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Standard trade theory suggests that the profile of exporting firms is characterized by large firms which dominate domestic productivity distribution. Large manufacturing multinationals have increased their productivity by participating, creating and shaping global production networks. In recent decades, trade flows have become increasingly dominate...
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... employ selected indicators proposed by Koopman et al. (2014). The framework separates gross exports at the country level into three variables (Figure 3), namely value added exports, domestic value added in intermediate goods that return home, and foreign content of exports. Furthermore, each of these elements can be decomposed into three sub-categories, resulting in nine separate elements. ...
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... each of these elements can be decomposed into three sub-categories, resulting in nine separate elements. From the nine components in Figure 3, we extract indicators of vertical specialization, including the overall GVC participation, backward integration and forward integration. Backward integration refers to the contribution from foreign inputs to the production of domestic exports. ...
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... we measure the overall GVC participation by the value of vertical trade as a share of gross exports. It is represented by the sum of elements (3) to (9) in Figure 3, divided by gross exports. We use foreign content of exports as a measure of backward linkages in value chains, represented by the sum of boxes (7) to (9) Figure 4 plots the competitiveness score for small, medium-sized and large enterprises against the foreign content of exports (VS). ...
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... Value chains have also been shown to be an effective channel through which to drive digital technology adoption (Butollo et al., 2022). Value chain interventions for integrating microenterprises into high value markets in Uganda, Mali and India have shown success, resulting in greater access to markets for selling products and acquiring high quality inputs at lower costs, as well as improved management and technical skills which enhanced their competitiveness in global markets (Boffa et al., 2021;Reji, 2013). ...
Nigeria has one of the most sophisticated digital financial services ecosystems in Africa, with a robust bank-led payment system and innovative fintech sector. Despite this, and some improvements since 2012, 63% of microenterprises in Nigeria still do not have access to financial services. This is due to various limiting factors, including the lack of knowledge on how to productively use Internet banking, the high cost of smartphones and computers, and the lack of demonstration of the economic benefits...It is evident that the lack of affordable devices and data, as well as access to reliable electricity, are significant obstacles to digitalisation in Nigeria.
... These aspects make it difficult to control and, of course, stay in the market that increasingly requires greater attention and care, besides demands being changeable. They are increasing due to the standards of the modern world (Boffa et al, 2021). The coke sector has been exposed to scenarios of adversity and ambiguity due to the dynamism of the environment, the need to endure and survive in the market, among other factors that have motivated the appearance of a culture of change, which seeks to respond to these transformations, using strategies for internal strengthening with impact on the external context (Khubana et al., 2022). ...
... As stated by Khubana et al. (2022), the productivity of the value chain contributes to shared value, to competitive advantage and sustainability performance, which generates value to the organization. Boffa et al. (2021), take into consideration that the integration of the value chain cooperates for an increased competitiveness, which is useful for small companies that want to acquire and maintain their competitive advantage. Nzivo (2011), came to the conclusion that the value chain is an important basis for the generation of competitiveness, which also guides compliance with the requirements and needs of the client, accompanied by a reduction in the cost of operation. ...
The aim of this paper is to propose a model of business competitiveness based on the value chain for the coking sector in Colombia that allows its promotion and strengthening. A systematic review of the literature in the Web of Science and Scopus databases, in the period 2012-2022, was carried out to establish the documentary corpus. The categories of analysis identified converge in the competitiveness based on the value chain from which a model is proposed to integrate: the participation of social actors (government, community, academy, businessmen and unions), primary activities, support and articulate to maintain and improve competitiveness business with direct involvement in the coking sector. As a conclusion, this model contributes to the definition and direction of strategies in the transformation of coke, generating conditions of competitiveness based on customer satisfaction and the strengthening of the sector.
... A simple non-radial model may not fully describe the actual process of agricultural production. Based on this, some scholars have proposed a hybrid distance function with radial and non-radial characteristics (based on epsilon measurement), which can more comprehensively evaluate the relationship between input and output [50]. To test the robustness of the model, this paper used the epsilon-based measure for random effect estimation to replace the green total factor productivity under the non-radial, non-angular SBM directional distance function. ...
