Table 1 - uploaded by Alfons Wabahe Mosimane
Content may be subject to copyright.
Definitions of Explanatory Variables.

Definitions of Explanatory Variables.

Source publication
Article
Full-text available
Using a survey of communal conservancies in Namibia, we find that they provide some direct economic benefits to conservancy members, but that indirect benefits promoting development for all residents have not materialized. This partially explains why a high level of discontent with community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) as a developmen...

Contexts in source publication

Context 1
... APCE i is the natural logarithm of consumption expenditures per capita in household i, the beta terms are measures for the demographic, socioeconomic, and physical characteristics of household i as defined in Table 1, and ε i is a random error term. The dependent variable in the analysis was calculated by aggregating the value of all household food and nonfood expenditures over a 1-month time period. ...
Context 2
... per capita values were calcu- lated by dividing the total value of expenditures by the number of household members. Table 1 presents the definitions for all explanatory variables used in the analysis. Equation 1 is estimated for households in Kunene (n = 484) and for households in Caprivi (n = 471). ...

Similar publications

Article
Full-text available
Cultivated sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is an important food security crop in the semi-arid regions of the world including Asia and Africa. Its genetic diversity is contained mostly in traditional varieties and modern cultivars used by farmers. In this study, agro-morphological traits and molecular markers were used to assess genetic diver...
Poster
Full-text available
In November 2014, the Supreme Court of Namibia delivered a judgment, Government of the Republic of Namibia v LM and Others (LM) (1), dealing with the coercive sterilisation of HIV-positive women. The case exemplifies a pattern in southern Africa where women living with HIV have reported being sterilised without their informed consent (IC). While th...
Article
Full-text available
Dating to roughly 80,000 to 70,000 years ago, components of the Still Bay technocomplex of southern Africa and their potential behavioural implications have been widely discussed. Stone points with invasive retouch, as defined over 90 years ago by Goodwin and van Riet Lowe, serve as markers for Still Bay assemblages, yet many Still Bay sites remain...
Article
Full-text available
Community based natural resource management (CBNRM) programs aim to link the achievement of conservation objectives with those of rural development and poverty alleviation. However, after more than a decade of implementation in southern Africa, there is remarkably little rigorous analysis of their achievements with respect to these goals. An evalua...

Citations

... Mismatches between who benefits and who bears the costs of large wildlife conservation occur at the macro-scale (for example, international residents who benefit via existence values and tourism versus local communities living with wildlife) and at the micro-scale within communal conservancies (community members who secure jobs as game guards or in the tourism industry versus pastoralists who lose livestock to predators). Resolving this mismatch is essential for the sustainability of CBNRM programmes 133 . For programmes focused heavily on the financial benefits from wildlife, such as in Namibia, regulating contributions of wildlife attract less attention than material and nonmaterial contributions, potentially leading to inefficient management of species that generate unappreciated but crucial benefits (for example, elephants trampling dense vegetation, dispersing seeds and nutrients through their dung, and digging wells in the dry season). ...
Article
Nature’s contributions to people (NCP) are increasingly incorporated in modern conservation policy and management frameworks; however, the contributions of wildlife remain underrepresented in the NCP science that informs policy and practice. In this Perspective, we explore wildlife’s role in NCP. We use existing evidence to map wildlife contributions onto the conceptual framework of NCP and find that wildlife directly supports 12 of 18 NCP categories. We identify NCP provided or supported by wildlife as wildlife’s contributions to people (WCP). Knowledge gaps regarding WCP are prevalent, and failure to identify or account for WCP in policy and management could prevent both NCP and biodiversity targets from being achieved. To improve understanding of WCP and its integration into conservation decision-making, advances in monitoring and modelling wildlife are required and taxonomic, geographic and cultural biases in existing research should be addressed. These advances are necessary to connect biodiversity policies aimed at protecting wildlife species with NCP policies intended to ensure the long-term delivery of benefits to people, and to achieve widespread sustainable relationships with nature.
... Where the population size is large, such as in the Mayuni conservancy, distributing benefits to households makes the benefits received insignificant, as people only receive a few dollars per annum. This suggests that a benefit sharing mechanism that promotes community wide benefits (e.g., investments in education and health infrastructure) might be more appropriate in densely populated environments (J.A. Silva & Mosimane, 2012). Community wide benefits would include infrastructure improvements or community development projects that could enhance the wellbeing of all conservancy residents. ...
