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Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an important solanaceous vegetable crop of Indian origin having immense variability in morphological descriptors evolved in different agro-ecological zones of the country. Among the 2,500 accessions conserved in the National Gene Bank at National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, 20% were randomly sele...
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... Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. The high Shannon Diversity Index for fruit colour ranged from 1.3-2.0 for the accessions sourced from Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal (Fig. 1), whereas, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar and Gujarat recorded high diversity index (0.5-1.0) for fruit curvature (Fig. 2). High Shannon Diversity Index (1.1-2.0) for fruit shape (Fig. 3) was recorded in germplasm assembled from eastern states of India. Eggplant accessions from Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal possessed high Diversity Index for fruit length/breadth ratio (Fig. ...
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Multiple pests and diseases significantly affect eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) yield. Its principal pest, the eggplant fruit and shoot borer [EFSB, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)], damages plants from the early vegetative stage to the late fruiting stage, while infestation by the green leafhopper [Amrasca biguttula Ishida (H...
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... In fact, the mapping of mango in the orchard is the first attempt to develop an effective inventory and monitoring of live mango accessions. According to Kumar et al. (2013), mapping using geographic information systems is important effectively in the documentation, diversity analysis, identifying gaps in the collection, assessment of loss of diversity, developing new strategies for conservation, and sustainable utilization, particularly in the wake of recent international developments related to food and nutritional security. Furthermore, Sunil et al. (2008) was able to determine the diversity of J. curcas accessions and notice the gaps in collection and diversity richness of India's collection through geographical mapping. ...
A total of eighty mango accessions located in the orchard were mapped using ArcGISsoftware. However, only seventy-two of these are analyzed by the Shannon-Weaver DiversityIndex due to some accessions being cut down or dead. The remaining mango accessions werecharacterized using the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute's (IPGRI) descriptor list,with a total of seventeen morphological traits, twelve of which are qualitative traits and five ofwhich are quantitative traits. According to the Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index (H'), the generalmean of mango characters has a diversity index of 0.73. For qualitative traits, the diversity indexwas 0.62, while the mean average for quantitative traits was 0.84. The majority of mangoaccessions had higher diversity in qualitative traits such as leaf texture (H’= 0.99), mature treeheight (H’= 0.96), foliage density (H’= 0.81), and leaf fragrance (H’= 0.78). Meanwhile, allquantitative traits, such as trunk circumference (H’= 0.80), crown diameter (H’= 0.87), leaf bladelength (H’ = 0.86), leaf blade width (H' =0.88), and petiole length (H’= 0.80), showed greaterdiversity. This higher level of diversity of mango accessions located in the orchard should bemaintained by using the map for easier monitoring, inventory, and access of a breeder or curators,particularly during varietal improvement.
... While passport data are available for most accessions conserved in germplasm banks, the availability of characterization data, generally obtained using standardized descriptors such as those of Bioversity (IBPGR, 1990), UPOV (2011), or EGGNET (van der Weerden and Barendse, 2007), is much more limited. On the one hand, some phenotypic studies were performed using a large number of accessions (>150) and aiming at evaluating the morphological diversity of cultivated eggplant (Cericola et al., 2013;Kumar et al., 2013;Liu et al., 2018;Oladosu et al., 2021;Ro et al., 2022). These studies revealed a large diversity of morpho-agronomic characteristics in the cultivated eggplant genepool and provided relevant information for their utilization in breeding. ...
Eggplant (Solanum melongena) is a major vegetable crop with great potential for genetic improvement owing to its large and mostly untapped genetic diversity. Eggplant is closely related to over 500 species of Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum, belonging to its primary, secondary, and tertiary genepools, and exhibits a wide range of characteristics, including adaptive traits to climate change, that are useful for eggplant breeding. Germplasm banks worldwide hold more than 19,000 accessions of eggplant and related species, most of which have yet to be evaluated. Nonetheless, eggplant breeding using the cultivated S. melongena genepool has yielded significantly improved varieties. To overcome current breeding challenges and adaptation to climate change, a qualitative leap forward in eggplant breeding is necessary. The initial findings from introgression breeding in eggplant indicate that unleashing the diversity present in eggplant relatives can greatly contribute to a revolution in eggplant breeding. The recent creation of new genetic resources, such as mutant libraries, core collections, recombinant inbred lines (RILs), and sets of introgression lines (ILs) will be another crucial element for an eggplant breeding revolution, which will require the support of new genomics tools and biotechnological developments. The systematic utilization of eggplant genetic resources supported by international initiatives will be critical for a much-needed eggplant breeding revolution to address the challenges posed by climate change.
