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Deaths attributable to AMR by age group and location in the reference scenario, 2022-2050 Units are in millions.
Source publication
Background
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses an important global health challenge in the 21st century. A previous study has quantified the global and regional burden of AMR for 2019, followed with additional publications that provided more detailed estimates for several WHO regions by country. To date, there have been no studies that produce com...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... deaths of people 70 years and older, we forecasted an increase from 2022 to 2050 in every super-region. The increase in people 70 years and older was Streptococcus pneumoniae 146% (95% UI 127-167) globally and ranged between 72·0% (61·5-84·1) in the high-income super-region and 234% ) in the north Africa and the Middle East super-region ( figure 7). In children younger than 5 years, the number of AMR attributable deaths decreased from 204 000 (150-285) to 103 000 (65·0-156) globally, a decrease of 49·6% (34·1-61·3). ...
Context 2
... deaths of people 70 years and older, we forecasted an increase from 2022 to 2050 in every super-region. The increase in people 70 years and older was Streptococcus pneumoniae 146% (95% UI 127-167) globally and ranged between 72·0% (61·5-84·1) in the high-income super-region and 234% ) in the north Africa and the Middle East super-region ( figure 7). In children younger than 5 years, the number of AMR attributable deaths decreased from 204 000 (150-285) to 103 000 (65·0-156) globally, a decrease of 49·6% (34·1-61·3). ...
Context 3
... deaths of people 70 years and older, we forecasted an increase from 2022 to 2050 in every super-region. The increase in people 70 years and older was Streptococcus pneumoniae 146% (95% UI 127-167) globally and ranged between 72·0% (61·5-84·1) in the high-income super-region and 234% ) in the north Africa and the Middle East super-region ( figure 7). In children younger than 5 years, the number of AMR attributable deaths decreased from 204 000 (150-285) to 103 000 (65·0-156) globally, a decrease of 49·6% (34·1-61·3). ...
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Background
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Methods
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Citations
... This study reveals a high prevalence of tetra-, penta-, and hepta-resistant patterns in environmental and pork isolates, which poses a significant public health threat due to potential treatment failures after simple infections caused by MDR isolates. These findings were consistent with various global investigations demonstrating a high incidence of MDR patterns among Salmonella strains isolated from different sources [19,30]. The extensive use of antibiotics in the medical and veterinary sectors that resulted in a high AMR by exerting a selection pressure against the used antimicrobials. ...
... Bacterial infections have emerged as a significant global public health concern, associated with high morbidity rates, substantial mortality and long-term complications [1,2]. Invasive bacterial infections can lead to severe diseases and in some cases, become life-threatening [3][4][5][6]. ...
... In the last several years, we have witnessed the rise of new infections, such as HIV, SARS, H1N1, and most recently, COVID-19, which continues to impact society five years after its initial emergence in 2020 [1]. The widespread use of antimicrobial drugs has led to the emergence of resistance, now recognized as an important global health challenge [2]. This editorial reflects on the progress made over the past five decades and highlights current advancements in three fundamental pillars of infectious disease research: prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. ...
Citation: Omar, R.F.; Trottier, S.; Sato, S.; Ouellette, M.; Bergeron, M.G. Advances in the Management of Infectious Diseases. Infect. Dis. Rep. 2025, 17, 26. https://doi.
... These factors contribute to the emergence of health issues such as mpox, Marburg virus, Rift Valley fever, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) [5,[9][10][11]. They also increase the contact between human and animal populations, which, in turn, promotes the transmission of AMR and zoonotic pathogens, including viruses [12][13][14]. Furthermore, additional sociocultural and economic risk factors attributed to human behavior and practices, such as having unprotected sex with multiple partners, are increasing KPs' risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV and mpox. ...
... This necessitates the institutionalization of the One Health strategy to strengthen Global Health Security and enhance the cost-effective planning and implementation of a Pandemic Preparedness, Prevention, and Response (PPPR) framework [41]. Significant attention should be given to the silently growing pandemic of AMR [10,13,14]. Such a framework should integrate multisectoral surveillance and response systems to improve early detection and guide the implementation of cost-effective preparedness, prevention, and control measures to safeguard human, animal, and environmental health. ...