Article
Full-text available
The provision of socio-economic benefits to community members is a key component in the design and implementation of community based natural resources management (CBNRM) initiatives in rural areas. Namibian CBNRM legislation requires that the local governance systems develop a benefit sharing plan (MET, 1995). Local governance systems that are developed within CBNRM programs determine the types and amounts of benefits that community members receive. This paper investigates the role of local governance in establishing benefit-sharing mechanisms and whether local governance facilitates or impedes the equitable distribution of benefits. We also examine whether community characteristics often highlighted in community based conservation literature as facilitating decision making in CBNRM (i.e., size of community, level of community homogeneity, and existence of shared norms) contribute to better local governance for benefit sharing. We use two case studies in Namibia to examine local governance and benefit sharing (Uibasen conservancy in Kunene region and Mayuni conservancy in Caprivi region). We draw on qualitative data from in-depth interviews with conservancy residents conducted in 2011. The findings of the study suggest local governance institutions in conservancies have not developed adequate benefit-sharing systems, and the expectations of conservancy members are largely based on speculation about what they should receive stemming from unclear guidelines regarding realistically deliverable benefits. We find that community characteristics have little impact on local governance outcomes with regards to benefit-sharing systems. This suggests that local governance structures need more external support and oversight in designing and implementing methods for distributing benefits to community members. We argue that fairness and equitable sharing of benefits can only be achieved when it is an explicit objective of the benefit-sharing systems used by local governance structures and involves transparency.
... Wealth has sometimes been identified as impacting views of wildlife and wildlife conservation, although no clear direction for that relationship exists, with prior studies finding both that wealth is positively correlated (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2009;Romañach et al., 2007) and negatively correlated (Kanapaux & Child, 2011;Silva & Mosimane, 2012) with attitudes toward wildlife. Household size appears to be negatively associated with attitudes toward wildlife and formal wildlife conservation (Ochieng et al., 2021;Shrestha & Alavalapati, 2006). ...
Article
Full-text available
Community‐based conservation (CBC) is a popular governance approach that asks rural populations to sustainably manage local wildlife resources. CBC programs often rely on the distribution of wildlife benefits to communities to foster tolerance of wildlife, with the idea that those benefits can offset costs arising from human‐wildlife conflict. A survey of residents in four Namibian CBC areas found that different benefit types varied significantly in their relationship with whether respondents felt that wildlife improved their lives. Some higher monetary value benefits evidenced a negative and/or non‐significant relationship with respondents' perceptions, whereas meat‐based benefits were associated with a greater likelihood of residents feeling that they benefited from wildlife. These findings suggest that the impact of different benefit types in CBC programs may depend on a host of cultural/social, psychological, and community‐specific factors. From a practical standpoint, the form of direct monetary benefits may matter, and cultural considerations likely play an important role in determining which and when specific benefits are more effective.
... Given the potential importance of both forms of heterogeneity for collective action, we might also expect the interactions between those heterogeneities to have important implications for CBC governance. More specifically, economic heterogeneity could influence the impact of risk resulting from HWC. Limited observations from the field suggest this may be the case, as poorer residents in Namibian conservancies are observed to be more likely to seek formal conservancy membership, even when facing high predation risks (Kanapaux & Child, 2011;Silva & Mosimane, 2012). ...
... To understand the drivers of wealth heterogeneity effects we must explore contribution behaviour at the individual level: are high-wealth individuals compensating for lower cooperation by low-wealth individuals or do all individuals reduce their cooperativeness? Field studies involving wildlife-oriented CBC provide conflicting evidence for individual cooperativeness, alternately finding that wealth is positively correlated (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2009;Lindsey et al., 2007) or negatively correlated (Kanapaux & Child, 2011;Silva & Mosimane, 2012) with participation in wildlife conservation. ...
