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Cyclocosmia latusicosta , new species. A, ocular area, dorsal view, holotype; B, abdomen, caudal view, holotype; C, same, lateral view, holotype; D, posterior portion of opisthosoma, ventral view, holotype; E, left chelicera, prolateral view, holotype; F-J, spermathecae, dorsal view: F, holotype; G-J, paratypes. Scale bars: A, F-J = 1.0 mm, B-E = 2.0 mm.
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Two species of the ctenizid spider genus Cyclocosmia from tropical and subtropical China are diagnosed, described and illustrated. One of them, Cyclocosmia latusicosta, is found to be new to science. The relationships between all known species of the genus Cyclocosmia are discussed.
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Citations
... As can be seen, the type species was described from North America, where two other congeners occur (Hentz 1841, Koch 1942, Gertsch & Platnick 1975, whilst the current hotspot of diversity for the genus is in Southeast Asia (Pocock 1901, Schwendinger 2005, Zhu et al. 2006, Xu et al. 2017, Yu & Zhang 2018, Yu et al. 2023, Sherwood 2024. The seminal study on the morphology of the species within the United States was by Gertsch & Platnick (1975) who devised an objective methodology for counting the opisthosomal ribs. ...
A new species of the enigmatic trapdoor spider genus Cyclocosmia Ausserer, 1871 is described from West Virginia, United States of America. Cyclocosmia johndenveri sp. nov. represents a significant northeasterly range extension for the genus and is described based on the male.
... In subsequent works [Gertsch, Platnick, 1975;Schwendinger, 2005;Zhu et al., 2006;Xu et al., 2017;Yu, Zhang, 2018;Lin et al., 2022;Yu et al., 2023] a number of new species were described from the USA and across Asia, and the missing sexes of some historical species have also been described. Currently, eight species are known from Asia: Cyclocosmia lannaensis Schwendinger, 2005 from China and Thailand, C. latusicosta Zhu, J.X. Zhang et F. Zhang, 2006from China and Vietnam, C. liui Xu, Xu et Li, 2017, C. ricketti (Pocock, 1901, C. ruyi Yu et Zhang, 2023, C. sublatusicosta Yu et Zhang, 2018and C. subricketti Yu et Zhang, 2018endemic to China, and C. siamensis Schwendinger, 2005 Thailand and Laos. ...
... In subsequent works [Gertsch, Platnick, 1975;Schwendinger, 2005;Zhu et al., 2006;Xu et al., 2017;Yu, Zhang, 2018;Lin et al., 2022;Yu et al., 2023] a number of new species were described from the USA and across Asia, and the missing sexes of some historical species have also been described. Currently, eight species are known from Asia: Cyclocosmia lannaensis Schwendinger, 2005 from China and Thailand, C. latusicosta Zhu, J.X. Zhang et F. Zhang, 2006from China and Vietnam, C. liui Xu, Xu et Li, 2017, C. ricketti (Pocock, 1901, C. ruyi Yu et Zhang, 2023, C. sublatusicosta Yu et Zhang, 2018and C. subricketti Yu et Zhang, 2018endemic to China, and C. siamensis Schwendinger, 2005 Thailand and Laos. ...
A new species of the genus Cyclocosmia Ausserer, 1871 is described from Vietnam: Cyclocosmia abramovi sp.n., based on males collected from Nghe An Province.
... They use their truncated and often thick and tough abdomen to protect themselves in their tunnel from predators (such as birds, scorpions, and snakes) if the trap door is breached (Bond and Coyle 1995). The camouflaged and tough trapdoor and the hard abdomen serve as primary and secondary defenses, respectively (Gertsch and Platnick 1975;Zhu et al. 2006;Rix and Cooper 2017). Among eusocial groups, soldiers or workers of some ants (Formicidae) have phragmotic heads and behaviors (Creighton 1953;Cloudsley-Thompson 1962). ...
