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Demographic data of women with high-risk and low-risk behaviors in Tehran, 2008
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Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted disease in many developed and developing countries mostly caused by Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). This study determines the prevalence of HSV-2 infection between two groups of women with high and low risk behaviors.
In this seroepidemiologic study, 362 women attending obstetrics and gynecology...
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Background: Neonatal herpes is a rare but potentially devastating condition with an estimated 60% fatality rate without treatment. Transmission usually occurs during delivery from mothers with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2) genital infection. However, the global burden has never been quantified to our knowledge. We developed...
Background
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2) is highly prevalent in regions disproportionately affected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) epidemic. The objective of our study was to identify the risk factors of HSV-2 and HIV-1 infections and to examine the association between the two infections.
Methods
The study participants were recr...
Background:
Herpes simplex virus infections type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are common, but the epidemiology of HSV disease is changing.
Methods:
HSV-seronegative women, aged 18-30 years, who were in the control arm of the HERPEVAC Trial for Women were followed for 20 months for primary HSV infections.
Results:
Of the 3438 evaluable particip...
Objectives:
The purpose of Project Gel was to determine the safety and acceptability of rectal microbicides in young men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) at risk of HIV infection.
Methods:
MSM and TGW aged 18-30 years were enrolled at three sites; Pittsburgh, PA; Boston, MA; and San Juan, PR. Stage 1A was a cross-sectional...
Background:
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) reactivations are associated with increased HIV load, but whether HSV-2 coinfection accelerates HIV disease is unclear. We compared rates of CD4 count decline according to HSV-2 status in untreated HIV-infected adults.
Methods:
HIV-infected patients with a past period of antiretroviral therapy (ART...
Citations
... Based on a previous study, HSV-2 is the main cause of genital ulcer in the developing world [19] . In this regard, in a similar study, which has been carried out in Tehran, Iran, the prevalence of IgG antibody in highrisk women was significantly higher than low-risk women (26.3% vs. 2.5%) [20] . In another survey, HSV-2 seropositivity was assessed in pregnant women at labor stage in Tehran, Iran; the results showed that 33 (8.25%) of tested pregnant subjects were seropositive for HSV-2 antibodies [18] . ...
Background:
HSV-2 seroprevalence has been shown to be a potential sign of infection in pregnant women, and it could be applied to check HSV-2 transmission. This study evaluated the anti-HSV-2 IgG prevalence in pregnant women who were referred to health centers in Urmia, Northwest of Iran, during 2014-2015.
Methods:
Serum samples collected from 86 pregnant women and tested for Anti-HSV-2-specific IgG using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays kit.
Results:
Five (5.8%) pregnant women showed the presence of Anti-HSV-2-specific IgG antibodies. Previous abortion was reported in 16 (19.7%) and 2 subjects in the seronegative and seropositive groups, respectively.
Conclusion:
Data from the present study indicate a lower number of HSV-2 seropositives among the pregnant women in Urmia. This would be a result of low number of studied subjects used in the present study and assessing a large sample is recommended.
... 68 In Iran, studies have shown that HSV-2 prevalence increases in high risk groups (Table 6). [69][70] The typically asymptomatic nature of HSV-2, which facilitates its spread in the population, and its association with an increased risk of HIV acquisition highlight the increasing need to plan regular screening and safe sex programs in this group. 68 Additionally, the high prevalence of the infection in pregnant women could be an important concern in prenatal care. ...
... Of the 3 472 women screened at the Durban research sites 2 218 (73%) had a prevalent HSV-2 infection ( In this study, the prevalence of HSV-2 was estimated at 73% with 41% of the women also co-infected with HIV. Behavioural characteristics such as: a high number of life-time sexual partners [12][13][14][15], older age [9,10,16,17], parity >1 [15,17] and a low level of education [17] were contributory factors. Biologically, being HIV positive [9,15,16,18], was associated with the high HSV-2 seroprevalence seen in the study population. ...
... The prevalence of HSV-2 infection in women with > 4 life-time sexual partners was 2-fold higher when compared with women with just one sexual partner. This finding is strongly supported by previous studies conducted [12][13][14][15]. Parity was also strongly associated with HSV-2 infection. ...