Mpox, an emerging zoonotic infectious disease, presents a significant public health threat, especially among high-risk groups like female sex workers and men who have sex with men. This commentary reviews and summarizes Rwanda’s response to mpox, focusing on its intersection with HIV. Rwanda has adopted an integrated strategy to tackle both mpox and HIV by leveraging lessons and experience from the country’s success in the management of HIV and COVID-19, enhancing community engagement and health outcomes. To ensure long-term resilience, Rwanda must continue to invest in surveillance and research, expand vaccination efforts, address stigma, and foster regional impactful partnerships. Investing in fostering scientific and operational research will generate invaluable evidence that could lead to the implementation of evidence-based policymaking and cost-effective interventions.
... In 2019, approximately 1.4 million deaths and over 73 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were attributed to WASH-related diseases. Children under 5 years old took the brunt, with an estimated 273,000 deaths from diarrhea and 112,000 deaths from acute respiratory infections due to unsafe WASH practices [18]. The burden of WASH-related diseases varies significantly across income groups and regions, with LMICs bearing the highest burden and over 975,000 deaths attributed to unsafe WASH practices (Fig. 2). ...
Unsafe drinking water is a global concern that poses serious risks to public health, especially in developing nations, where tainted water can spread diseases such as cholera, polio, and diarrhea, which can result in several health issues and deaths. Children and immunocompromised people are the most vulnerable groups that suffer disproportionately from waterborne illnesses. Promising approaches to reduce the burden of waterborne diseases and revolutionize drinking water management are provided by artificial intelligence (AI). Public health authorities and water industries can improve safe drinking water distribution, treatment, and monitoring using AI-powered models and approaches. AI enables predictive modeling to support sustainable water management techniques, maximize resource usage, and identify problems with infrastructure and water quality earlier. AI, coupled with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and machine learning (ML) models such as random forest classifiers, aids in cholera risk prediction and enhances waterborne disease detection. Advanced AI models facilitate drought forecasting, reservoir optimization, and real-time water monitoring, improving water management and resource conservation. AI-driven systems, including predictive analytics and intelligent water distribution models, show potential for enhancing water safety, mitigating risks, and promoting sustainable water practices. However, several challenges must be overcome when incorporating AI into water management, such as concerns about data quality, infrastructure constraints, and ethical difficulties. Genetic sequencing and metagenomic analyses, which provide insights into microbial dynamics and water quality maintenance, are potential future areas in AI applications for water management. A balanced approach prioritizing equitable deployment, infrastructure readiness, workforce development, robust governance, collaborative efforts, ethical standards, and transparent regulatory frameworks, ensuring social equity and economic efficiency with current norms and policies, is required for AI integration to address diseases attributable to unsafe drinking water. These AI models are expedient to fully optimize WASH disease management to increase access to clean water, reduce the incidence of waterborne diseases, and advance global health.
... Antimicrobial resistance is a silent epidemic that represents a serious public health threat worldwide and will only get worse during the next decades [33]. Antibiotic resistance among ocular bacteria is also rapidly increasing [5,34], resulting in treatment failures with deleterious consequences, such as progressive visual loss and eye evisceration [35,36]. ...
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of sight-threatening infections in the US. These strains pose a significant challenge in managing ocular infections, as they frequently exhibit resistance to first-line empirical antibiotics. To assess the potential of bacteriophages as innovative topical therapies for treatment of recalcitrant ocular infections, we evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial activity of a set of anti-S. aureus phages against a collection of ocular MRSA clinical isolates collected in the US.
The host range of six phages (V4SA2, V1SA9, V1SA12, V1SA19, V1SA20 and V1SA22) was assessed using the spot assay on a panel of 50 multidrug-resistant (MDR) ocular MRSA isolates selected to be representative of clones circulating in the US. Subsequently, liquid culture-based host range assay was performed for the three most active phages using different multiplicity of infection (MOI of 10–2, 1 or 100 phages/bacteria).
In total, 90.0% of bacterial isolates were susceptible to at least one of the six phages. The spot host range assay showed that phages V1SA19, V1SA20 and V1SA22 had the broadest spectrum, being active against 86%, 84% and 82% of the isolates, respectively, including the MDR-MRSA CC5 and the community-associated CC8 lineages. A phage dose effect was observed across the liquid culture-based host range assay.
