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Decay curves and dose-response of the sample BDX24931 using pIR-IR 290 signal. On the left side of the figure, the green lines delimit the background noise, which is subtracted from the signal. The red lines on the right side of the figure are the graphical representation of how an equivalent dose (De) is calculated.
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Evaluating synchronies between climate and cultural changes is a prerequisite for addressing the possible effect of environmental changes on human populations. Searching for synchronies during the Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition (ca. 48–36 ka) is hampered by the limits of radiocarbon dating techniques and the large chronological uncertainties a...
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... et al., 2011a). The data analysis was performed with Analyst software (Duller, 2015). For each aliquot (n = 20), pIR-IR 290 measurements passed all acceptance criteria: the recycling ratio averages 1.01 ± 0.03, within 5%, the recuperation ratios were also <5%, and the maximum paleodose error is <10%. pIR-IR 290 curves are provided for the sample (Fig. 2). D e value was calculated using the CAM (Central Age Model) ( Galbraith et al., 1999), an arithmetic average and the Average Dose Model ( Guérin et al., 2017).The D e results are similar in all three cases (Table 2) and equal within uncertainties. The external alpha, beta, and gamma dose rates received by feldspar grains were deduced ...
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Citations
... These multi-proxy studies have significantly expanded our understanding of the environmental evolution in Iberia, alongside proxies derived from marine core records in Iberian margins (Fourcade et al., 2022;Martrat et al., 2004;Naughton et al., 2007;Roucoux et al., 2001;Sánchez-Goñi et al., 1999, 2009) and other regional palaeoclimatic records sourced from local natural deposits (e.g. Pérez-Mejías et al., 2019;Moreno et al., 2010Moreno et al., , 2012González-Sampériz et al., 2020;Ballesteros et al., 2020). ...
... This tendency towards increased aridity aligns with observations made in regional lake sediments from northern Iberia between 60 and 23.5 ka cal BP, marked by abrupt climate changes associated with HE5 (Moreno et al., 2012). Supporting this, the marine core MD04-2845 in the northern margin of Iberia reveals a decline in the Atlantic forest and an expansion of steppe and cold grasses from 47 to 40 ka BP (Fourcade et al., 2022). ...
During the Late Pleistocene, stadial and interstadial fluctuations affected vegetation, fauna, and human groups that were forced to cope with these pronounced spatial–temporal climatic and environmental changes. These changes were especially abrupt during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3. Here, we reconstruct the climatic trends in northern Iberia considering the stable isotopic composition of ungulate skeletal tissue found in archaeological deposits dated between 80 and 15 kacalBP. The carbon and oxygen isotopic composition preserved in the carbonate fraction of tooth enamel provides a reliable and high-resolution proxy of the food and water consumed by these animals, which is indirectly related to the local vegetation, environment, and climate, allowing us to estimate palaeotemperatures and rainfall intensity. This study presents new isotope data from 44 bovine, equid, and cervid teeth from five archaeological sites in the Vasco-Cantabrian region (El Castillo, Axlor, Labeko Koba, Aitzbitarte III interior, and El Otero) and one in northeastern Iberia (Canyars), where human evidence is attested from the Mousterian to the Magdalenian. The carbon isotope values reflect animals feeding on diverse C3 plants in open environments and point to differentiated ecological niches for equids and bovines, especially during the Aurignacian in the Vasco-Cantabrian region. Temperature estimations based on oxygen isotopic compositions and rainfall obtained from carbon isotopic compositions indicate colder and more arid conditions than nowadays for the human occupations from the Late Mousterian to the Aurignacian. The contemporary northeastern Iberian site shows slightly lower temperatures related to an arid period when animals mainly grazed in open landscapes. In the Vasco-Cantabrian region, during MIS 2, the Gravettian data reflect a landscape opening, whereas the Magdalenian points to warmer (but still arid) conditions.
... Several hypotheses have been invoked to explain the Neanderthals disappearance. Recent updated archaeological synthesis shows that the onset of the Homo sapiens occupation of western Europe likely preceded the extinction of Neandertals Fourcade et al., 2022;Rios-Garaizar et al., 2022;Djakovic et al., 2022). This overlap may have led to competitive exclusion (Banks et al., 2008), assimilation (Smith et al., 2005) or demographic weakness (Degioanni et al., 2019). ...
... This may impact the length of overlap between Neanderthal and anatomically modern humans in Eurasia (Bard et al., 2020). Therefore, we used the archaeological synthesis based on the most recent 14 C calibration curve IntCal20 (Brad et al., 2020;Djakovic et al., 2022;Fourcade et al., 2022;Rios-Garaizar et al., 2022;Guérin et al., 2023). We also remodel the Châtelperronian time-range from the Ormesson site, using the ages of Bodu et al. (2017), with the same method as Fourcade et al. (2022). ...
