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Days after sowing to flower initiation (A) and physiological maturity (B) of chia plants with different sowing dates (F1-F5) in three localities. The missing data of physiological maturity for Canchones and Las Cruces resulted from plant death due to the effect of frost and/or low temperature.
Source publication
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a species with seeds that have
high essential fatty acid content, which has encouraged
increased crop production worldwide. However, the
expansion of chia is limited because it is a photoperiodsensitive
plant adapted to areas without cold. The objective
of the present study was to determine the effect of different
clim...
Context in source publication
Citations
... It is classified as a short-day plant, with a threshold of 12-13 h [13,14], and its growth and fruiting periods are determined by the latitude at which it grows. [15]. Chia seeds are a desirable source of oil due to their high oil content (28-32%) and fullness in polyunsaturated fatty acids, primarily ω−3 fatty acids (linolenic acid, ~ 68%) and ω−6 fatty acids (linoleic acid, 19%) [16]. ...
... Many studies have revealed that seed oil content increases with altitude; nevertheless, the environment also influences oil composition. Temperature influences the kind of fatty acids found in oil; increasing temperature during grain growth reduces the formation of polyunsaturated fatty acids [15]. A correlation has been discovered between altitude, fatty acid content, and oil saturation. ...
Due to significant annual population growth, Egypt is facing a severe shortage of edible oil production, which is inadequate to meet the country’s needs. Introducing a new source of oil suitable for Egyptian conditions is one of the suggested solutions to this issue. This study aimed to evaluate the productivity of certain oilseed crops (chia, amaranth, and quinoa) across different geographical locations in Egypt. Three oilseed crops Chia (Salvia hispanica), Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus), and Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild) were cultivated in four distinct locations in Egypt (El Sharkia, Giza, El Minia, and Aswan). Plant growth, yield, and chemical composition were assessed. The results indicated that El Sharkia governorate is the most favorable location for achieving the highest mean values of plant height and seed yield for chia by 7.62%, 8.57%, and 10.48%; for amaranth by 4.28%, 8.57%, and 14.28%; and for quinoa by 3.78%, 5.19%, and 12.7% compared to Giza, El Minia, and Aswan governorates, respectively. Under El Minia conditions, chia and quinoa plants exhibited the highest total available carbohydrate percentages (22.10% and 75.3%, respectively) and available nitrogen (5.14% and 2.4%, respectively), while amaranth plants had the highest percentage of total accessible carbohydrates in El Sharkia (66.5%). Furthermore, the highest fixed oil percentage in chia seeds was observed in Giza (29.55%). Additionally, chia and quinoa plants grown under El Sharkia conditions exhibited the highest values for all fatty acid components found in the produced oil. Meanwhile, Giza and El Minia positively influenced the total fatty acids detected in amaranth oil. Thus, it can be concluded that chia, amaranth, and quinoa could be cultivated across various geographical locations in Egypt for different purposes.
... Flower induction in chia requires temperatures between 20-−30 • C, annual rainfall between 500-1,000 mm, and a photoperiod of less than 12 h (Jamboonsri et al., 2012). Suboptimal photoperiods can lead to reduced reproductive phases and increased vegetative growth (Baginsky et al., 2016). For example, early sowing in June or July encounters high temperatures and long day lengths initially, extending the growth period or accumulating higher heat units, which leads to enhanced vegetative biomass but decreased seed yield and oil content in chia (Brandan, Izquierdo & Acreche, 2022;Benetoli da Silva et al., 2020). ...
... However, the study is limited to growing degree days and photoperiod, and the effect of weather parameters before and after flowering was not considered to explain the yield related traits Brandan, Curti & Acreche (2020) and similarly, delayed sown chia experiences initial cooler temperatures and shorter days, followed by hot and dry conditions, which lead to premature floral initiation and shorten the vegetative phase. Therefore, timely sowing is a basic requirement to provide ideal weather conditions for determining the growth and yield of chia (Baginsky et al., 2016). A favourable day length and weather conditions during the flowering and seed setting stages of chia can optimize the yield and oil quality (Lobo et al., 2011). ...
... The higher seed yield with mid sowing dates (S3-S5) was mainly due to improved yield contributing parameters (Table 2 and Fig. 3B). Similar associations between seed yield and traits such as the number of spikes, spike length, and harvest index have been reported in both black and white types of chia (Baginsky et al., 2016). The positive relation between flower dry weight and seed yield in chia was also reported by Brandan, Curti & Acreche (2020). ...
