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DIRT trait comparison for R5, R9, R11, HB60, and KU50. The plants were harvested at three months after planting in the pot system under well‐watered conditions. (A) WIDTH_MAX, (B) WIDTH_MED, (C) SKL_WIDTH, (D) DIA_STEM, (E) AREA, and (F) SKL_DEPTH. Data were made comparable through normalization of mean trait values (Z‐score). Error bars represent the standard error of the mean for each treatment and genotype category that corresponds to a particular trait.
Source publication
Premise of the Study
The key to increased cassava production is balancing the trade‐off between marketable roots and traits that drive nutrient and water uptake. However, only a small number of protocols have been developed for cassava roots. Here, we introduce a set of new variables and methods to phenotype cassava roots and enhance breeding pipel...
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Cultivated and wild species of wheat are valuable breeding resources used for the development of new cultivars with superior root traits suited to drought and non-stressed conditions. The present study aimed to determine genotypes with superior root traits and phenotypic variability among intergeneric hybrids with Triticum and Aegilops species in t...
Citations
... The MeOSR model contains two main types of roots: (1) adventitious roots, including nodal roots (emerge from nodes on the stem cutting) and basal roots (emerge only from the base of the stem cutting), and (2) storage roots that grow from the base of the stem cutting but have strong secondary root growth and starch accumulation. The number of storage roots ranged from 6-8 roots (Kengkanna et al. 2019). The maximum numbers of nodal and basal roots were set as 10 and 50 roots, respectively. ...
... We thereby verified that the model gives a coherent representation of the observed plants. In addition, the simulated root systems and their traits were compared to images and image-based quantification of root traits of 3-monthold cassava plants grown under both controlled environments (Kengkanna et al. 2019) and field experiments (Müller-Linow and Wojchiechowski 2022; Wilhelm et al. 2022). ...
Background and aims
Plants store carbohydrates for later use during, e.g., night, drought, and recovery after stress. Carbon allocation presents the plant with tradeoffs, notably between growth and storage. We asked how this tradeoff works for cassava (Manihot esculenta) pre- and post-storage root (SR) formation and if manipulation of the number of storage organs and leaf growth rate might increase yield.
Methods
We developed a functional-structural plant model, called MeOSR, to simulate carbon partitioning underlying cassava growth and SR formation in conjunction with the root system's three-dimensional (3D) architecture (RSA). We compared the model results to experimental data and simulated phenotypes varying in the number of SR and leaf growth rate.
Results
The simulated 3D RSA and the root mass closely represented those of field-grown plants. The model simulated root growth and associated carbon allocation across developmental stages. Substantial accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) preceded SR formation, suggesting sink-limited growth. SR mass and canopy photosynthesis might be increased by both increasing the number of SR and the leaf growth rate.
Conclusion
MeOSR offers a valuable tool for simulating plant growth, its associated carbon economy, and 3D RSA over time. In the first month, the specific root length increased due to root branching, but in the third month, it decreased due to secondary root growth. The accumulation of NSC might initiate SR development in cassava. Cassava growth is relatively slow during the first 3 months, and a faster crop establishment combined with a greater SR growth might increase yield.
... However, potato is recognized as a drought-sensitive crop, and the number of roots is a breeding index to increase the yield of rhizome crops under drought conditions. 70 The effect of RFRH on rainwater harvesting and soil moisture conservation can improve the root traits of potatoes to absorb nutrients and water and promote the growth and development of axillary buds into stem systems. 71 Through the analysis of soil moisture content at different depths during the growth period of potato, the surface soil of 0-20 cm showed signs of drying first, and more than 90% of the water demand was satisfied by the shallow SWS. ...
BACKGROUND
The ridge‐furrow rainwater harvesting system (RFRH) is an advanced farmland management technology that plays a vital role in making full use of rainwater resources. However, it is not clear that RFRH affects crop yield and water use efficiency (WUE) by regulating soil water storage (SWS). Therefore, the present study conducted a meta‐analysis to make a large compilation of previous studies and indirectly quantify the impact of RFRH on crop yield and WUE by analysing the effect of RFRH on SWS.
