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Light emitting diodes (LEDs) as an efficient low-consumption lighting technology are being used increasingly in many applications. The move to LED lighting is also changing the way the lighting control systems are designed. Currently, most electronic ballasts and other digital lighting devices implement the Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (D...
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Citations
... Previous research [50][51][52] has explored lighting control issues (dimming) using Bea-gleBone Black and Raspberry Pi development boards. In the present work, the proposed system was implemented in a more versatile, cheaper, and more powerful microcontroller, the Arduino UNO R4 Wi-Fi. ...
The design of reliable and accurate indoor lighting control systems for LEDs’ (light-emitting diodes) color temperature and brightness, in an effort to affect human circadian rhythms, has been emerging in the last few years. However, this is quite challenging since parameters, such as the melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance (mEDI), have to be evaluated in real time, using illuminance values and the spectrum of incident light. In this work, to address these issues, a prototype platform has been built based on the low-cost and low-power Arduino UNO R4 Wi-Fi BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) board, which facilitates experiments with a new control approach for LEDs’ correlated color temperature (CCT). Together with the aforementioned platform, the methodology for mEDI calculation using an 11-channel multi-spectral sensor is presented. With proper calibration of the sensor, the visible spectrum can be reconstructed with a resolution of 1 nm, making the estimation of mEDI more accurate.
... This is especially relevant in various industrial processes and productions (such as plant cultivation, advertising technologies, LED screens, etc.). It is believed that by 2035, LEDs will make up 98% of lighting technologies [4][5][6]. With the increasingly widespread use of LEDs, the method of controlling their light becomes especially important, which determines both the color and intensity of the light, as well as other LED operating parameters. ...
... Optocouplers are used to protect the microcontroller, through which information from motion sensors is also transmitted. By using optocouplers, it is possible to avoid random voltage jumps in the circuit (such jumps are likely to occur in a motion sensor circuit due to the random induction caused by extraneous sources) and thus protect the microcontroller circuit from damage [2][3][4]. In order for the user or the system operator to receive primary information about the operation of the LED controller, INPUT SIGNAL INDICATOR LEDS can be used, through the operation of which it is possible to understand whether the LED controller has executed the necessary commands and whether the main power source is switched on. ...
... If new data are entered into the application, the entire cycle is repeated, and the data entered into the application are saved. The control of the LED controller takes place using an application on a smartphone [1][2][3][4][5]. This application is designed for smart devices with the Android operating system. ...
This research paper investigates an LED strip lighting system, whose LED lighting controller was developed based on the PIC24FV32KA302 microcontroller and PCA9685 PWM driver. During the study, various parameters of the system were evaluated, including the response time from the length of commands, the dependence of the PWM signal characteristics on the logic values generated by the microcontroller, and the dependence of the LED light flux and power on the percentage of the PWM signal and the power of the power supply channels. The results of the study revealed that the reaction time depended on the length of the sent command, where as the logic values of the microcontroller were changed from 1000 to 4000, the size of the PWM signal changed from 25 to 100%. The use of the I2C communication protocol, which is a master–slave architecture and uses data and synchronization lines, was also found to affect response times. When the percentage of the PWM signal was changed from 10 to 100%, the light flux of the LED strip changed from 100 to 1000 lm. These results reflect the advantages of applying microcontrollers and PWM drivers to LED control systems, emphasizing their flexibility, efficiency, and precise light control.
... Different protocols have been used in practice for lighting control. Based on the required operational lighting scenario, a designer can choose out of open protocols like TCP/IP, BACNet, DMX 512, LONWorks, X-10, 0-10 V, and Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI) to name a few [5]. DALI's use in street lighting has recently gained momentum as an effective protocol for street lighting control. ...
Smart street LED lighting systems have received much attention driven by the need to save energy and the dramatic advances in the Internet of Things. This work proposes a new smart street lighting system that adaptively changes the street lights’ intensity based on traffic and weather conditions and provides a platform for monitoring road conditions and detecting lamp faults. The system transfers the data using the UDP protocol over NBIoT radio technology. It also maintains two-way communication between the luminaires and the central node. In order to ensure real-time response to traffic and avoid dimming delays, each light is locally controlled by a microcontroller based on the sensed traffic and weather data. The measurements of each luminaire are also sent to the central control node to locate lamp faults, detect emergency situations, and, if needed, broadcast on/off messages to the whole network’s luminaires. The system was implemented in a suburban street in Ras Al Khaimah. Evaluations proved that the system can locate and detect faulty lamps and vary the light intensity in real time based on traffic. It also resulted in energy savings of up to 55% compared to a normal LED street light network.
... SoC atau system-on-chip merupakan teknologi yang memungkinkan pengembangan perangkat IoT menjadi lebih marak. Beberapa perangkat SoC menggunakan linux kernel sebagai sistem operasi, salah satunya adalah Raspberry Pi [1]. Pengembangan kernel modul pada Raspberry Pi juga menjadi salah satu solusi untuk masalah komputasi yang sering dihadapi [2]. ...