Phages V1SA19, V1SA20 and V1SA22 exhibited high antimicrobial activity against ocular MRSA. Bacteriophages represent a promising anti-infective strategy in ophthalmology that could be explored for improved topical therapy of recalcitrant MRSA infections.
... (2024). In 2021, it was estimated that 4.71 million deaths were associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) worldwide, including 1.14 million deaths attributable to bacterial AMR (Naghavi et al., 2024). Therefore, this pandemic exacerbated by the uncontrolled use of antibiotics has become a global public health challenge generating increased morbidity, mortality and costs to health systems (Naylor et al., 2018). ...
O objectivo deste estudo é investigar a relação entre o uso das tecnologias da informação no âmbito da prevenção do HIV e a eficiência do SMS BIZ como ferramenta para a promoção da saúde entre os jovens residentes em Maputo. O estudo procura compreender como o serviço influencia a adopção de práticas preventivas, examinando os elementos que determinam a sua aceitação e os obstáculos enfrentados no contexto moçambicano. Além disso, avalia-se a utilidade da tecnologia na propagação de informações acessíveis e o seu potencial para superar desafios de escopo geográfico e social. Para tal, foi empregada uma metodologia qualitativa, unindo a observação directa às entrevistas estruturadas com utilizadores, técnicos e gestores do serviço, além da aplicação da análise temática na interpretação dos dados, possibilitando a identificação de padrões, percepções e dificuldades na interação dos jovens com a tecnologia. Isso contribui para o desenvolvimento de estratégias voltadas à melhoria da implementação e funcionamento do serviço. A experiência dos utilizadores evidencia que, mesmo que a tecnologia da informação exerça um papel fundamental na divulgação de conteúdos acessíveis e fidedignos sobre saúde sexual e reprodutiva, torna-se indispensável um acompanhamento tecnológico contínuo para assegurar a eficiência do serviço. Diante disso, infere-se que, apesar dos progressos na difusão da informação, na redução de tabus, e na ampliação do acesso ao serviço, a sua eficácia ainda encontra limitações operacionais que restringem o seu alcance. Portanto, investir no aperfeiçoamento da infraestrutura tecnológica, no reforço da capacidade de resposta e na modernização do suporte técnico são medidas cruciais para elevar a qualidade do serviço e garantir um impacto mais significativo na promoção de comportamentos preventivos contra o HIV.
... (2024). In 2021, it was estimated that 4.71 million deaths were associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) worldwide, including 1.14 million deaths attributable to bacterial AMR (Naghavi et al., 2024). Therefore, this pandemic exacerbated by the uncontrolled use of antibiotics has become a global public health challenge generating increased morbidity, mortality and costs to health systems (Naylor et al., 2018). ...
Pharmaceutical innovation is a fundamental process that involves the development, research and introduction of new drugs and therapies onto the market. This includes the discovery of new molecules, improvements in drug delivery technologies, enhancement of existing formulations and the search for new treatments for various diseases. One of the current challenges in this field is antimicrobial resistance, especially in relation to multi-resistant bacteria. To meet these challenges, innovation in the discovery and development of new drugs is essential. This is crucial for the development of new antibiotics and therapies capable of effectively combating multidrug-resistant bacteria. In addition, strategies to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance are key to ensuring the continued effectiveness of drugs over time. An important approach to gathering up -to-date information and developing better therapeutic options against multidrug-resistant bacteria is to search for the latest literature. In this context, a study was carried out to compile the most recent pharmaceutical innovations used to combat these infections by multidrug- resistant bacteria. The methodology used was a literature review of academic databases, with specific exclusion criteria to e nsure the relevance of the selected studies. This literature review covered several innovative techniques, such as computational modeling, technologies using nanocomposites, gold and silver nanoparticles, natural extracts, among others. These techniques represent promising approaches for the development of new antimicrobial treatments that can be effective against multidrug- resistant bacteria, complementing or replacing conventional treatments.
... Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria lead to increased mortality rates and prolonged illnesses. For example, in 2019, AMR was associated with an estimated 4.95 million deaths worldwide [6]. This alarming figure exceeds the combined annual global mortality rates of tuberculosis (1.5 million), HIV/AIDS (864,000), and malaria (643,000) [7]. ...