RESULTS
The results showed that RFRH improved crop yield and WUE by 26.71% and 25.86%, respectively, by increasing SWS by 3.93% compared to the traditional flat cultivation. RFRH had a significant effect on increasing crop yield and WUE and improving SWS. A low ridge‐furrow ratio and ridge‐furrow mulching were recommended to obtain positive effects on crop yield and WUE when potatoes are grown in areas with high precipitation (600–800 mm). Furthermore, when nitrogen fertilization is applied during the crop growth period, we also found that a medium nitrogen fertilizer rate is recommended to achieve a significant positive effect on crop yield and WUE. Importantly, a win‐win analysis showed the proportions of various groups in the target zone (zone I) to determine the appropriate strategy for RFRH of crops.
CONCLUSION
The present study provides a scientific reference for the future application of the RFRH. The study provides scientific recommendations on crop types, ridge‐furrow configurations, plastic mulching patterns and nitrogen fertilizer rate for future RFRH applications. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
... All the clones had less rate of increase in the proportion of tuber roots at 75 days of stress indicating that prolonged stress inhibited the rate of increase in tuberous roots as cassava plants spend more assimilates in developing deeper fibrous roots than that of accumulation in storage roots under stress conditions (Duque and Setter, 2013;Oliveira et al., 2017). Akin to it, a 21 % reduction in the number of storage roots under drought stress conditions when compared with control was observed by Kengkanna et al. (2019). The susceptible clone CR43-11 had more fibrous roots than storage roots pointing that it had more water absorption requirement. ...
An experiment was conducted with drought-tolerant and susceptible genotypes to find out the key traits that
determine drought tolerance in cassava. The drought-tolerant clone 8S501 and the two susceptible clones H-97
and CR43-11 were planted in the field in a Randomized Block Design and the drought stress was imposed when
the plants were three months old. The observations were measured at the beginning of the stress period (0-
stress), 30 and 75 days of stress. The repeated measures ANOVA stated that there were significant differences
among the genotypes, stress duration and their interaction for the majority of the traits. Growth, development
and tuber yield of cassava was not significantly affected up to 30 days of drought stress. There was a greater
decline in LA, TBM, CGR, RGR and NAR between 30 and 75 days of drought stress suggesting that measures are
to be taken if drought stress prolongs for more than 30 days to realize optimum growth and yield of cassava.
There was no increment in TY and PSR after 30 days of stress. A greater reduction was observed from 30 to 75
days of stress in leaf TC and CP content. There was a considerable increase in proline and total phenols content in
the leaf from 30 to 75 days of stress. The inherent free radical scavenging activity measured as DPPH, FRAP and
ABTS assays also demonstrated a notable increase in antioxidant activity at 75 days of drought stress. The early
vigour in terms of initial high leafiness, leaf area, tuber yield, proportion of storage roots and total biomass in the
first three months after planting facilitated the clone 8S501 to effectively tolerate the drought stress conditions.
... oot image data using another image acquisition system, Scanalyzer 3D. A previous study reported an image analysis pipeline that enables the simultaneous collection of shoot and root in carrots, which allows for rapid and low-cost acquisition of high-throughput phenotypic data for genetic studies 46 . The RootViz FS system used in this paper can 37,No. 21,No. 36,No. 35,and No. 24, respectively) under the five identified subgroups (C). The root traits of each accession have been normalized using the Log (base 2) transformation. Hierarchical clustering of accessions was performed using the average-linkage method and visualized within R software. All accessions were classified into four grou ...