... It is based on the UNIX system, which allows us to install and use some packages, like Apache 2, Python, PHP, HTML, and phpMyAdmin [22], to use the Raspberry Pi as server via an HTML and PHP page [23]. Using this board as a web server allows us to control or read its 40 general-purpose input/output (GPIO) ports from the programmed web pages [24], [25]. Two different methods are developed for the remote control of the irrigation system to ensure the systems operation at any time and from any location. ...
The remote and automated irrigation system of farmlands can avoid and minimize the waste of water and energy resources. This can be done with the remote-control of the solenoid-valves. A new solenoid-valve was designed and built from a simple valve with a motor and switches. The remote and automated irrigation system can monitor and receive requests via short message service (SMS) or web interface for controlling pump or solenoid-valves connected to the system. After each operation performed by the system, users receive notifications via SMS messages that contain the real-time status of the solenoid-valves controlled or temperature and humidity value. This system was created using Raspberry-Pi as the system control center. It has been connected to several sensors, and raspicam is used to take photo or video capture in real-time after the users’ request, and the global system mobile (GSM) module is a communication interface used to receive requests for controlling the irrigation system or to send notifications to users. A website is also developed for consultation and control of all that it contains in the system remotely. The result of this research aims to build a secure remote and automated irrigation system including low-cost solenoid-valve with Raspberry-Pi based on control and notification via SMS and web-page.
... In contrast to many traditional light sources, such as incandescent or compact fluorescent light bulbs, LEDs are driven by direct current (DC) and, therefore, require suitable dimming strategies. Commonly used LED driver control methods that have successfully been applied in the smart-lighting context include analog 0-10 V dimming [6][7][8] as well as digital protocols such as DALI [9][10][11] or ZigBee [12][13][14] standards. In the former case, a DC voltage between 0 and 10 V is used as a simple control signal to be sent to the actual LED driver [6], which eventually adjusts the LED load current and, thus, the light output in the range from minimum (typically between 1 and 10 % depending on the driver design) to 100 %. ...
... Instead of using analog control signals, the various digital protocols on the other hand make use of encoded data packets to be distributed within the lighting device network to send dedicated commands to the individual LED drivers. The DALI standard, for example, which is regulated by the IEC standard 62386 [16], enables digital information to be transferred between the DALI controller and all network devices by means of an asynchronous, halfduplex, serial protocol over a two-wire differential bus at a fixed rate of 1200 bit s −1 [11]: ...
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Selection of most diverse light spectra from a larger set of possible candidates to be used in subject studies or for machine learning to find correlations between photometric and other parameters such as psychological, physiological, or preference-based outcome measures.
Abstract
Current subject studies and data-driven approaches in lighting research often use manually selected light spectra, which usually exhibit a large bias due to the applied selection criteria. This paper, therefore, presents a novel approach to minimize this bias by using a data-driven framework for selecting the most diverse candidates from a given larger set of possible light spectra. The spectral information per wavelength is first reduced by applying a convolutional autoencoder. The relevant features are then selected based on Laplacian Scores and transformed to a two-dimensional embedded space for subsequent clustering. The low dimensional embedding, from which the required diversity follows, is done with respect to the locality of the features. In a second step, photometric parameters are considered and a second clustering is performed. As a result of this algorithmic pipeline, the most diverse selection of light spectra complying with a given set of relevant photometric parameters can be extracted and used for further experiments or applications.
... A VDC Research study [10] suggests that the fast growth of IoT (Internet of Things) is accelerating the move towards open-source Linux in embedded market share. Its open-source license, very good performance and ease of adaptation in various hardware systems, utilizing at the same time the multicore and high-frequency architecture of such devices, has placed a considerable interest in developing control applications based on such systems [11][12][13][14]. Additionally, the increasing requirements of real-time applications and the need to reduce development costs and time to market led to an increase in the interest for employing COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) hardware and software components in real-time domains, for example, commercially available embedded microcontrollers (by BeagleBoard, NXP Semiconductors, Texas Instruments, Qualcomm, Intel, etc.) [15][16][17]. ...
This work investigates the real-time performance of Linux kernels and distributions with a PREEMPT_RT real-time patch on ARM-based embedded devices. Experimental measurements, which are mainly based on heuristic methods, provide novel insights into Linux real-time performance on ARM-based embedded devices (e.g., BeagleBoard and RaspberryPi). Evaluations of the Linux real-time performance are based on specific real-time software measurement modules, developed for this purpose, and the use of a standard benchmark tool, cyclictest. Software modules were designed upon the introduction of a new response task model, an innovative aspect of this work. Measurements include the latency of response tasks at user and kernel space, the response on the execution of periodic tasks, the maximum sustained frequency and general latency performance metrics. The results show that in such systems the PREEMPT_RT patch provides more improved real-time performance than the default Linux kernels. The latencies and particularly the worst-case latencies are reduced with real-time support, thus making such devices running Linux with PREEMPT_RT more appropriate for use in time-sensitive embedded control systems and applications. Furthermore, the proposed performance measurements approach and evaluation methodology could be applied and deployed on other Linux-based real-time platforms.