With the progress of information technology, digital technology has rapidly penetrated into all sectors of the national economy and is accelerating the reconstruction of the economic development model, which has become a new engine to drive economic growth and lead industrial development. Based on the panel data of China’s provinces from 2013 to 2020, this paper empirically tested the effect and mechanism of digital economic development on high-quality agricultural development by constructing an evaluation index system for high-quality agricultural development with economic, social, and ecological benefits. The results show that the development of the digital economy has promoted the high-quality development of agriculture, and the promotion effect in the eastern region is stronger than that in the central and western regions. In addition to direct promotion, digital economy also promotes high-quality agricultural development by promoting the development of green agriculture. We should actively promote the construction of digital economy and promote the deep integration of digital economy and agriculture. Secondly, government should improve the digital economy governance to create a good legal environment for the green development of agriculture and, at the same time, help farmers establish digital economic awareness and train farmers in digital economy vocational skills. Finally, digital agriculture development policies should be formulated according to local conditions.
... SMEs constitute the backbone of many economies across the world, contributing to job creation, value-added generation, and poverty alleviation, and it is increasingly being posited in the literature that integrating SMEs into GVCs will boost their contribution to the growth of their domestic economies (Ignatenko et al., 2019;Kuzmisin & Kuzmisinova, 2017;Örgün, 2014). In fact, Boffa et al. (2021) empirically illustrate that the benefits from integrating GVCs are higher for small firms than for large firms. As GVCs have become ubiquitous in international trade today, there has therefore been growing interest around the international expansion of SMEs, by integrating them into GVCs. ...
This research paper is a novel attempt in response to the growing interest in the internationalization of SMEs and their potential impacts on the economic well-being of the countries in which they operate. The purpose of this study is to identify the main deterring and determinant factors of SMEs’ GVC participation in a developing country, Cameroon. Rooted in the network and cluster theories of internationalization, and drawing from survey data of 209,482 enterprises contained in the 2018 General Registry of Enterprises, collected by the Cameroon National Institute of Statistics, this study conducted hierarchical regression analysis and found that obstacles related to the business environment constitute the most deterring factors to the GVC participation of Cameroonian SMEs. The findings further established coopetition and government support to be key determinant factors in fostering SMEs’ GVC participation. Inspired by these findings, a network construct is proposed, within a quadruple innovation helix setting, to drive the international expansion of SMEs, putting coopetition at the frontline of the expansion strategy. The findings and propositions provide information necessary to empower the managerial strategies of entrepreneurs, and the policy actions of public powers, which will significantly define the future of developing country SMEs in GVCs.
... The participation in Global Value Chain (GVC) can significantly contribute to productivity improvement, economic growth, job creation and poverty reduction (Rigo 2021;World Bank 2020). An increase of participation in GVC could also reduce the competitiveness gap between small and large firms (Boffa et al. 2021). However, appropriate policies and reforms are needed to curb barriers to market access for small and medium size producers (Lee et al. 2012;Montalbano et al. 2018). ...
Challenges related to poverty, hunger, nutrition, health, and the environment are widespread and urgent. One way to stress the urgency of making the right decisions about the future of the global food systems now is to better understand and more clearly articulate the alternative scenarios that food systems face. Developing, synthesizing, and presenting such alternatives to decision makers in a clear way is the ultimate goal of e CGIAR Foresight team.No single source of information focuses regularly and systematically on the future of food and agriculture, and challenges facing developing countries. Our work aims to fill that gap with a focus on agricultural income and employment.group systematically collects information about past, on-going and planned foresight activities across CGIAR centers and their partners, spanning the global agricultural research for development arenaWe present a comprehensive overview and synthesis of the results of relevant foresight research, which through the tagging with metadata allows for customized investigations in greater detail. The cross-cutting nature of this work allows for a more comprehensive picture and assessments of possible complementarities/trade-offs.Potential users of this report and associated activities include CGIAR science leaders and scientists as well as the broader research community, national and international development partners, national governments and research organizations, funders, and the private sector.The approach developed by the CGIAR foresight group is used to make foresight study results accessible across organizations and domains in order to aid policy and decision makers for strategic planning. The approach allows visualization of both the available information across multiple entry points as well as the identification of critical knowledge gaps.