Background
Addressing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a complex challenge, primarily because of the limited understanding of bacterial antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the spread of these genes across different domains. To bridge this knowledge gap in Ghana, we undertook a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify and estimate the prevalence of circulating ARGs in bacteria isolated from human, animal, and environmental sources.
Methods
A thorough literature search was conducted across three major databases—Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus—to retrieve all relevant articles related to ARGs in Ghana from the inception of the databases to February 25, 2024. A risk-of-bias evaluation was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), and the data analysis involved descriptive statistics and proportional meta-analysis.
Results
Of the 371 articles initially obtained, 38 met the inclusion criteria. These studies adequately covered Ghana geographically. The most prevalent ESBL gene identified was blaCTX-M, with a prevalence of 31.6% (95% CI: 17.6–45.7), followed by blaTEM (19.5% [95% CI: 9.7–29.3]), and blaSHV (3.5% [95% CI: 0.3–6.6]). The pooled prevalence of carbapenemase genes ranged from 17.2% (95% CI: 6.9–27.6) for blaNDM to 10.3% (95% CI: 1.9–18.7) for blaOXA. Additionally, other ARGs, including sul1, qnrS, gyrA, erm(B), and mecA, were detected, with prevalence ranging from 3.9% (95% CI: 0.0–8.5) to 16.4% (95% CI: 3.1–29.8). Several ARGs were shared across human, animal, and environmental sources.
Conclusion
This review revealed that bacteria obtained from human, animal, and environmental samples in Ghana shared genes associated with AMR. This finding provides evidence on the interconnection of AMR across these three domains. Horizontal gene transfer, which enables the dissemination of ARGs between genetically diverse bacteria, can occur, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach to addressing antimicrobial resistance in Ghana.
... 9 In 2019, antibacterial-resistant infections were linked to almost 5 million deaths globally, with 1.27 million of these deaths directly attributed to drug resistance. 10 If compared with all underlying contributors to mortality, antibacterial resistance would have ranked as the third leading cause of death in 2019. 10 Antibacterial resistance affects nations of all regions and income levels, but poverty and inequality exacerbate the causes and consequences. ...
... 10 If compared with all underlying contributors to mortality, antibacterial resistance would have ranked as the third leading cause of death in 2019. 10 Antibacterial resistance affects nations of all regions and income levels, but poverty and inequality exacerbate the causes and consequences. Most antibacterial resistancerelated deaths occur in LMICs because of a higher prevalence of infectious diseases, and limited access to diagnostic technology and newer-generation antibiotics. ...
... Most antibacterial resistancerelated deaths occur in LMICs because of a higher prevalence of infectious diseases, and limited access to diagnostic technology and newer-generation antibiotics. 10,11 In Sri Lanka, overuse of antibacterials is a significant problem. In 2017, over half of all admitted hospital patients and almost all patients in intensive care wards were prescribed antimicrobials. ...
In low-resource settings, providers often manage lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) without diagnostic tests, which may cause antibacterial overuse. Electronic clinical decision support tools (eCDSTs) can support evidence-based decision-making and judicious use of antibacterials. This study aimed to explore the potential of an eCDST to help providers in Sri Lanka effectively manage LRTI. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 clinicians, including 10 males and five females, with an average of 11.6 years (range: 4–25 years) of clinical practice. The interview guide covered clinicians’ interest in an eCDST to manage LRTI and their feedback regarding the desired features of such a tool. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded for themes related to: interest in an eCDST for LRTI, desired tool capabilities, development concerns, and tool design characteristics. All expressed interest in incorporating eCDSTs into their practice. However, the majority emphasized that clinical judgment must supersede recommendations from an eCDST. Four themes emerged regarding desired tool capabilities: information about the pathogen, treatment recommendations, severity of the LRTI, and monitoring of patient progress. Six themes emerged regarding tool development considerations: validated algorithms, regional specificity, seasonality, inclusion of patient’s risk factors, scalability, and the importance of updated and locally relevant recommendations. Participants stressed that the tool design should be simple, timesaving, and internet-independent. Electronic clinical decision support tools are capable of improving patient care and reduce antibiotic overuse, which may impact downstream antibacterial resistance. Future research should develop an eCDST for LRTI with local input and evaluate its impact on appropriate antibacterial use and patient outcomes.
