinct geographical partitioning in our nuclear data was not supported by 143 the mitochondrial (Extended Data Fig. 3a) or Wolbachia data (Extended Data Fig. 3b), likely 144 due to the few variant sites within each ...
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... ~14-40 kya, or that 192 heartworms spread with wild canids prior to domestication. To further explore the demographic 193 history of heartworms, we inferred their effective population size histories and population split 194 times using SMC++. Effective population sizes were smaller than estimates of past population 195 sizes for all continents (Fig. 3a). Earlier population splits in the demographic analysis broadly 196 supported the DXY and FST results (Extended Data Fig. 6). Notably, the earliest estimated 197 population splits occurred in Asia, which split from the populations from Europe, the USA, 198 and Central America between ~46 and 63 kya. Importantly, these data suggest that ...
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... 205 (e.g. harbour seal, brown fur seal), and ursids (e.g. brown bear, black bear) have been described 206 as being infected with heartworms (Supplementary Table 2); however, they typically carry 207 fewer adult worms and fail to support the parasite's entire life cycle, and so they are not 208 considered primary reservoirs [22][23][24][25] (Fig. 3b). In contrast, wild canids are commonly CC-BY 4.0 International license perpetuity. It is made available under a preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint ...
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... heartworms were once one population, when did they diverge, and why? We 235 estimated the timing of this contiguous D. immitis population to predate ~63 kya before the 236 species diverged on each continent (Fig. 3a). This roughly aligns with the last interglacial 237 period (116 -130 kya), when Earth experienced a climate as warm or even warmer than today ...
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... and Asia diverged >45 kya (Fig. 3a) 36 , whereas genetic studies suggest that dingoes likely came from ...
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... PCAs of SNPs from each chromosome found the same 140 continental clustering pattern across all chromosomes, including the sex-linked X chromosome 141 (Extended Data Fig. 2b-f), suggesting that this is a genome-wide rather than region-specific 142 observation. The distinct geographical partitioning in our nuclear data was not supported by 143 the mitochondrial (Extended Data Fig. 3a) or Wolbachia data (Extended Data Fig. 3b), likely 144 due to the few variant sites within each dataset. ...
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... pattern across all chromosomes, including the sex-linked X chromosome 141 (Extended Data Fig. 2b-f), suggesting that this is a genome-wide rather than region-specific 142 observation. The distinct geographical partitioning in our nuclear data was not supported by 143 the mitochondrial (Extended Data Fig. 3a) or Wolbachia data (Extended Data Fig. 3b), likely 144 due to the few variant sites within each ...
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... ~14-40 kya, or that 192 heartworms spread with wild canids prior to domestication. To further explore the demographic 193 history of heartworms, we inferred their effective population size histories and population split 194 times using SMC++. Effective population sizes were smaller than estimates of past population 195 sizes for all continents (Fig. 3a). Earlier population splits in the demographic analysis broadly 196 supported the DXY and FST results (Extended Data Fig. 6). Notably, the earliest estimated 197 population splits occurred in Asia, which split from the populations from Europe, the USA, 198 and Central America between ~46 and 63 kya. Importantly, these data suggest that ...
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... 205 (e.g. harbour seal, brown fur seal), and ursids (e.g. brown bear, black bear) have been described 206 as being infected with heartworms (Supplementary Table 2); however, they typically carry 207 fewer adult worms and fail to support the parasite's entire life cycle, and so they are not 208 considered primary reservoirs [22][23][24][25] (Fig. 3b). In contrast, wild canids are commonly CC-BY 4.0 International license perpetuity. It is made available under a preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint ...
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... heartworms were once one population, when did they diverge, and why? We 235 estimated the timing of this contiguous D. immitis population to predate ~63 kya before the 236 species diverged on each continent (Fig. 3a). This roughly aligns with the last interglacial 237 period (116 -130 kya), when Earth experienced a climate as warm or even warmer than today ...