The World Health Organization estimates that 536 million people aged 15-49 are infected with Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), the causative agent of genital herpes. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of behavioral and demographic factors that contribute to the high HSV-2 sero-prevalence among women participating in a HIV prevention trial. The Methods for Improving Reproductive Health in Africa (MIRA) study assessed the effectiveness the latex diaphragm and lubricant gel on HIV prevention among women in South Africa and Zimbabwe. At screening an interviewer administered questionnaire on demographics and sexual behaviour was obtained. HSV-2 serum antibodies were detected using HerpeSelect™ ELISA IgG. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA release 12.0. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov,number NCT00121459 on the 28th February 2007.
Of the 3 472 women screened at the Durban research sites 2 218 (73%) had a prevalent HSV-2 infection and 1431 (41%) of the women were also co-infected with HIV. In the multivariate analyses, older women (adjusted odds ratio) [aOR]: 3.49, 95% CI: (2.71,4.49) for >35 years and aOR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.49, 2.22 for 25-34 years compared with <25 years, p < 0.001 for both comparisons were more likely to be HSV-2 sero-positive. Low level of education (OR: 1.26 95% CI: 1.03, 1.53), having >1 life-time sexual partners (OR: 2.48, 95% CI: 1.92, 3.20), parity >1 (OR: 1.95 95% CI: 1.92, 3.20) and being HIV positive (OR: 6.31, 95% CI: 5.06, 7.88) were significantly associated with HSV-2 infection.
The high sero-prevalence of HSV-2 in the studied population is of great public health importance since this high risk population could act as a reservoir for future infections particularly HIV transmission.
... Oral sex was associated with a 4-fold increased risk of baseline HSV-2 prevalence in this population. A study among high-risk (imprisoned) women in Iran found a significant association between anal and oral sex and a positive HSV-2 IgG test result, suggesting that HSV-2 can be transmitted through anal and oral sex [30]. Reporting oral sex might also be associated with engaging in exchanging sex for money or other high-risk sexual behaviors. ...
To estimate the prevalence, incidence and determinants of herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) infection, and associations between HSV-2 and incident HIV infection, among women at higher risk for HIV infection in Beira, Mozambique.
Between 2009 and 2012, 411 women aged 18-35 years at higher risk of HIV acquisition (defined as having had two or more sexual partners in the month prior to study enrollment) were enrolled and followed monthly for one year. At each study visit, they were counseled, interviewed, and tested for HSV-2 and HIV antibodies.
The HSV-2 prevalence at baseline was 60.6% (95% CI: 55.7% -65.4%). Increasing age (aOR = 2.94, 95% CI: 1.74-4.97, P<0.001 and aOR = 3.39, 95% CI: 1.58-7.29, P = 0.002 for age groups of 21-24 and 25-35 years old respectively), lower educational level (aOR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.09-3.02, P = 0.022), working full time (aOR = 8.56, 95% CI: 1.01-72.53, P = 0.049) and having practiced oral sex (aOR = 3.02, 95% CI: 1.16-7.89, P = 0.024) were strongly associated with prevalent HSV-2 infection. Thirty one participants seroconverted for HSV-2 (20.5%; 95% CI: 14.4% -27.9%) and 22 for HIV during the study period. The frequency of vaginal sex with a casual partner using a condom in the last 7 days was independently associated with incident HSV-2 infection (aOR = 1.91, 95% CI: 1.05-3.47, P = 0.034). Positive HSV-2 serology at baseline was not significantly associated with risk of subsequent HIV seroconversion.
Young women engaging in risky sexual behaviors in Beira had high prevalence and incidence of HSV-2 infection. Improved primary HSV-2 control strategies are urgently needed in Beira.
Background: Genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2 infections are lifelong and can cause symptomatic genital ulcer disease (GUD). HSV-2 almost always causes sexually transmitted genital infection, while HSV-1 mainly causes oral infection but can be sexually transmitted to cause genital infection. This study estimated genital infection with both HSV types and associated GUD globally in 2020, breaking down the data by World Health Organization (WHO) region and sex for females and males.
Methods: A calibrated mathematical model was employed to generate estimates for the incidence and prevalence of HSV-2 infection, genital HSV-1 infection, and GUD caused by both HSV types. Estimates for non-genital infections caused by HSV-1 were also generated. Model input was derived from a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analyses of HSV prevalence data for all WHO regions.
