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![3D Compass export to Google Earth, of Shredder Cave, Atacama Desert, Chile. Discussion: This method offers some distinct ad- vantages over existing methods, but also presents some challenges when considering planetary and lunar ap- plications. Advantages. The short regular intervals offer a higher resolution of data than traditional methods. A 1-meter elevated centerline buffers instruments from magnetic anomalies in cave walls. Taking eight radial measurements at each station gains accuracy over the standard four directional measurements (LRUD). This method does not depend on atmospheric flow monitor- ing, which has been previously proposed to estimate volume [7]. Finally, this method offers the opportunity for near-realtime field data analysis. Disadvantages. This method relies currently on magnetic sensors for azimuth collection, which prohib- its planetary or lunar implementation. This method is best suited for horizontal cave sites (e.g. lava tubes). Proposed Modifications: Future improvements in- clude developing an AutoCAD-based system for 3D map generation through assembly of cross-sectional profiles along the survey plot, applying interpolation algorithims between sampling stations to estimate cave volume with higher accuracy, and incorporating digital instrument platforms with limited automation. Conclusion: This technique for measuring cave volume and creating 3D models is useful for terrestrial cave studies of thermal behavior and habitability of micro-environments, and provides considerations for future automation and planetary cave exploration as an inexpensive and reliable basis for instrument design. Acknowledgements : Special thanks to J. DeDeck- er and K. Petersen for assistance in developing and field testing these techniques, and G. Cushing and R. Hayward for providing comments on previous versions of this abstract. This study was supported by NASA Exobiology grant EXOB07-0040 and a National Speleological Society International Exploration grant. References: [1] Dasher G. R (1994) On Station, National Speleological Society Press . [2] Steinke T. R. (1971) National Speleological Society Bulletin, Vol. 33, No. 4, 127-134. [3] Sellers W. I. and Chamberlain A. T. (1998) Journal of Archeological Science, 25, 867-873. [4] Robson Brown K. A. et al. (2001) Journal of Archeological Science, 28, 283-289. [5] Jakopin P. (1981) Journal of Archeological Science, 25, 867-873. [6] Breisch R. L. (1969) Cave Pearls, Cave Science, 132 . [7] Schnute, J. T. (1963) Cave Volume from Breathing Phenomenon at Wind Cave National Park, A Proposed Study, Physical Science office files, Wind Cave National Park.](profile/Timothy-Titus/publication/253053875/figure/fig1/AS:298099751833600@1448083927260/D-Compass-export-to-Google-Earth-of-Shredder-Cave-Atacama-Desert-Chile-Discussion.png)
3D Compass export to Google Earth, of Shredder Cave, Atacama Desert, Chile. Discussion: This method offers some distinct ad- vantages over existing methods, but also presents some challenges when considering planetary and lunar ap- plications. Advantages. The short regular intervals offer a higher resolution of data than traditional methods. A 1-meter elevated centerline buffers instruments from magnetic anomalies in cave walls. Taking eight radial measurements at each station gains accuracy over the standard four directional measurements (LRUD). This method does not depend on atmospheric flow monitor- ing, which has been previously proposed to estimate volume [7]. Finally, this method offers the opportunity for near-realtime field data analysis. Disadvantages. This method relies currently on magnetic sensors for azimuth collection, which prohib- its planetary or lunar implementation. This method is best suited for horizontal cave sites (e.g. lava tubes). Proposed Modifications: Future improvements in- clude developing an AutoCAD-based system for 3D map generation through assembly of cross-sectional profiles along the survey plot, applying interpolation algorithims between sampling stations to estimate cave volume with higher accuracy, and incorporating digital instrument platforms with limited automation. Conclusion: This technique for measuring cave volume and creating 3D models is useful for terrestrial cave studies of thermal behavior and habitability of micro-environments, and provides considerations for future automation and planetary cave exploration as an inexpensive and reliable basis for instrument design. Acknowledgements : Special thanks to J. DeDeck- er and K. Petersen for assistance in developing and field testing these techniques, and G. Cushing and R. Hayward for providing comments on previous versions of this abstract. This study was supported by NASA Exobiology grant EXOB07-0040 and a National Speleological Society International Exploration grant. References: [1] Dasher G. R (1994) On Station, National Speleological Society Press . [2] Steinke T. R. (1971) National Speleological Society Bulletin, Vol. 33, No. 4, 127-134. [3] Sellers W. I. and Chamberlain A. T. (1998) Journal of Archeological Science, 25, 867-873. [4] Robson Brown K. A. et al. (2001) Journal of Archeological Science, 28, 283-289. [5] Jakopin P. (1981) Journal of Archeological Science, 25, 867-873. [6] Breisch R. L. (1969) Cave Pearls, Cave Science, 132 . [7] Schnute, J. T. (1963) Cave Volume from Breathing Phenomenon at Wind Cave National Park, A Proposed Study, Physical Science office files, Wind Cave National Park.