... Our findings regarding the interplay of risk and endowment on individual and group contributions also find some preliminary support in the academic literature. Two studies of Namibian conservancies found that poorer residents were more likely to seek formal conservancy membership (Kanapaux & Child, 2011;Silva & Mosimane, 2012), even when those residents faced higher risks of predation (Kanapaux & Child, 2011). While formal membership is generally necessary for individuals to share in the distribution of direct benefits, residents can (and do) refuse to become members because of philosophical differences with their conservancy's ideology (Silva & Mosimane, 2012). ...
Article
Full-text available
Community‐based conservation is a widely adopted wildlife governance approach, but questions remain about the conditions under which this form of wildlife governance achieves success. Particularly, participating communities are often marked by considerable wealth and risk heterogeneities that are driven by differences in livestock or agricultural holdings and varying exposure to wildlife depredation of those holdings. The effect of these types of heterogeneity on successful conservation collective action is understudied, particularly in the case of risk heterogeneity. This lacuna limits policymakers' ability to effectively match the design of community‐based programs to their particular settings. Using established behavioural experimental techniques, we model the incentive structures underlying community‐based wildlife conservation where actors differ in wealth and exposure to human–wildlife conflict. We conduct a modified binary linear voluntary contribution mechanism game, in which we vary subject endowments and risk of incurring a loss when participating in collective action and we find that the type of heterogeneity matters to collective action success. On their own, the presence of either economic or risk heterogeneities (but not both) dampen cooperation compared with homogeneous groups, as do ‘balanced’ distributions of both heterogeneities (where individuals facing high risk levels receive high endowments and vice versa). However, groups with ‘unbalanced’ heterogeneities (where those facing high risk levels receive low endowments and vice versa) demonstrate cooperation at similar levels to that of homogeneous groups. At the individual level, risk drives cooperative behaviour, although its impact is influenced by relative wealth levels when both forms of heterogeneity are present. These findings suggest the need for a more in‐depth look at the role and interaction of risk and wealth heterogeneities in conservation management. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
... In addition to challenges related to governance, or whether management is truly community based, or if benefits outweigh costs (Beebe 2003, Blaikie 2006, Gupta 2014, Chevallier and Harvey 2016, there is an additional, unaddressed concern in Botswana about the distribution of benefits to member households, and whether the level at which benefits accrue is matched to the level at which costs from wildlife coexistence are felt (Cassidy 2021). Although some community-based organizations (CBOs) in neighboring countries have understood the need to ensure benefits are felt at household level, disbursements have typically been token amounts, and have been the same for all members regardless of the extent to which their livelihoods have been impacted by wildlife (Taylor 2009, Silva andMosimane 2013). In Botswana, such token household-level disbursements have recently started taking place but only in three communities. ...
... The many years of experience of Namibia with the community conservancy model in northwest of the country mean that it provides a great opportunity to learn and draw conclusions on the model, from which other countries with similar challenges in rural areas can benefit. Previous research on the conservancy model in Namibia has tended to focus on the institutional and economic aspects (for example : Silva & Mosimane, 2012;Bollig & Schwieger, 2014;Humavindu & Stage, 2015;Morton et al., 2016). These are important aspects, but the impacts on wildlife populations are also important performance indicators as wildlife conservation is a core objective of the model (MET, 1995;Owen-Smith, 2010;MET, 2013b). ...
... Benefits and local employment are the main drivers for community commitment to the conservancy model and wildlife conservation. This point on community attitudes to wildlife conservation is backed up by conclusions from several other studies (for example, Angula et al., 2018;Jacobsohn, 2019;Silva & Mosimane, 2012;Störmer et al., 2019). ...
... There was widespread feedback from all six conservancies consulted during our study that these positive results on wildlife populations have been a result of the implementation of the conservancy model. This is due to the resulting perception of local communities in terms of the benefits of the wildlife (as also identified in previous studies such as Naidoo et al., 2011;Silva & Mosimane, 2012;Störmer et al., 2019), as well as the importance of local decision-making on utilisation of natural resources and local accountability for wildlife conservation provided by the model (Boudreaux & Nelson, 2011;Mufune, 2015;Jacobsohn, 2019). ...
