2D representation of particle distribution at t/t sc = 150 (left) and 200 (right) overlaid with the fluid density (grey color). The colour bars show the fluid density and particle unique identities.

2D representation of particle distribution at t/t sc = 150 (left) and 200 (right) overlaid with the fluid density (grey color). The colour bars show the fluid density and particle unique identities.

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Context. Blazars, a class of active galaxies whose jets are relativistic and collimated flows of plasma directed along the line of sight, are prone to a slew of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities. These jets show characteristic multi-wavelength and multi-timescale variabilities. Aims. We aim to study the interplay of radiation and particle acc...

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... results are given in Sect. 3.2 and Appendix A.2. To study the effects of different energy-loss mechanisms and their impacts on the emission signatures, we introduced 2 × 10 5 number of macro-particles at the initial time of the simulation. The distribution of the Lagrangian particles allows a complete sampling of the system, as shown in Fig. 2. Here, the particles are coloured based on their unique identity, ranging from 1 to the maximum number of macro-particles. The background on which these particles are over-plotted represents the fluid density in grayscale. The left and right panels of Fig. 2 are the snapshots taken at times t/t sc = 150 and 200, respectively. The ...
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... of the Lagrangian particles allows a complete sampling of the system, as shown in Fig. 2. Here, the particles are coloured based on their unique identity, ranging from 1 to the maximum number of macro-particles. The background on which these particles are over-plotted represents the fluid density in grayscale. The left and right panels of Fig. 2 are the snapshots taken at times t/t sc = 150 and 200, respectively. The combined evolution of Lagrangian macro-particles and the fluid density from our 2D runs clearly shows that the slab jet is sufficiently sampled during the evolution. Further, one can observe that the vortices of the KHI are responsible for mixing the particles ...
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... shocked, we have initially chosen a steeper index. The synchrotron emissivity for an initial power law particle spectra is calculated using Eq. (37) of Vaidya et al. (2018) and the EC emissivity is calculated using Eq. (8) of Sect. 2.2. All the emissions are obtained at the time t/t sc = 200 (particle distribution is shown in the right panel of Fig. 2) with an observer making a 5 • angle with respect to the z-axis (pointing out of the ...
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... case since the EC component of the spectra becomes broader. With change in the temperature of the photon field or the κ values, the energy loss rate of the emitting particles changes. Such effects of photon field temperature and κ values can be seen from the cooling timescale (see Fig. A.1) and the time-evolving particle spectra (refer Fig. A.2). As we decrease the temperature of the photon field, the loss due to EC also decreases. As a result, it demonstrates a substantial effect on the low-energy hump as well as the high-energy hump of the SED. Due to less EC loss, a larger number of highly energetic particles will be present to emit synchrotron emission up to 10 15 Hz. With ...
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... limit (≈γ Θ 1), electrons lose energy like synchrotron process and in the Klein-Nishina limit (≈γ Θ 1), the loss mechanism follows a logarithmic profile. Furthermore, we have performed 2D toy model simulations that are focused on validating our numerical algorithm and understanding the effects of various parameters on the particle spectra (see Fig. A.2) and multi-band emissions (see Fig. ...