... Various methods have been employed in many empirical studies to measure trade competitiveness. For example, Boffa et al. (2021) utilized a combination of the Global Value Chains (GVC) and International Trade Centre (ITC) competitiveness index in their study. Utilizing the dataset panel approach, they demonstrated the competitive effect between small and medium firms compared with large firms regarding productivity distribution in international trade activities. ...
... The ITC competitiveness combination score for small, medium, and large firms was collected from multi-regional inputoutput tables to produce a panel dataset at the country and company category level with global value chain participation measures. The exciting conclusion from the research has demonstrated that small businesses benefit more from value chain integration than large businesses (Boffa et al., 2021). Falciola et al. (2020) demonstrated that the ITC focused on checking the firm competitiveness in three sections: complete, connect and change. ...
... The risks may spread rapidly throughout the production chain (Acemoglu et al., 2012). Furthermore, the country has a high risk of exerting shock on the environment (Stellinger et al., 2020;Boffa et al., 2021). ...
This study examines the export competitiveness of four major natural rubber exporters in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) region and investigates the factors affecting bilateral natural rubber export. This study utilized the revealed symmetric comparative advantage (RSCA) to measure export competitiveness. Next, this study employed the gravity model using the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimation to analyze the factors affecting bilateral export from the four major natural rubber exporters to 46 countries in the region. The analysis is conducted by using annual data from 2001 till 2018. The findings showed that all four major exporters maintained their export competitiveness. Indonesia and Vietnam notably exhibited increasing trends in the early 2000s. Besides, the market share for Malaysia and Vietnam have increased from 2013 to 2015 with the BRI implementation in 2013. In addition, this study discovered that non-tariff measures (NTM) have a positive and significant impact on the bilateral export of natural rubber. The overall findings strongly indicate that the natural rubber export has increased post BRI announcement. The outcome highlighted the benefits of BRI implementation on the natural rubber export. This study is the first attempt to apply the gravity model on the natural rubber exports within the BRI region.
... -Productivity: In Ethiopia, firms participating in GVCs are twice as productive as those that confine their business to traditional trade, as the 2020 World Bank report pointed out. In addition, the gains from integration into value chains are found to be greater for SMEs than for large firms (Boffa, Jansen, and Solleder, 2021). Studies measuring the impact of Chinese investments within the Belt and Road Initiative are still scarce to date. ...
China–Ethiopia economic cooperation in the period of 2000–2020 is marked by the convergence between the industrial policy of Ethiopia, the orientations of the Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), and the infrastructure development strategy which is the cornerstone of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
China, the largest foreign investor in Ethiopia during this period, has had a major role in terms of investment and financing in the energy sector and the transportation infrastructure: Addis Ababa Airport, roads, railway, seaport terminal, and gas pipeline.
The flagship project — the Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway — connecting Addis Ababa to Djibouti City and Djibouti’s Doraleh Container Terminal, inaugurated in 2018, provided landlocked Ethiopia with a good connection between the hinterland and the seaport: the economic corridor accounts for more than 95% of Ethiopia’s foreign trade.
The development of Ethiopian Industrial Parks on the model of Chinese Special Economic Zones (SEZs) was the second pillar of the strategy of development of an export-oriented manufacturing sector. Chinese companies operating in Ethiopian Industrial Parks in the textile and leather industries have been pioneering this activity contributing to Ethiopia’s participation in the Global Value Chains (GVCs).
Ethiopian government is also planning the development of agro-industrial parks specialized in added-value agricultural products such as coffee or cut flowers exported to Europe via Addis Ababa Airport and Ethiopian Airlines Cargo.
Ethiopia’s main challenges in that direction are the necessity to go up the value chain to further penetrate European markets and, most likely, to identify the products or services which could be integrated into the African markets in the new context of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement that entered into force in January 2021.