... Fruit characteristics in eggplant show very divergence among the domestic according to the wild types (Meyer and Purugganan, 2014). Such a difference was also found for plant height a study carried out in India (Kumar et al., 2013). Flowering time, yield and yield components like fruit yield per plant, fruit weight and fruit width were also found most variable characters in eggplant (Kumar et al., 2016). ...
... Similarly, this tool has been successfully used for in-situ assessment of phenotypic diversity in Jatropha (Sunil et al. 2008), assessing diversity and identifying diversity rich pockets in Phaseolus bean (Jones et al., 1997), black gram (Abraham et al. 2010), Sesame (Spandana et al., 2012), eggplant (Kumar et al., 2013) and Cajanus scarabaeoides . ...
... The Ecocrop model for assessing areas suitable for cucumber cultivation in India indicated that entire North Eastern India, Gangetic plains, Western Ghats and parts of Deccan Plateau are suitable for cucumber cultivation (Chand et al., 2015) which is in line with the diversity rich areas identified in the present study. The results from the study also assist in identification of trait specific germplasm collected from the diversity rich areas, conserved in gene banks, thus increasing probability of identifying the ideal genotypes and economizing the resources and time required in the evaluation of large number of germplasm accessions (Kumar et al., 2013). This facilitates faster utilization of germplasm in breeding programme. ...
DIVA-GIS, a Geographical Information System is designed to assist the plant genetic resources and biodiversity communities to map the range of distribution of species in which they are interested. The regions where diverse accessions occur could be found by analysing the geographical diversity distribution. In the present study, 50 landraces of cucumber procured from ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi was evaluated for six yield contributing traits in Augmented Block Design. To study the diversity and distribution of germplasm, geo-referenced points of the collection sites of the genotypes and the agro-morphological data recorded were supplemented to shape files and map geo-referenced points using DIVA-GIS software. A wide range of variability was observed for the quantitative traits studied, as evidenced by the wide range of SDI for days to first harvest (0- 0.350 to 1.356 - 2.000) to fruit length (0 - 0.450 to 1.840 - 3.000). Highest yield per plant was observed in IC613477 (2205.29 g), a collection from West Bengal and lowest in IC331627 (94.53 g), from Uttarakhand, with an overall mean of 1189.03 g. High SDI of 1.73 to 3.00 was recorded for accessions collected from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Tripura and Uttarakhand for yield per plant. Collections from West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram possessed diversity for days to first harvest, fruit weight, fruit diameter and yield per plant, as indicated by the appearance of red grids in these states for these characters. Hence, future germplasm collections can be targeted from these diversity rich states and adjoining areas.
... Sunil et al. [4] had identified Rayagad district of Odissa state as the region for the collection of diverse germplasm lines for seed traits and oil content. Bastar region of Chhattisgarh, which forms a contiguous region of Odissa also can be tapped for diverse lines use of DIVA-GIS tool in identification of diversity rich regions was reported earlier in Jatropha [27], brinjal [28]. However, interestingly high mean values for all the traits were recorded in germplasm collected from Rajasthan except in case of pod thickness and seed length. ...
Collection and study of extent of diversity available in Pongamia-native oil bearing tree species is the fundamental and significant requirement for its effective utilization. Two survey missions undertaken in distinct eco-geographical regions of India viz. Chhattisgarh and Rajasthan states of India formed the basis of the present study. The data on in-situ traits viz. pod length, pod width, pod thickness, seed length, seed width, seed thickness and the nursery traits viz. seedling girth, seedling height and number of leaves was recorded. There was good variation for these traits among the accessions collected from both the states. The extent of variation was in conformity with the earlier studies from several other regions of the country, which implied that pod and seed traits have a limited range. It was also inferred that cross pollination (pollination by bees) and open pollination did not significantly impact the extent of variation among the germplasm collections from Chhattisgarh and Rajasthan respectively; and using the DIVA-GIS software we were able to identify the diversity rich pockets in these two states. The D 2 statistic grouped the accessions from Chhattisgarh into seven diverse clusters and those from Rajasthan into four. It was concluded that use of phenotypic data along with the molecular markers data would effectively bring out the extent of diversity for utilization in Pongamia crop improvement.
... The DIVA-GIS grid map generated for the richness index of collection site (Fig. 2) indicated that the highest index (31-38) occurred in the Dharwad district of Karnataka, followed by a high index (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23) and Serchhip district of Mizoram recorded a medium richness index range (9 -15). The richness map validated the data on collection site (Table 1, Fig.1), where in the area contributed more accessions were found to possess a higher richness index. ...