Citations

... Besides, at later times, the growth rate of these non-axisymmetric modes is much slower. This dominance of | | = 1 component among the non-axisymmetrical modes in our jet model, which is characterized by a low magnetic pitch parameter (0.01), aligns with the similar findings from prior numerical simulations and linear stability analysis of magnetized jets (e.g., Nakamura et al., 2007;Mizuno et al., 2012;Bodo et al., 2013;Guan et al., 2014;Bromberg and Tchekhovskoy, 2015;Barniol Duran et al., 2017;Bodo et al., 2019;Bodo et al., 2020;Meenakshi et al., 2023;Chen et al., 2023;Acharya et al., 2023). The development of this kink mode leads to deformation and disruption of the jet's spine, resulting in significant wiggles and bends. ...
Preprint
Relativistic outflows emanating from active galactic nuclei can extend up to kiloparsec scales in length, displaying a variety of complex morphologies. This study explores the intricate morphologies of such relativistic jets, mainly focusing on creating a bridge between magnetic instabilities in jets with observational signatures from complex radio galaxies. In particular, we aim to study the role of dynamical instabilities in forming distinctive morphological features by employing 3D relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (RMHD) simulations of rotating jets. Our simulations have further used the hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian framework of the PLUTO code and generated the synthetic synchrotron emission and polarisation maps to compare with the observed signatures. Our analysis based on simulations of a continuously injected jet suggests that current-driven instabilities, notably the m=1|m|=1 mode, generate rib-like structures that are seen in some of the recent radio galaxies using MeerKat, e.g. MysTail. In our contrasting simulations of the restarted jet, the kink-instability driven rib-like structures were formed relatively near the nozzle. In both cases, the jet dissipates its pre-existing magnetic energy through these instabilities, transitioning to a more kinetic energy dominant state. The turbulent structures resulting from this dissipation phase are filamentary and resemble the tethers as observed for the case of MysTail. This pilot study essentially provides a plausible qualitative explanation by bridging simulations of kink instability to produce synthetic radio features resembling the observed complex radio morphology of MysTail.
... The low-energy component spans the radio to optical/UV range, and can sometimes extend into the soft X-ray regime in the presence of different particle acceleration mechanisms (Kirk et al. 1998). For example, Acharya et al. (2023) showed that the low energy component could extend till soft X-ray due to the presence of the shocks generated with the evolution of MHD instability. Further, particles could also accelerate up to high energy via mag-netic reconnection, and that in turn affects the observed polarization properties (Bodo et al. 2021). ...
Preprint
At optical/ultraviolet energies, blazars display an underlying thermal (unpolarized) contribution from the accretion disc, torus and line emitting regions, diluting the polarized emission from the jet-component. Optical polarimetry can be used to disentangle the thermal and non-thermal components, and place constraints on the particle populations and acceleration mechanisms responsible for the non-thermal emission. We present the results of a linear optical spectropolarimetric observing campaign of 18 blazars (6 BLLs and 12 FSRQs) undertaken with the Southern African Large Telescope between 2016 and 2022. This was done to observe these systems during flaring states, as well as long term monitoring of PKS1510-089, AP Lib and PKS 1034-293. The observations traced the frequency dependence of the degree and angle of polarization, as well as changes in the spectral line strengths. We investigated possible correlations between the polarization and other observed characteristics for the sources. While an indication of correlation was found between the frequency dependence and the average level of polarization for some sources, a correlation was not found for the population as a whole. These results highlight that continuous observations and in-depth modelling of polarization and its frequency dependence is required to obtain a more holistic view of TeV blazars.
Article
At optical/ultraviolet energies, blazars display an underlying thermal (unpolarized) contribution from the accretion disc, torus, and line-emitting regions, diluting the polarized emission from the jet-component. Optical polarimetry can be used to disentangle the thermal and non-thermal components, and place constraints on the particle populations and acceleration mechanisms responsible for the non-thermal emission. We present the results of a linear optical spectropolarimetric observing campaign of 18 blazars (six BL Lac-type objects and 12 flat-spectrum radio quasars) undertaken with the Southern African Large Telescope between 2016 and 2022. This was done to observe these systems during flaring states, as well as long-term monitoring of PKS1510-089, AP Lib, and PKS 1034-293. The observations traced the frequency dependence of the degree and angle of polarization, as well as changes in the spectral line strengths. We investigated possible correlations between the polarization and other observed characteristics for the sources. While an indication of correlation was found between the frequency dependence and the average level of polarization for some sources, a correlation was not found for the population as a whole. These results highlight that continuous observations and in-depth modelling of polarization and its frequency dependence is required to obtain a more holistic view of TeV blazars.