Background
Climate influenced weather events, especially during the flowering, grain filling, and maturity stages, can adversely influence crop yield and quality. Therefore, understanding how the phenological behaviour and yield potential of new crops such as chia are influenced by weather and sowing dates is crucial for maximizing crop yield. This study aimed to assess the impact of sowing dates on the flowering behaviour, and yield attributes of chia morphotypes, as well as to identify optimal weather conditions for achieving higher yields.
Methods
The study was conducted during 2021–22 and 2022–23 and consisted of fifteen sowing windows from 1st July to 1st February (at 15 days intervals), with two chia morphotypes (white and black seed) arranged in a replicated split-plot design. Phenological events, flowering characters and seed yield traits were recorded regularly. Weather parameters at the experimental location (Maharashtra, India) were recorded.
Results
The results revealed that weather conditions such as relative humidity (RH) and rainfall favoured the flowering phenology, yield attributes, and seed yield of chia, whereas maximum temperature (T max ), bright sunshine hours, and accumulated growing degree days had negative effects. Weather parameters significantly influenced the chia seed yield during the cropping period: RH (positive, R ² = 86.1%), T max (negative, R ² = 67.4%), rainfall (positive, R ² = 52.9%), and diurnal temperature range (negative, R ² = 74.9%). Black-seeded chia morphotypes consistently produced higher seed yields (10.8% greater) and better yield-contributing traits compared to white types across various sowing dates. The maximum chia seed yield (811–793.1 kg ha ⁻¹ ) was achieved with sowing dates between August 1st and September 1st in this semi-arid region of India. The performance of chia was good under congenial weather conditions, including relative humidity (∼67–72%), maximum temperature (∼30–31 °C), day length (<12.0 h), rainfall (∼200–350 mm), and accumulated growing degree days (∼1,521–1,891). The present study findings can help identify the best suitable regions for chia cultivation by revealing relationships between the performance of chia morphotypes and weather conditions.
... The chia plant (Salvia hispanica L), from the Lamiaceae family, grown for the seeds and oil, is native to central and southern Mexico and Guatemala. Economic historians have noted that chia as a food crop is no less important than maize (Baginsky et al., 2016). Chia is an annual plant that has been increasingly used in both animal and human nutrition in recent years; it is a plant rich in protein, oils (especially omega-3 fatty acids), polyunsaturated fatty acids, and fibre (Ayaşan and Ayaşan, 2020). ...
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of chia oil supplementation in quail diets on growth performance, blood antioxidant status, caecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration, and tibia–femur biomechanical properties. A total of 180, one-day-old quail chicks were randomly divided into three groups of 60 chicks each. Each group was randomly divided into six subgroups, each containing 10 chicks. All chicks were fed a diet based on corn and soybean meal. While the control group was fed with the basal ration, the experimental groups were fed with the basal ration and were given 0.2 g/kg and 0.4 g/kg chia oil in addition to the basal ration. The use of chia oil in quails did not affect growth performance parameters. Malondialdehyde and glutathione exhibited a linear response to the increase in dietary chia oil. The superoxide dismutase value exhibited a quadratic response to chia oil use; the glutathione peroxidase value showed a linear and quadratic response to the use of chia oil. Catalase, ceruloplasmin, albumin, total protein, and globulin were not affected by the addition of chia oil. Acetic acid, propionic acid, and total SCFA were linearly affected by the graded level of chia oil. No statistical difference was found in the concentrations of butyric, isobutyric, valeric, isovaleric, isocaproic, and caproic acids and BCFA in quails fed with different levels of chia oil. Feeding a diet containing chia oil did not affect the biomechanical properties of the tibia and femur in quail. It was therefore concluded that diets containing chia oil could be used to improve antioxidant status and caecal short-chain fatty acid values in quails.
... This synchronization helps the chia crop progress through its vegetative phase to flower initiation more efficiently. These are in line with Baginsky et al. (2016) [26] in chia, Rasha et al. (2020) [23] in chia, sharangi et al. 2014 [15] and ayub et al. 2008 [28] in fennel. Least number of days to flower initiation on the inflorescence was observed with wider spacing might be due to wider spacing reduces plant competition for light, water, and nutrients. ...
... This synchronization helps the chia crop progress through its vegetative phase to flower initiation more efficiently. These are in line with Baginsky et al. (2016) [26] in chia, Rasha et al. (2020) [23] in chia, sharangi et al. 2014 [15] and ayub et al. 2008 [28] in fennel. Least number of days to flower initiation on the inflorescence was observed with wider spacing might be due to wider spacing reduces plant competition for light, water, and nutrients. ...