The root system is important for the growth and development of spinach. To reveal the temporal variability of the spinach root system, root traits of 40 spinach accessions were measured at three imaging times (20, 30, and 43 days after transplanting) in this study using a non-destructive and non-invasive root analysis system. Results showed that five root traits were reliably measured by this system (RootViz FS), and two of which were highly correlated with manually measured traits. Root traits had higher variations than shoot traits among spinach accessions, and the trait of mean growth rate of total root length had the largest coefficients of variation across the three imaging times. During the early stage, only tap root length was weakly correlated with shoot traits (plant height, leaf width, and object area (equivalent to plant surface area)), whereas in the third imaging, root fresh weight, total root length, and root area were strongly correlated with shoot biomass-related traits. Five root traits (total root length, tap root length, total root area, root tissue density, and maximal root width) showed high variations with coefficients of variation values (CV ≥ 0.3, except maximal root width) and high heritability (H² > 0.6) among the three stages. The 40 spinach accessions were classified into five subgroups with different growth dynamics of the primary and lateral roots by cluster analysis. Our results demonstrated the potential of in-situ phenotyping to assess dynamic root growth in spinach and provide new perspectives for biomass breeding based on root system ideotypes.
... Based on the correlation analysis, storage root yield had a stronger and positive correlation with root girth than root length corroborating the findings of an earlier [69]. Subsequently, the ratio of the storage root length to girth, which was used as an index to determine the pattern of dry matter accumulation; whether for expansion in girth or extension in root length [69,70,71]. This index was found to be negatively correlated with storage root yield but positively correlated with survival traits such as abscisic acid content, carbon isotope ratio, and long roots [3,60]. ...
Cassava is an important root crop in sub-Saharan Africa and is a crop of choice for resource-poor farmers in savannah areas, where its production faces dry spells at certain periods of the year. This study was carried out to evaluate some selected progenies of a drought-tolerant mapping population of two non-inbred cassava parents. The study was based on 30 genotypes comprising 25 progenies and five checks which included the two parents which were arranged in a 6 × 5 alpha lattice design with three replications. These genotypes were assessed for growth and yield parameters including plant height, storage root yield, and yield components. Analysis of variance indicated significant (p < 0.05) genotypic variability in all the traits except mean root weight. A greater proportion of the observed phenotypic variability for all the traits (apart from mean root weight) was due to the genotypic effect which indicated strong genetic influence. A significant positive correlation was found between storage root yield and girth, harvest index, and mean root weight, making these traits suitable secondary traits for indirect selection for root yield. The principal component analysis further identified plant height, storage root yield, mean root weight, and storage root girth as the key productive traits contributing to the variability among the cassava genotypes. Five of the progenies; 061A (36.55 t/ha), 126A (28.73 t/ha), 175A (27.65 t/ha), 067A (26.53 t/ha), and 026A (26.34 t/ha) had a significantly greater root yields than the highest yielding check variety, TMS98/0505 (23.42 t/ha). The superior progenies would be selected for further testing towards release.
... In maize, primary root depth was positively correlated with salt tolerance during early growth 17 , and low crown root number was suggested as a selection criterion for screening maize with low nitrogen tolerance 18 . Root number and ne root growth are critical for identifying drought adaptability in cassava 19 and oats 20 , respectively. ...
The root system is important for the growth and development of spinach. To reveal the temporal variability of the spinach root system, root traits of 40 spinach accessions were measured at three continuous stages in this study using a non-destructive and non-invasive root analysis system. Results showed that root traits had higher variations than shoot traits among spinach accessions, and the trait of relative growth rate of total root length had the largest coefficients of variation across the three imaging times. Most of the root traits were correlated between the different stages, but the correlations decreased with increasing sampling intervals. At the early stage, only tap root length was weakly correlated with shoot traits (plant height, leaf width, and object area), whereas at the later stage, root fresh weight, total root length, and root area were strongly correlated with shoot biomass-related traits. Plants with halberd-shaped leaves tended to have stronger root systems than those with nearly orbicular-shaped leaves. The 40 spinach accessions were classified into five subgroups with different growth dynamics of the primary and lateral roots. Our results demonstrated the potential of in-situ phenotyping to assess dynamic root growth in spinach and provide new perspectives for biomass breeding based on root system ideotypes.
... Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is one of the climate-smart crops, which has the potential to serve as a food security crop. This is because of its ability to tolerate poor soils, and ability to withstand prolonged periods of drought and pest attacks by reducing biomass production and later remobilizing photosynthate reserves in the stems and roots [1,2,3]. It is less affected by climate change compared to other crops like maize, wheat, and rice [4]. ...
A survey was undertaken in Busia County, Kenya to obtain data for the situational analysis of the cassava value chain. Two hundred and forty-five households were sampled and interviewed in the months of August and September 2021 in Teso South Sub-County, Busia County. Descriptive statistics methods were used to analyse data using Statistical Product Service Solutions (IBM SPSS) version 20 Software. The results showed that the average land size in the study area was 2.7 acres. The mean land allocated to cassava was 0.25 acres. Those interviewed grew cassava mainly for subsistence while the surplus is marketed. Results also showed farmers preferred to grow local varieties (68.4%), improved varieties (21.6%) and a combination of improved and local varieties (10%). The adoption of improved cassava varieties in the study sites was still low. Most of the farmers obtained their income from on-farm sources (71.8%). The major source of information was the farmer-to-farmer extension approach with approximately 66% of respondents obtaining information from other farmers. The farmers like growing local varieties as they have traits that make them preferred to the farmers. The adoption of the improved varieties was still low. More needs to be done on both production; processing and marketing if cassava is to contribute to the food security and income of the households in Busia County.
... Aina et al. (2007) reported that drought reduced root growth more than shoot growth in cassava, depending on the timing and severity of the drought. Strikingly, reduced lateral and total root numbers; root length and diameter; adventitious root number and length; basal root branching density; lower and upper nodal root numbers; first, second, and third lateral root numbers; and root dry weight as a result of water stress cause sizeable reduction in storage root yield (Pardales and Yamauchi 2003;Helal et al. 2013;de Oliveira et al. 2015;Kengkanna et al. 2019;Adu 2020). Developing a cassava root phenotyping protocol and platform and identifying phenotypic variation in root systems is essential for developing highly drought-tolerant cassava genotypes. ...
... Developing a cassava root phenotyping protocol and platform and identifying phenotypic variation in root systems is essential for developing highly drought-tolerant cassava genotypes. Recently developed root shovelomics-based phenotyping techniques combining manual and semi-automatic DIRT measurements (Kengkanna et al. 2019) or easy and low-cost three-dimensional cassava root crowns phenotyping platform (Sunvittayakul et al. 2022) could be proven extremely useful for root architectural trait phenotyping in cassava under various growing conditions. Moreover, a substantial amount of germplasm maintained at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Colombia, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (CTCRI), India, and other premier research institutes could be assessed in collaborative breeding program for identification of rootrelated traits for drought-tolerance. ...
... A steeper root angle is associated with drought tolerance in various agronomic crops, including wheat (Comas et al. 2013), maize (Lynch 2013), and rice (Saengwilai et al. 2018). However, in cassava, wide root angle may not help in drought tolerance possibly due to the very shallow root system and complex storage root arrangements (Kengkanna et al. 2019). Accumulation of ABA and ethylene further increased the sustainability of plants under drought (Alves and Setter 2000;Duque and Setter 2013;Liao et al. 2016;Ogaddee and Girdthai 2019). ...
... Aina et al. (2007) reported that drought reduced root growth more than shoot growth in cassava, depending on the timing and severity of the drought. Strikingly, reduced lateral and total root numbers; root length and diameter; adventitious root number and length; basal root branching density; lower and upper nodal root numbers; first, second, and third lateral root numbers; and root dry weight as a result of water stress cause sizeable reduction in storage root yield (Pardales and Yamauchi 2003;Helal et al. 2013;de Oliveira et al. 2015;Kengkanna et al. 2019;Adu 2020). Developing a cassava root phenotyping protocol and platform and identifying phenotypic variation in root systems is essential for developing highly drought-tolerant cassava genotypes. ...