Results: Globally in 2020 there were 25.6 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 23.1-29.4 million) people aged 15 to 49 years with new HSV-2 infections and 519.5 million (95% UI: 464.3-611.3 million), or 13.3% (95% UI: 11.9-15.6%), with existing (prevalent) HSV-2 infections. In addition, there were 16.8 million (95% UI: 10.6-22.4 million) people aged 15-49 years with new genital HSV-1 infections and 376.2 million (95% UI: 235.6-483.5 million), or 10.2% (95% UI: 6.4-13.1%), with prevalent genital HSV-1 infections. The estimated number of people aged 15 to 49 years with at least one episode of HSV-attributable genital ulcer disease in 2020 was 187.9 million (95% UI: 116.0-291.8 million) for HSV-2 and 16.7 million (95% UI: 9.3-25.2 million) for HSV-1, totaling 204.6 million (95% UI: 132.3-306.5).
Conclusion: Genital HSV infections have a high incidence and prevalence worldwide, contributing to a significant GUD disease burden. New prevention and treatment measures, such as prophylactic and therapeutic HSV vaccines, are critically needed to control HSV infections and reduce the associated disease burden.
Background:
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a common infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients and may accelerate HIV progression by rising HIV viral load and decreasing CD4 count. However, the available data regarding the influence of HSV-2 seropositivity on HIV progression in HIV individuals are inconclusive. Therefore, we aimed to determine HSV-2 seroprevalence in naïve HIV patients and normal controls and also investigate the relation of HIV viral load and CD4 count with HSV-2 seropositivity. Subsequently, we investigated the association of HSV-2 serostatus with changing in CD4 count and HIV viral load in our subjects, after one year follow-up.
Methods:
In this study, 116 naïve HIV patients and 85 healthy controls from Tehran, Iran were enrolled. HSV-2 IgG antibody was detected by ELISA. CD4 count was determined by flowcytometry, and serum HIV RNA copy numbers were determined using real-time PCR.
Results:
The prevalence of HSV-2 IgG was 18.1% in naïve HIV patients and 0% in the control group (P=0.000). HSV-2 seroconversion was observed in 2.43% of HIV patients after one year. There was no significant difference regarding HSV-2 serostatus with CD4 count and HIV RNA viral load in our study cohort at baseline and after one year.
Conclusion:
Our results revealed that the prevalence and incidence of HSV-2 infection are low in our HIV cases, and it is negligible in control group. However, it seems that HIV/HSV2 co-infection has no role on HIV infection acceleration.
Background:
Prevalence of sexual dysfunction varies from 20% to 40% in men and women in different studies in Iran. Despite its high prevalence, it seems that this issue has been neglected, particularly in Islamic countries. The aim of this study was to assess sexual health in Iran. This was a mixed method study.
Methods:
Data were collected through evaluating country's sexual health programs and literature review. Sexual health status was drafted and formed following a sound analysis by stakeholders. After conducting interviews and focus group discussions, the main points of the meetings, influencing factors of the present status and oncoming strategies were obtained upon experts' opinions.
Results:
Review of general policies and the literature showed that although there is adequate support for improving sexual health status in the country, sexual health status has been decreased in the last decade. Based on Iranian sexual health indicators and experts' opinions, the focus points could be divided into the following groups: Structural and functional -political, legal-behavior, and cultural.
Conclusion:
Breaking the taboo of sexual health issues would require attention from the policy makers especially in Islamic nations to facilitate the steps on the road to sexual health. In this regard, clarified vision, strategic goals and interventional policies are proposed. An inter-sectional cooperation is needed to implement interventions to promote sexual health status.
Background: Human pathogens that can cause infertility may also affect sperm count and quality. Viral infections can be considered as direct and/or indirect cause of male factor infertility.
Objective: Our goal was to investigate the prevalence of herpes simplex virus in the semen of infertile men attending the Avicenna Infertility Clinic, and to compare it with the herpes virus serology results.
Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted during 2009-2010. Infertile men participating without any clinical signs of infection with herpes simplex virus, and no obvious cause for their infertility were included. Semen and blood samples were used for Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and serologic testing for these people. Two samples were collected: one ml semen sample to verify the existence of genital herpes simplex virus in infertile men, and blood samples of 217 individuals tested for antibodies to herpes simplex virus. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16.
Results: According to the PCR results of semen samples the prevalence of herpes simplex in semen was 12% and serologic test showed 3.2% prevalence within blood. Nine to 10% of IgM negative were PCR positive and only 2-3% of IgM positive were PCR positive. Between herpes serologic studies with positive controls and negative controls by using both tests, there was a significant positive relationship (r=0.718 and p