... Therefore, we used the archaeological synthesis based on the most recent 14 C calibration curve IntCal20 (Brad et al., 2020;Djakovic et al., 2022;Fourcade et al., 2022;Rios-Garaizar et al., 2022;Guérin et al., 2023). We also remodel the Châtelperronian time-range from the Ormesson site, using the ages of Bodu et al. (2017), with the same method as Fourcade et al. (2022). The most reliable age is integrated in a Bayesian chronological model (ChronoModel v. 2.0.18, ...
... Archaeological deposits in the karstic setting of Northern Iberia, aided by recently-published marine (e.g., Sánchez-Goñi et al., 2008;Daniau et al., 2009;Penaud et al., 2020;Fourcade et al., 2022) and terrestrial (e.g., Jalut et al., 2010;Sánchez-Morales et al., 2022) highresolution sedimentary records, have served as potential archives to decode complex vegetation responses to Quaternary climate variability. Most of the available cave sedimentary sequences, however, are based on few pollen samples from culturally-attributed undated levels, hampering the regional synthesis of vegetation trajectories. ...
... Climate variability across the late MIS 3 in the Cantabrian Region is complex, defined by abrupt millennial-scale changes superimposed by long-term orbital forcing (Sánchez-Goñi et al., 2008;Fourcade et al., 2022). The base of the Atxurra cave-fill is characterized by a speleothem flowstone, associated with a humid temperate climate in the Northern Iberian Peninsula Stoll et al., 2013;Aranburu et al., 2015;Ballesteros et al., 2019;Arriolabengoa et al., 2020), and probably linked to the end of MIS 5 interglacial or MIS 3c interstadial. ...
... The change from a cold to a warm phase would imply changes of up to 10 C in temperature in the Greenland atmosphere (Johnsen et al., 1992;d'Errico and S anchez-Goñi, 2003). As has been shown for the Cantabrian region in the marine core in the Bay of Biscay (S anchez-Goñi et al., 2008;Fourcade et al., 2022), moreover, abrupt shifts between stadial and interstadial episodes would have also taken place in this region . The values obtained by small-mammal analyses for the different Mousterian levels range from 6 to 12.49 C and 599.40e1827 mm (Table 11), which definitively constitutes a highly variable climatic scenario for Neanderthals in the Iberian Peninsula where they were able to survive. ...
... A highly variable climatic response is shown in the Cantabrian region during the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition. This variability is most likely linked to the abrupt shifts expected from the alternating stadial and interstadial episodes within each phase during the MIS 3, as has been recorded in the marine core in Biscay Bay (Fourcade et al., 2022;S anchez Goñi et al., 2008). It was observed that both stadial and interstadial alternating phases occurred during the Mousterian, Aurignacian and Gravettian levels; showing that both Neanderthals and AMH were subsisting during both cold and temperate events in northern Iberia. ...
... The glacier front at Lake Enol and Vega de Comeya reached its maximum extension from 44 to 38 ka Jim enez-S anchez et al., 2013), when colder and drier conditions in the mountain areas dramatically affected the tree cover. Consistently, pollen data from the marine core MD04-2845 in the Cantabria Sea (S anchez show a low abundance of arboreal pollen with a saw-teeth pattern between 50 and 40 ka BP, suggesting a long-term forest opening from GI2 to GI8 in Atlantic forests (Fourcade et al., 2022). From ca. 47e40 ka is characterized by steppe expansion with associate cold grasses (Artemisia, Poaceae, Cyperaceae), but also punctual forest expansion, including Betula, Quercus, Alnus, Corylus or Carpinus. ...
... However, considering the fragmentary pollen record, these data should be taken with caution. The marine core MD04-2845 in the northern margin of Iberia coincides in revealing a decrease in Atlantic forest and steppe expansion with cold indicators mainly from GS10 to GS9 (Fourcade et al., 2022). ...
Climatic and environmental changes have been commonly proposed as driving factors behind the decline of Neanderthals in Europe. The Cantabrian region, in northern Iberia, is a key area for understanding the replacement of Neanderthals by Anatomically Modern Humans, where an early disappearance of Neanderthals in relation to other areas of Iberia has been proposed. To evaluate how climate might have influenced human behaviour during Marine Isotope Stage 3, an accurate review of palaeoecological conditions is required. For the first time, an assessment of the regional available terrestrial proxies linked to archaeo-palaeontological sites, including small vertebrate assemblages, pollen sequences, charcoal data and stable isotope studies on macromammals is undertaken in this region. In addition, records from macrofaunal assemblages and glacial records have also been considered. To standardise the information and allow inter-site comparison, data from pollen and small vertebrate sequences were transformed into quantitative climatic estimations of temperature and precipitation. Results show highly variable climatic shifts between archaeological levels, being consistent with the climatic fluctuations observed in the marine and ice core records. Small mammal assemblages reveal a mosaic landscape of open meadows followed by scattered forested areas. A progressive trend towards aridity from the end of the Mousterian to the early Aurignacian is reflected by changes in arboreal pollen, macromammal species and stable isotopes evidence on ungulates consumed by late Neanderthals and Anatomically Modern Humans in the region. This review suggests a decrease in temperatures and rainfall from 48,000 to 44,000 cal BP (after Heinrich Event 5) which coincides with the late Neanderthals in the region and followed by a populational hiatus until 43,000 cal BP. Despite the multiple intra-site environmental proxies available, this study challenges the fragmentary regional record during this key period for human evolution and reveals that further research is needed to obtain a complete regional high-resolution palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic reconstruction.