... Developing a cassava root phenotyping protocol and platform and identifying phenotypic variation in root systems is essential for developing highly drought-tolerant cassava genotypes. Recently developed root shovelomics-based phenotyping techniques combining manual and semi-automatic DIRT measurements (Kengkanna et al. 2019) or easy and low-cost three-dimensional cassava root crowns phenotyping platform (Sunvittayakul et al. 2022) could be proven extremely useful for root architectural trait phenotyping in cassava under various growing conditions. Moreover, a substantial amount of germplasm maintained at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Colombia, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (CTCRI), India, and other premier research institutes could be assessed in collaborative breeding program for identification of rootrelated traits for drought-tolerance. ...
... A steeper root angle is associated with drought tolerance in various agronomic crops, including wheat (Comas et al. 2013), maize (Lynch 2013), and rice (Saengwilai et al. 2018). However, in cassava, wide root angle may not help in drought tolerance possibly due to the very shallow root system and complex storage root arrangements (Kengkanna et al. 2019). Accumulation of ABA and ethylene further increased the sustainability of plants under drought (Alves and Setter 2000;Duque and Setter 2013;Liao et al. 2016;Ogaddee and Girdthai 2019). ...
... Aina et al. (2007) reported that drought reduced root growth more than shoot growth in cassava, depending on the timing and severity of the drought. Strikingly, reduced lateral and total root numbers; root length and diameter; adventitious root number and length; basal root branching density; lower and upper nodal root numbers; first, second, and third lateral root numbers; and root dry weight as a result of water stress cause sizeable reduction in storage root yield (Pardales and Yamauchi 2003;Helal et al. 2013;de Oliveira et al. 2015;Kengkanna et al. 2019;Adu 2020). Developing a cassava root phenotyping protocol and platform and identifying phenotypic variation in root systems is essential for developing highly drought-tolerant cassava genotypes. ...
... Developing a cassava root phenotyping protocol and platform and identifying phenotypic variation in root systems is essential for developing highly drought-tolerant cassava genotypes. Recently developed root shovelomics-based phenotyping techniques combining manual and semi-automatic DIRT measurements (Kengkanna et al. 2019) or easy and low-cost three-dimensional cassava root crowns phenotyping platform (Sunvittayakul et al. 2022) could be proven extremely useful for root architectural trait phenotyping in cassava under various growing conditions. Moreover, a substantial amount of germplasm maintained at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Colombia, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (CTCRI), India, and other premier research institutes could be assessed in collaborative breeding program for identification of rootrelated traits for drought-tolerance. ...
... A steeper root angle is associated with drought tolerance in various agronomic crops, including wheat (Comas et al. 2013), maize (Lynch 2013), and rice (Saengwilai et al. 2018). However, in cassava, wide root angle may not help in drought tolerance possibly due to the very shallow root system and complex storage root arrangements (Kengkanna et al. 2019). Accumulation of ABA and ethylene further increased the sustainability of plants under drought (Alves and Setter 2000;Duque and Setter 2013;Liao et al. 2016;Ogaddee and Girdthai 2019). ...
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a "miracle of the tropics," is a critical component of the approaches to alleviate poverty, hunger, and malnutrition and increase livelihood security. Its high inherent photosynthetic efficiency and ability to sustain growth in challenging environments make it a potential food and nutrition security crop. However, water remains the most limiting factor for future cassava production, particularly under anticipated climatic variability. Though cassava is popularized as a drought-tolerant crop, seasonal or intermittent water stress episodes affect cassava productivity by influencing plant growth, storage root yield, and quality. Successful cassava production in drought-prone areas relies on the development of drought-tolerant cultivars along with tailored agronomic practices. We reviewed multi-faceted responses from morphological level to tissue/cell level biochemical changes, root development responses, and storage root quality alterations occurring under drought and potential targets for the future breeding program. This knowledge will pave the way for developing breeding strategies and implementable agronomic methods.