... DIVA-GIS mapping was successfully demonstrated in predicting the potential distribution of sugarcane wooly aphid, Ceratova cunamanigera Zehntner in South India as concluded by Ganeshaiah et al. 22 . GIS mapping has been effectively used in assessing biodiversity and in identifying areas of high diversity in brinjal as observed by Gunjeet et al. 23 ; Canavalia genotypes with high fatty acid content 24 ; Phaseolus bean 25 ; wild potatoes 26 ; horse gram 27 ; Jatropha curcas 28 ; Piper 29 ; linseed 30 ; blackgram 31 and medicinal plants Southeast Coastal Zone of India 32 . The current study mapped the diversity of resistance in pepper genotypes to S. dorsalis in Indian subcontinent. ...
Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) germplasm consisting of 316 accessions, sourced from 88 districts covering 22 states of India was screened for their reaction to thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, to identify the sources of resistance. Among the accessions screened, six genotypes viz., IC342390, IC572481, IC572492, IC572504, IC275993 and IC570388 were found to be resistant; 34 were moderately resistant; 132 were susceptible and 144 were highly susceptible to S. dorsalis. The resistant accessions were found to be sourced from the districts of Mathura, Gulbarga, Gadag, Koppal, West Kameng and Chikballapur, showing a diverse occurrence of resistance sources in the country. The study articulated the coevolution between an introduced crop (C. annuum) and a native pest (S. dorsalis). The Capscium spp. in its 500 years of cultivation in the Indian subcontinent, were adopted not only to diverse climatic regions of the country, but also for biotic stress factors like S. dorsalis. Geographical information system (GIS) analysis was done to expedite the diversity and distribution of resistant sources in the country. The DIVA-GIS grid map generated for the richness index of collection site showed that the highest index (31-38) occurred in the Dharwad district of Karnataka, followed by a high index (16-23) in Panchkula and Sonipat districts of Haryana. The diversity analysis indicated that the genotypes collected from the Gadag and Dharwad districts of Karnataka recorded the highest Shannon diversity index (2.5-4.0). GIS grid map on the coefficient of variation showed that the genotypes sourced from Karnataka (Koppal, Bellary), Maharashtra (Nandurbar), Andhra Pradesh (Kurnool) and Uttarakhand (Dehradun) recorded the highest variation (46-57%) in their resistant reactions to S. dorsalis. Targeted germplasm exploration in the identified areas may provide additional sources of resistance in pepper for S. dorsalis. © 2016, World Food Ltd. and WFL Publishers. All Rights Reserved.
... For further collections, meagerly explored areas can be surveyed on priority basis. GIS mapping has successfully been used in identifying the areas of high diversity in Phaseolus vulgaris (Jones et al., 1997), wild potato (Hijmans et al., 2000), wild peanut (Jarvis et al., 2002), mustard (Dutta, 2008), Jatropha (Sunil et al., 2009), wild Vigna (Abraham et al., 2010), eggplant (Gunjeet et al., 2013) and rapeseed-mustard (Semwal et al., 2013). ...
A total of 5,930 accessions of wheat were collected in collaboration with crop-based institutes of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) from diverse areas of the country during the period 1976-2013. Of these, 3,973 accessions were short-listed with details on state, district, village, collector number, latitude (N) and longitude (E) of the collection sites to understand the diversity distribution pattern. The geo-referenced map of collected diversity depicted that Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand states were extensively explored for Triticum aestivum and Karnataka, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh for T. turgidum subsp. durum. Among the local landraces, drought tolerant Jautri local type from Madhya Pradesh; awnless types Lakh, Dhavati and Hansy from Uttarakhand; and non-shattering types Kankoo and Dharmauri from Himachal Pradesh were some notable collections. Besides, the priority areas for collection of cultivated species of wheat distributed in different agro-ecological regions were identifi ed and discussed in the present communication.
Tomato, Onion, and Potato (TOP) are the crops of major concern due to their versatile and indispensable nature. Among these, tomatoes consistently steal the spotlight due to the myriad challenges encountered from production to marketing. It often faces a wide fluctuation in prices and demand intervention by the government officials and policy makers. Despite being the second-largest producer of tomatoes globally, India grapples with substantial price inflation in this crop. As a short-duration and highly perishable crop, tomatoes can bring both joy and distress to growers, consumers, and retailers alike. This book, "A Complete Guide on Tomato," is deigned to benefit students, research scholars, or anyone studying agriculture, botany, nutrition, or related fields.It offers a comprehensive understanding for those engaged in research, exam preparation, or seeking to broaden their knowledge, serving as an invaluable resource. This book lays a solid foundation covering all aspects of tomato right form understanding cultivation to post-harvest handling, pest management and physiological disorders. It also delves into breeding, biotechnology as they
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Tomato, Brinjal and Chilli research achievements at ICAR-IIVR, Varanasi