Article
Full-text available
The growing human population in Africa is putting increasing pressure on habitats and wildlife outside of protected areas. The wildlife conservancy model in Namibia empowers rural communities to decide on the use of wildlife. Namibia started to implement the conservancy model in the 1990s and provides relevant experience from which other countries can learn. We reviewed the conservancy model in northwest Namibia to identify lessons for other countries. Our core work included case studies on six conservancies. We confirmed success factors for conservancies include: investment and revenues, strong governance and support from NGOs, as has been identified in previous studies. We conclude that a comprehensive wildlife monitoring programme is also a critical success factor. The wildlife monitoring method in conservancies in Namibia has been consistent since 2001, and the results show that populations have recovered and stabilised, although there are ongoing risks to wildlife and habitats in this fragile landscape.
... Recent research brings complexity into analyses of CBNRM success in Namibia. Silva and Mosimane (SILVA and MOSIMANE, 2012) and Silva and Motzer (SILVA and MOTZER, 2015) document discontent with CBNRM as a development strategy, in part due to the exacerbation of human-wildlife conflict (SILVA, MOSIMANE, 2012; SCHNEGG, KIAKA, 2018). Suich observes insufficient, i.e. low value and low volume, levels of economic incentives (SUICH, 2012). ...
Article
Full-text available
Mapping new administrative domains for integrating conservation and development, and defining rights in terms of both new policy and the citizenry governed thereby, have been central to postcolonial neoliberal environmental governance programmes known as Community Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM). Examples now abound of the complex, ambiguous and sometimes contested outcomes of CBNRM initiatives and processes. In this paper I draw on archival, oral history and ethnographic material for northwest Namibia, particularly in relation to indigenous Khoekhoegowab-speaking Damara / ǂ Nūkhoe and ǁUbu peoples, to explore two issues. First, I highlight the significance of historical colonial and apartheid contexts generating mapped reorganisations of land and human populations for memories of access and use that exceed these reorganisations. Second, I foreground a nexus of conceptual, constitutive and affective relationships with lands now bounded as CBNRM administrative units or 'conservancies' that have tended to be disrupted through both past events and as economising neoliberal governance approaches have taken hold in this context. Acknowledging disjunctions in conceptions and experiences of people-land relationships may assist with understanding who and what is amplified or diminished in contemporary globalising trajectories in neoliberal environmental governance. In particular, oral histories recording individual experiences in-depth, especially those of elderly people prompted by return to remembered places of past dwelling, can historicise and deepen recognition of complex cultural landscapes that today carry high conservation value. JOURNAL: Conserveries Mémorielles: Revue Transdisciplinaire, Vol. 25 https://journals.openedition.org/cm/5013
... 14 Des études récentes complexifient quelque peu les analyses concluant au succès de la GCRN en Namibie. Silva et Mosimane et Silva et Motzer rendent ainsi compte d'une certaine insatisfaction à l'égard de la GCRN en tant que stratégie de développement (SILVA et MOSIMANE, 2012 ;SILVA et MOTZER, 2015), en partie du fait de l'exacerbation du conflit entre humains et faune qu'elle induit (SILVA, MOSIMANE, 2012 ;et SCHNEGG, KIAKA, 2018). Suich observe que les perspectives de retombées financières sont parfois insuffisantes (SUICH, 2012), en termes de volume ou de rapport effort/bénéfice. ...
... 14 Des études récentes complexifient quelque peu les analyses concluant au succès de la GCRN en Namibie. Silva et Mosimane et Silva et Motzer rendent ainsi compte d'une certaine insatisfaction à l'égard de la GCRN en tant que stratégie de développement (SILVA et MOSIMANE, 2012 ;SILVA et MOTZER, 2015), en partie du fait de l'exacerbation du conflit entre humains et faune qu'elle induit (SILVA, MOSIMANE, 2012 ;et SCHNEGG, KIAKA, 2018). Suich observe que les perspectives de retombées financières sont parfois insuffisantes (SUICH, 2012), en termes de volume ou de rapport effort/bénéfice. ...