... Early planting led to plant stature exceeding 90 cm, primarily due to the large main flower spike, which measured over 14 cm in length. The larger flower clusters observed in D1 were linked to a better distribution of nutrients during the vegetative growth period (Baginsky et al. 2016) [26] . D1 also produced the highest number of flower clusters, while D4 had the lowest, likely due to the reduced height and branching observed at that planting date. ...
... Random samples of three plants were taken at full flowering stage from each replicate to measure plant growth parameters, i.e., plant height, fresh weight/plant, dry weight/plant, number of inflorescences/plant, inflorescences weight/plant; where harvest weight/plant, seeds weight/plant and calculated seeds yield/ha were measured at harvest maturity stage (Baginsky et al., 2016). ...
The global shift towards organic is driven by the growing demand for sustainable farming practices that promote environmental health, enhance soil fertility and produce harmful chemical-free food. Consumers are increasingly seeking organic products, leading to a significant expansion in organic farming worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of some organic (compost and vermicompost) at 15 t/ha and bio-fertilizer (Spirulina platensis algae extract) at 5 and 10 ml as foliar spraying on growth analysis and productivity of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plants under organic cultivation conditions. The experiment was conducted over two seasons (2021/2022 and 2022/2023) in El-Sadat City, El Menoufia Governorate, Egypt. Data indicated that applying compost, vermicompost and algae extract enhanced growth, seeds yield, oil content, carbohydrates, NPK content of leaves, total chlorophyll and fixed oil production of chia plants. The maximum values of these parameters were recoded when plants treated with vermicompost at 15 t/ha combined with 10 ml algae extract. These findings highlight the synergistic effects of vermicompost and algae extract, suggesting their potential as sustainable organic amendments to enhance growth, yield and oil content of chia plants. The study underscores the importance of integrating organic practices in agriculture to improve crop productivity and soil health sustainably.
... However, poor germination rate of chia seeds has been observed under extreme temperatures. Banginsky et al. [21] reported a lower germination rate when seeds were germinated under temperatures above 30 0 C. This is in agreement with Cabrera-Santos et al. [22] who also recorded a low germination rate when seeds were grown at temperatures above 30 o C and below 20 o C. The same study also revealed a 2day germination delay on seeds placed at 10 o C, which was characterized by reduced metabolic rates. ...
... Dead flower buds were recorded when temperatures were lowered below 10 0 C [23]. Similarly, high temperatures led to an extension of the leaf formation periods, thus leading to increased vegetative growth at the expense of grain production [21]. ...
... The number of plants in a field is an essential factor that affects the volatile oil and yield of Chia plants [41]. Wider spacing allows plants to have sufficient light, water, air, and nutrients, while a narrow spacing allows plants to have restricted exposure to resources [21]. Chia growth and yield is affected markedly by how closely plants are spaced in a plantation field, Rasha et al. [40], reported plant spacing influenced the growth of chia plant in terms of height and number of branches. ...
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is an annual tropical plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. In Kenya, Chia has gained significant attention in recent years due to its nutritional benefits and increasing demand in the local and global market. This review aims to explore the potential of chia production in Kenya as a source of income for farmers. The review highlights the agronomic requirements of chia, including soil, water, and climate conditions, as well as practices necessary for successful cultivation. Chia production is becoming a favorite enterprise for most farmers in Kenya due to its ease of management and short growth period. However, a seamless production has been encountered by several challenges, including scarce information regarding its agronomic management practices, poor yielding varieties, emerging pests and diseases, and poor harvesting and post-harvesting techniques. The growing demand for chia globally presents an opportunity for Kenyan farmers to tap into this market and generate income through export. Chia, has the potential to become a new golden crop for Kenyan farmers, contributing to food security, poverty reduction, Review Article Njoka et al.; Asian J. 59 and sustainable development. However, to realize this potential, there is a need for investment in research, extension services, and market linkages to support chia production, improve agronomic practices, and create a sustainable market for the crop.
... In high-input conditions, including irrigation and fertilization, experimental trials in Argentina have demonstrated yields as high as 2500 kg/ha (Coates 2011). Chia is also considered an interesting forage crop in Greece (Bilalis et al., 2016) and is wellsuited for Mediterranean and desert climates, as observed in Chile (Baginsky et al., 2016;Cortes et al., 2017). The European Commission has approved the use of chia seeds in bread products, with a limit of not more than 5%. ...
