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+DC inclined plane-tracking and erosion test (IPT) setup with the leakage current acquisition system.
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This paper investigates the effect of ground and fumed silica fillers on suppressing DC erosion in silicone rubber. Fumed silica and ground silica fillers are incorporated in silicone rubber at different loading levels and comparatively analyzed in this study. Outcomes of the +DC inclined plane tracking erosion test indicate a better erosion perfor...
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Citations
... The next three articles [47][48][49] focus on aspects of synthetic insulation materials, either specifically silicone rubber insulation housing composites' modification by suitable fillers or more generally with a review on polymeric insulation applications. ...
... Alqudsi et al. [48] experimentally investigated the effect of ground and fumed silica fillers (incorporated at different loading levels) on suppressing DC+ erosion in silicone rubber. To evaluate the erosion performance of the composites, the inclined plan test (IPT) under DC+ voltage was used. ...
With the growth of the world’s population and faster-developing industries, larger amounts of electric energy are needed [...]
... To improve the thermal properties of silicone rubber materials, Ghunem et al. (2021) suggested the use of fillers as flameretardant to reduce the surface discharge and decrease the erosion of the materials. Alqudsi et al. (2021) proposed that the fumed silica and its interaction with SR were found effective in suppressing the erosion of the material by controlling the depolymerisation in the material. ...
... To improve the thermal properties of silicone rubber materials, Ghunem et al. (2021) suggested the use of fillers as flameretardant to reduce the surface discharge and decrease the erosion of the materials. Alqudsi et al. (2021) proposed that the fumed silica and its interaction with SR were found effective in suppressing the erosion of the material by controlling the depolymerisation in the material. ...
The exfoliation and uniform dispersion of two-dimensional nanofillers are significantly important to improve the comprehensive properties of silicone rubber including the tracking resistance and mechanical properties. Herein, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide-intercalated zirconium phosphate (M-ZrP) and urethane-containing silane (US) were incorporated into addition-cure liquid silicone rubber (ALSR). The interaction between US and M-ZrP and the dispersion of M-ZrP in ALSR were investigated. It was found that US contributed to the exfoliation and dispersion of M-ZrP in ALSR. M-ZrP and US synergistically improved the tracking resistance of ALSR. ALSR/US/M-ZrP containing 0.1 phr M-ZrP and 1.0 phr US classed 1A4.5 level, and the ratio of electrical eroded mass was only 0.11%. The effect of M-ZrP and US on the thermal degradation behavior of ALSR and the electrical erosion residue after inclined plane test were systematically studied. It was revealed that US and Karstedt’s catalyst (Pt) synergistically promoted silicone rubber to form ceramic layer under strong arc bombardment. Besides, the exfoliated M-ZrP nanosheets in ALSR served as barrier layer and support skeleton. When subjected to arc bombardment, a compact ceramic barrier formed on the ALSR/US/M-ZrP surface, which protected the internal matrix, thus significantly improved the tracking resistance of ALSR.
Ensuring the fire safety of high voltage (HV) outdoor insulators is key to maintain the reliable operation of the electrical grid. This requires the careful selection of suitable polymeric composite materials with excellent electrical tracking, erosion, and fire resistance characteristics. To improve their performance against electrical tracking and potential combustion issues, inorganic additives are commonly integrated into these materials. The focus of this review article is on describing the progress and innovations in enhancing the electrical tracking, erosion, and fire performance of polymeric materials by incorporating inorganic additives. The main objective is to explore the development of these materials and showcase their evaluation through laboratory testing. This study highlights significant state-of-the-art advancements in the field, providing valuable insights into its current progress. Additionally, the research outlines prospects, offering a peek at how upcoming studies are expected to further advance the scientific knowledge in the field. By disseminating critical information about the development , testing, and future potential of polymeric materials containing inorganic additives, this work is expected to facilitate researchers in advancing their work in HV outdoor insulation, leading to more efficient electrical insulation solutions for safer and reliable electrical grids.
This paper investigates the filler barrier effect on suppressing the erosion of silicone rubber composites during the DC dry-band arcing, by supplementing main micro fillers in silicon rubber, i.e. ground silica and micro-sized alumina tri-hydrate, with fumed silica and nano-sized alumina tri-hydrate fillers. A study framework employing simultaneous thermogravimetric-differential thermal analyses, the inclined plane tracking and erosion test and the dry-arc test is employed. Fumed silica in silicone rubber increases the amount of the crosslinked residue and suppresses silicone rubber depolymerization; whereas nano-sized alumina tri-hydrate releasing water of hydration may adversely impact the residue coherence and promote combustion. The viability of the filler barrier effect is synergistically achieved by adding fumed silica to the main ground silica filler, thereby maintaining the residue integrity. The inclined plane-tracking erosion test confirms the importance of the filler barrier effect of fumed silica in supplementing the volume effect of ground silica in the suppression of the DC dry-band arcing. These filler effects appear to mainly govern the erosion resistance, with insignificant effect shown for thermal conductivity under DC. The dry-arc resistance test is shown as a useful method to simulate a stable dry-band arcing and obtain reproducible surface erosion patterns that correlates with the outcomes of the DC inclined plane tracking and erosion test.
In order to provide further evidence for the improvement in tracking and erosion resistance of alumina trihydrate (ATH)-free silicone rubbers (SRs) by direct fluorination and to explore the improvement mechanisms, the ATH-free SR samples containing 15-parts per hundred parts of rubber by weight (phr) melamine cyanurate and 18-phr fumed silica were prepared, and then they were surface fluorinated using a
mixture at 0.1 MPa and 85 °C for 120 min. Inclined plane tracking and erosion tests indicate that at 4.5-kV rms ac, all 15 fluorinated samples passed the test, while 7 of the 15 unfluorinated samples failed the test due to combustion. Analyses of erosion depth, length, and area show that the fluorinated sample, compared to the unfluorinated sample, has a larger average erosion depth but a smaller average erosion length or area. Attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses indicate that both the SR matrix and the fillers of melamine cyanurate and fumed silica in the surface layer were fluorinated, forming the Si–F, C–F, and N–F bonds. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations show that the fluorinated layer has a thickness of
and a rough surface, and the fillers are uniformly dispersed in the matrix. The resistance improvement by the fluorination is attributed to these changes of the surface layer in composition, structure, and interface of the SR matrix and the fillers and is also influenced by the change in surface morphology.