Article
Full-text available
Le travail de cartographie des nouveaux domaines administratifs en vue de promouvoir la conservation et le développement, ainsi que la redéfinition des droits dans le cadre des nouvelles politiques et concepts de citoyenneté qui émergent de ce processus, sont deux éléments centraux des programmes s’inscrivant dans un mouvement de gouvernance environnementale néolibérale connus sous le nom de « Gestion communautaire des ressources naturelles » (GCRN)[Ndlr : En anglais, « Community-Based Natural Resources Management » (CBNRM)]. Aujourd’hui, nombre d’exemples révèlent les effets complexes, ambigus et souvent contestés des initiatives prises et des processus engagés dans le contexte de cette GCRN. Dans cet article, je m’appuie sur des données historiques et ethnographiques collectées dans le Nord-Ouest de la Namibie, et en particulier relatives aux populations Damara/ǂNūkhoe and ǁUbu, locutrices du Khoekhoegowab, pour, pour interroger ces deux problématiques. En premier lieu, cet article met en lumière l’impact, dans des contextes marqués par le colonialisme et l’apartheid, des réorganisations cartographiques du territoire et des populations sur la mémoire encore vive d’un accès et d’un usage des territoires qui excède les réorganisations et démarcations en question. En second lieu, il met en avant la complexité et la densité des relations conceptuelles, constitutives et affectives avec les territoires aujourd’hui touchés par la création d’unités administratives ou « aires de conservation » liées à la GCRN, relations qui se sont vues affectées et reconfigurées par nombre d’événements passés et par le modèle de gouvernance économique et néolibérale qui s’est fermement implanté dans la région. Reconnaître les disjonctions ainsi créées dans le rapport pratique et conceptuel entre territoires et populations est de nature à permettre une meilleure compréhension de ce qui se voit amplifié ou diminué par les trajectoires mondialistes empruntées par la gouvernance environnementale néolibérale. Plus particulièrement, l’histoire orale qui documente en profondeur les expériences individuelles, et surtout celles des personnes plus âgées inspirées par un retour sur d’anciens lieux d’habitation remémorés, peut historiciser et approfondir la connaissance de territoires culturels complexes qui ont aujourd’hui comme hier une importance cruciale, en termes de protection et de conservation. JOURNAL: Conserveries Mémorielles: Revue Transdisciplinaire https://journals.openedition.org/cm/5153
... Community-based conservation (CBC) is a popular wildlife governance approach that has been adopted across southern and eastern Africa (Roe et al., 2009). The approach posits that communities will govern their wildlife resources in a sustainable manner if they receive an enduring interest in and are able control and profit from those resources (Silva & Mosimane, 2012;Songorwa et al., 2000;Störmer et al., 2019). But, before people will sustainably manage wildlife, they must perceive that the overall benefits of doing so outweigh costs associated with living with wildlife (Gosling et al., 2017;Lyons, 2013;Magome & Fabricius, 2004;Murphree, 2009). ...
Article
Full-text available
Community‐based conservation (CBC) is a wildlife governance approach popular in areas projected to experience a decline in precipitation due to climate change. A survey of residents in four Namibian CBC areas found that the overwhelming majority of respondents felt that (a) a prolonged drought coincided with an increased rate of human‐wildlife conflict (HWC), and (b) costs from HWC outweighed any CBC benefits they received. Perceptions of increased HWC frequency were negatively associated with the likelihood of respondents feeling that wildlife benefits exceeded costs. These findings raise questions about the impact of predicted climate change effects on CBC programs across much of the global south.
... The benefits of the relationship are directly related to the level of commitment that customers may feel to the company (Hennig-Thurau, Gwinner, & Gremler, 2002). One of the economic benefits is the result of cost compensation from the use of goods that have been used by others (Silva & Mosimane, 2013). Economic value is usually referred to as the marginal value that can increase the quantity of income (Hanley, Breeze, Ellis, & Goulson, 2015). ...
Article
Full-text available
The development of a business model requires SMEs to develop and strive to make their business run smoothly and develop for the better. Therefore, to catch up with big business competitors, it requires business cooperation. This study aims to determine the effect of partner capabilities and economic benefits on the decision to continue a business partnership that mediated by trust. To analyze the model, this study used 80 SMEs that partnered with Lamongan Mart. We used the partial least square (PLS) method to test the hypothesis. The results show that there is a significant effect of partner capability on trust. Economic benefits have a significant effect on trust. The decision to continue the partnership is significantly influenced by the partner's capabilities and economic benefits. Trust has a significant effect on the decision to continue the partnership. In conclusion, trust can mediate partner capabilities and economic benefits to the decision to continue the partnership.