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... If the magnetometer is not being used for magnetic feature detection it must be used in some other way to increase the accuracy of the IPS overall. It is possible that some type of "Cave Surveying" techniques are being used [22]. In cave surveying, various fixed reference points are used. ...
Infrastructure-free Indoor Positioning Systems (IPS) are a relatively new advancement in the indoor localisation area. Traditionally, IPS's require a certain amount of dedicated infrastructure within a building to position a device accurately. There are now companies offering infrastructure-free IPS that claim they can obtain sub-metre accuracy. Some IPS's also claim to use geomagnetic positioning to achieve this accuracy. The aim here is to investigate the accuracy of an infrastructure-free IPS which offers geomagnetic positioning techniques. We explain its accuracy, what may negatively affect the accuracy of the system and to what extent are geomagnetic positioning techniques being used. An Android mobile application was developed with the primary purpose of investigating the accuracy of the IPS under various conditions. We found that the IPS at the beginning was three times more accurate than GPS and ten times more accurate at the end. The IPS was more responsive and more accurate on a device that had a magnetometer but accuracy dropped considerably when the internet connection is lost. Also, wet weather specifically impacted negatively on the accuracy.
... In April 2011, we collected 3D cartography data of the largest hibernacula (PARA--0901 Cave) and a non--hibernacula cave (PARA--1001 Cave) using techniques developed by Ruby et al. (2011). This was done to facilitate a one to one comparison of habitat and microclimate characteristics of hibernacula to non--hibernacula sites. ...
... For bats hibernating within PARA--0901 Cave, we collected data to plot the locations of both individual and clusters of hibernating bats using the same techniques for collecting 3D map data (refer to Ruby et al. 2011) during January and February 2012. Each location containing individual or a cluster of hibernating bats was tied into the closest cave survey station. ...
... Each location containing individual or a cluster of hibernating bats was tied into the closest cave survey station. These stations were established using techniques discussed in Ruby et al. (2011) during the June 2011 research trip. Distance from the station was determined using a Leica DISTO D3 laser distance finder. ...
Addressing a knowledge gap concerning the winter ecology of bats on Grand Canyon-‐Parashant National Monument in preparation for the western advance of white-‐nose syndrome (WNS), this paper provides a summary of a three‐year study to estimate population trends of two known cave-roosting bat hibernacula (PARA-0901 and PARA-1401 Caves). Beginning in 2011, we sampled all caves (total 11) likely to support hibernating bats on both Parashant and adjacent BLM lands. Through this effort, colleagues and I identified two hibernacula and three torpor roosts. All but one torpor roost was located on Parashant. The two hibernacula caves became the focus of work in subsequent years (2012 and 2013). Total numbers of hibernating bats ranged from 44 to 51 in PARA‐0901 Cave, and four to 17 in PARA-1401 Cave. Most of the bats detected were Corynorhinus townsendii with Myotis sp. infrequently detected in both caves. No visible signs of white‐nose syndrome (WNS) were observed during the three-year period on either hibernating bats visually examined or in post-field examination of photographs. Analysis of six sediment samples (with 1 control on surface) from PARA-0901 Cave tested negative for Pseudogymnoascus destructans (the fungus that causes WNS). In PARA-0901 Cave, the largest hibernaculum, we deployed 41 data loggers and in PARA-1001 Cave, a non-hibernaculum cave, we deployed 42 to collect rock surface temperature, ambient temperature, relative humidity and barometric pressure data for two years. For both PARA-0901 and PARA-1001, we collected 3D cartography data, 3D geospatial data of all microclimatic instrument locations, and 3D geospatial data of all observed hibernating bats. These data will be used to develop models to characterize how microhabitats are selected for hibernation. I will use these models to (a) parameterize habitat requirements of bat hibernacula for at least one cave and (b) simulate climate change effects on this cave to predict whether this roost will become unsuitable for bats at some point in the future. PARA-1401 Cave was gated in 2009; as a result, the roost is now protected. Presently, PARA-0901 Cave lacks any safeguards. This cave is the largest known hibernacula on the monument (and in northern Arizona, in general) and is located within one mile of a frequently used cattle tank and corral and is within 300 feet of a single-track road. To best protect this roost, we recommend this cave be closed to recreational use and the lower chamber ultimately gated. Recommendations are also provided for the establishment of a Western states comprehensive sampling and monitoring strategy of hibernacula for early detection of WNS.