... Where Xi,max and Xi,min are the daily maximum and minimum temperatures on dayi and Xbase is the base temperature which was set to 10°C for chia (Baginsky et al., 2016) as for many tropical crops. The GDD of the vegetation period were the sum of the single GDDi from sowing to harvest. ...
... For SD3 the plant recorded (63.88 cm). According to Moosavi et al., (2012), a delay in sowing date significantly reduced plant height, additionally, the chia plant is sensitive to a variety of environmental factors, including planting time, soil characteristics, and day length (Baginsky et al., 2016). In our study, the plant exposed to low temperatures in December and January was less than the minimum requirement, as shown in Fig. 1. ...
... Dry matter and a measure of crop productivity, are impacted by a number of variables, including sowing time. Baginsky et al., (2016) demonstrated that the effect of sowing date was significant (P 0.01) across all experimental sites in the Valle de Azapa study, Chile, and that there was a tendency for biomass production to decline with later sowing. The highest dry matter yield was noted in plants sown in November in the study by Karim et al., (2015), which was conducted in Mymensingh, Bangladesh, for a comparison of results, differences in latitude, photoperiod, soil properties, and fertilisation must be taken into consideration. ...
... Different countries have experimented with the cultivation of chia genotypes as a new crop with high ecological and economic interest. For example, in coastal areas of Chile, yields around 2900 kg/ha, which are higher than the reported previously (Baginsky, Arenas, & Escobar, 2016). A bioinformatic model was adapted to simulate different chia parameters such as FIGURE 22.1 Chia plants, flowers, and seeds. ...
... Those studies can provide the first steps for genetic improvement in diverse oil seed crops. Some chia cultivars are a short-day flowering crop, and are sensible to photoperiod in temperate region, which is the most essential trait for expansion of dispersal, domestication syndrome traits also facilitate successful expansion outside of the origin, and photoperiod-sensitive chia species may not develop good seed yields (Baginsky et al., 2016). Molecular factors must be focused on the identification of the sensitivity of these plants to the photoperiod must be addressed, and short-day habit in chia plants limits their spreading worldwide. ...
... Where Xi,max and Xi,min are the daily maximum and minimum temperatures on dayi and Xbase is the base temperature which was set to 10°C for chia (Baginsky et al., 2016) as for many tropical crops. The GDD of the vegetation period were the sum of the single GDDi from sowing to harvest. ...
... For SD3 the plant recorded (63.88 cm). According to Moosavi et al., (2012), a delay in sowing date significantly reduced plant height, additionally, the chia plant is sensitive to a variety of environmental factors, including planting time, soil characteristics, and day length (Baginsky et al., 2016). In our study, the plant exposed to low temperatures in December and January was less than the minimum requirement, as shown in Fig. 1. ...
... Dry matter and a measure of crop productivity, are impacted by a number of variables, including sowing time. Baginsky et al., (2016) demonstrated that the effect of sowing date was significant (P 0.01) across all experimental sites in the Valle de Azapa study, Chile, and that there was a tendency for biomass production to decline with later sowing. The highest dry matter yield was noted in plants sown in November in the study by Karim et al., (2015), which was conducted in Mymensingh, Bangladesh, for a comparison of results, differences in latitude, photoperiod, soil properties, and fertilisation must be taken into consideration. ...
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. To investigate the impact of various environmental factors and sowing dates on the growth and oil content of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) at various sowing dates (SD1 = September 20th, SD2 = October 5th, and SD3 = October 20th, 2021), field tests were carried out in the 2021-2022 seasons at the experimental farm of the National Research Centre, Nubaria, Behira governorate, Egypt. The results findings revealed that SD1 have the tallest plants (118.2 cm), followed by SD2 (92.6 cm) and SD3 (63.8 cm). The quantity of shoots per plant, was did not significantly affected. The results indicated significant difference in the plant fresh weight, with SD1 significantly effected with sowing dates. Also,the results indicated that sowing dates were significant differences for the protein and fixed oil percentages. Similar to crude fibre content, where SD1 displayed the highest value (34.181), SD1 displayed the highest values (28.06 and 19.97), but there was no appreciable difference between SD1 and SD2. SD3, however, had the lowest value. Also,the results showed that first sowing date gave the maximum values for most studied traits compared with third sowing date in 20 october under experiment soil conditions.