... In addition, such devices could further stimulate their use in the development of architectural frameworks and systems for reliable real-time control applications, as is the case presented here [43]. Initially, the preliminary results of this research were also utilized in the development of a real-time controller based on Raspberry Pi and kernel modules [44]. ...
This research performs real-time measurements of Linux kernels with real-time support provided by the PREEMPT_RT patch on embedded development devices such as BeagleBoard and Raspberry Pi. The experimental measurements of the Linux real-time performance on these devices are based on real-time software modules developed specifically for the purposes of this research. Taking in consideration the constraints of the specific hardware platforms under investigation, new measurements software was developed. The measurement algorithms are designed upon response and periodic task models. Measurements investigate latencies of real-time applications at user and kernel space. An outcome of this research is that the proposed performance measurements approach and evaluation methodology could be applied and deployed on other Linux-based boards and platforms. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the PREEMPT_RT patch overall improves the Linux kernel real-time performance compared to the standard one. The reduced worst-case latencies on such devices running Linux with real-time support could make them potentially more suitable for real-time applications as long as a latency value of about 160 μs, as an upper bound, is an acceptable safety margin.
... Furthermore, the driver circuits can be non-isolated if the output current is limited and a low voltage source is involved or can be isolated when the safe operative conditions are prevalent and a higher output current is requested [11]. Additionally, the information and communication technologies (ICT) are making the driving of solid-state lamps smarter and smarter, allowing to vary the brightness level (dimming) and the colors through remote and controlled communication systems by means of user interfaces developed according to the needs of the user [12]. ...
In this chapter, a survey of LED driver circuits is presented. The driver circuit is a crucial component in the LED light system. It provides the correct voltage and current values for the best brightness and long life. Furthermore, the driver circuits contribute to obtaining high efficiency and reliability light system. Several lighting applications need different driver topologies that meet the use requirement and the energy sources available. In actual applications, passive and active circuits are implemented to satisfy the LED driver electrical requirements and cost-effective demands. The LED driver circuits investigation evaluate the issues and the solutions in the LED lighting systems connected to a DC source such as a battery or AC line. The AC line connection requisites such as the power factor correction and the harmonic distortion are dealt with both the driver topology and control optimization. Also, the volume reduction need is examined in the circuitry choice. Moreover, the different topologies of the power converters isolated and not isolated used in the driver circuits based on both the power request and supply source are described and critically evaluated.
... Hence, a decision has to be made speedily. Furthermore, the state action pair and user inclinations change swiftly during the day and the HEMaaS platform has to offer service in a timely way [53]. Thus, in this study, a Linux based fast microcontroller called Raspberry Pi3 has been utilized. ...
There will be a dearth of electrical energy in the world in the future due to exponential increase in electrical energy demand of rapidly growing world population. With the development of Internet of Things (IoT), more smart appliances will be integrated into homes in smart cities that actively participate in the electricity market by demand response programs to efficiently manage energy in order to meet this increasing energy demand. Thus, with this incitement, the energy management strategy using a price-based demand response program is developed for IoT-enabled residential buildings. We propose a new EMS for smart homes for IoT-enabled residential building smart devices by scheduling to minimize cost of electricity, alleviate peak-to-average ratio, correct power factor, automatic protective appliances, and maximize user comfort. In this method, every home appliance is interfaced with an IoT entity (a data acquisition module) with a specific IP address, which results in a wide wireless system of devices. There are two components of the proposed system: software and hardware. The hardware is composed of a base station unit (BSU) and many terminal units (TUs). The software comprises Wi-Fi network programming as well as system protocol. In this study, a message queue telemetry transportation (MQTT) broker was installed on the boards of BSU and TU. In this paper, we present a low-cost platform for the monitoring and helping decision making about different areas in a neighboring community for efficient management and maintenance, using information and communication technologies. The findings of the experiments demonstrated the feasibility and viability of the proposed method for energy management in various modes. The proposed method increases effective energy utilization, which in turn increases the sustainability of IoT-enabled homes in smart cities. The proposed strategy automatically responds to power factor correction, to protective home appliances, and to price-based demand response programs to combat the major problem of the demand response programs, which is the limitation of consumer’s knowledge to respond upon receiving demand response signals. The schedule controller proposed in this paper achieved an energy saving of 6.347 kWh real power per day, this paper achieved saving 7.282 kWh apparent power per day, and the proposed algorithm in our paper saved $2.3228388 per day.