... Un modèle d'âge pour la carotte MD04-2845 a été publié par Sánchez Goñi et al. (2008) et plus récemment pour la période entre 52 et 35 ka par Fourcade et al. (2022). Nous avons développé une courbe d'âge-profondeur alternative au modèle proposé par Sánchez Goñi et al. ...
... Sur la façade Adriatique, à Pozzo Cucù (région des Pouilles, Sud-Est de l'Italie), un plateau de bioproductivité, dérivé du δ 13 C, révèle qu'il n'y a pas eu de changements majeurs de végétation pendant les HS 5 et 4 ( Fig. 67 ; Columbu et al., 2020 (Sánchez Goñi et al., 2000a ;Sánchez Goñi et al., 2008 ;Naughton et al., 2009 ;Fourcade et al., 2022). La seconde phase correspondrait à un plus fort ralentissement de l'AMOC par rapport à la première phase et un plus fort assèchement sur la façade Atlantique. ...
... Proto-Aurignacien et la fin du TCL Discoïde dans le Nord-Est de la péninsule Ibérique.Cependant, l'Arbreda, livrant des assemblages Proto-Aurignaciens est localisé au nord-est des sites livrant les assemblages Discoïdes. Ce chevauchement chronologique traduirait une 238 coexistence entre deux groupes néandertaliens et HAM, probablement identifiée chronologiquement dans d'autres régions d'Europe occidentaleTalamo et al., 2020 ;Fourcade et al., 2022). Cependant, cette cohabitation a pu n'impliquer aucun contact étroit entre ces groupes humains.Le changement entre le Proto-Aurignacien et l'Aurignacien ancien est difficilement détectable régionalement. ...
Ce travail a pour but d’améliorer la résolution temporelle des séquences paléoenvironnementales et de leurs chronologies ainsi que la chronologie des différents technocomplexes et cultures du sud de la France de la fin du Paléolithique moyen au début du Paléolithique supérieur. À cette fin, deux études multiproxy ont été menées, utilisant deux carottes profondes du golfe de Gascogne et du golfe du Lion pour reconstruire la végétation et les changements climatiques dans le Sud-Ouest et le Sud-Est de la France, en réponse aux réchauffements et refroidissements du Groenland (cycles Dansgaard-Oeschger, D-Os) et aux refroidissements de l'Atlantique Nord (événements d’Heinrich, HEs). Les résultats montrent des amplitudes différentes dans l'expansion de la forêt associée aux réchauffement D-O en fonction de la latitude et liées à différentes configurations orbitales. Pendant les stades de Heinrich (HSs), les différentes amplitudes de l'expansion semi-désertique dans les deux régions seraient le résultat de différentes intensités de la circulation thermohaline et des processus océaniques locaux associés à l'instabilité de la calotte laurentienne. La datation IRSL de la carotte MD04-2845 et l'application du récent modèle d’âge-profondeur (ChronoModel & ArchaeoPhases) utilisant des statistiques bayésiennes et des contraintes stratigraphiques sur les deux carottes ont permis d'affiner les chronologies des changements environnementaux. La construction de bases de données archéologiques pour les deux régions et l'application de ChronoModel aux séquences archéologiques ont amélioré la chronologie des changements technologiques des Néandertaliens et des Hommes Anatomiquement Modernes (HAM) en Europe occidentale. Malgré l'amélioration des chronologies, l'identification de synchronies potentielles reste difficile en raison des incertitudes associées aux différentes chronologies. Néanmoins, cette étude suggère que l'aridification progressive du paysage pendant la dernière période glaciaire a favorisé l'arrivée des HAM en Europe occidentale, entraînant une compétition avec les Néandertaliens pour les mêmes niches écologiques et produisant la disparition de ces derniers.
Deep-sea pollen records from the Western European margin show that during the Last Glacial period (115-27 ka), regional vegetation oscillated between steppe and open forest in response to the millennial scale climate variability, Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) cycles and Heinrich events (HE), and that the magnitude of the forest expansions during D-O warming events was modulated by orbital parameters. However, little is known about the vegetation response in the northwestern Mediterranean region. Here, we present a new well-chronologically constrained high-resolution marine pollen record from the Gulf of Lion documenting the NW Mediterranean vegetation response during Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 4 and 3. The pollen record highlights the strongest forest expansions during D-O 17-16 and D-O 8 in NW Mediterranean borderlands, likely driven by minima in pre cession. In this region, Heinrich Stadials (HS) 5 and 4 are marked by steppe landscapes while temperate forest surprisingly characterized HS 6. We hypothesize that the combination of minima in precession and local atmospheric and marine processes allows the development of the temperate forest in NW Mediterranean while the expansion of open environments occurred in other areas of Western Europe. In addition, our results support the hypothesis of Picea survival in NW Mediterranean during MIS 4 to 3.