Phragmosis, or the use of specially modified body parts and associated behaviors to block an opening as defense against predators, is a commonly observed phenomenon in certain ants and termites that block entrances of their subterranean nests with large, flat heads. It has been reported in some beetles and other insects and even in some frogs. Common features of phragmosis in caddisfly larvae include a hard and usually flat body surface, with or without stout spines, and the behavior of fitting that body surface tightly in the opening of its case. A different defensive strategy occurs in snails and case-making larvae of camptosomate leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae and Lamprosomatinae) that protect themselves from predators by securing the openings of their shells or cases firmly against the substrate, a behavior we call “cathaptosis.” Common features of cathaptosis in caddisfly larvae include a case with its vulnerable opening oriented parallel with the substrate and accompanied by behavior that grips the substrate, fixing the case opening firmly against it when threatened. We suggest that these defensive strategies have evolved multiple times in Trichoptera, especially in case-making larvae. We demonstrate some examples and provide tentative lists of caddisflies whose larvae may have evolved these defensive strategies.
... The abdomen of the genus is uniquely modified for phragmosis -a defence strategy when a modified body part serves for closing the burrow/nest. It is highly sclerotized and truncated with a disk-shaped plate covered with ribs and grooves and rimmed with thick setae (Gertsch & Platnick, 1975;Zhu et al., 2006). This modification likely evolved as a defence mechanism against parasitic wasps and predators. ...
... found on the truncated abdominal plate (Gertsch & Platnick, 1975;Xu et al., 2017;Zhu et al., 2006). ...
The outcome of species delimitation depends on many factors, including conceptual framework, study design, data availability, methodology employed and subjective decision making. Obtaining sufficient taxon sampling in endangered or rare taxa might be difficult, particularly when non‐lethal tissue collection cannot be utilized. The need to avoid overexploitation of the natural populations may thus limit methodological framework available for downstream data analyses and bias the results. We test species boundaries in rare North American trapdoor spider genus Cyclocosmia Ausserer (1871) inhabiting the Southern Coastal Plain biodiversity hotspot with the use of genomic data and two multispecies coalescent model methods. We evaluate the performance of each methodology within a limited sampling framework. To mitigate the risk of species over splitting, common in taxa with highly structured populations, we subsequently implement a species validation step via genealogical diversification index (gdi), which accounts for both genetic isolation and gene flow. We delimited eight geographically restricted lineages within sampled North American Cyclocosmia, suggesting that major river drainages in the region are likely barriers to dispersal. Our results suggest that utilizing BPP in the species discovery step might be a good option for datasets comprising hundreds of loci, but fewer individuals, which may be a common scenario for rare taxa. However, we also show that such results should be validated via gdi, in order to avoid over splitting.
... lannaensis and C. siamensis) from Thailand describing both sexes of each species. Zhu et al. (2006) reported the seventh species, C. latusicosta from Guangxi, China, based only on females. Li & Zheng (2007) recorded C. lannaensis from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan of China. ...
Three trapdoor spiders of the genus Cyclocosmia are photographed, illustrated and described in this paper, including two new species, C. subricketti sp. nov. (male and female) and C. sublatusicosta sp. nov. (male only) from China. The male of C. latusicosta Zhu, Zhang & Zhang, 2006 is described for the first time.
... The mygalomorph family Ctenizidae is ancient, long-lived, regionally endemic and dispersal-limited, and thus is of long-standing and persistent conservation significance in many regions of the world (Zhu et al. 2006;Opatova et al. 2013Opatova et al. , 2016. Ctenizids are widely distributed in east and southeast Asia, north and south America, the Mediterranean region, southern Africa and Australia (World Spider Catalog 2016). ...
... Like many other ctenizids, Cyclocosmia spiders are very difficult to find in the field because the remarkably effective camouflage of their trapdoors. Therefore, they are often regarded as one of the rarest spiders (Gertsch and Wallance 1936;Gertsch and Platnick 1975;Zhu et al. 2006). ...
... K. Koch, 1842)) and four in East and Southeast Asia (C. latusicosta Zhu, Zhang &Zhang, 2006 andC. ricketti (Pocock, 1901) in China, C. lannaensis Schwendinger, 2005 in China andThailand, C. siamensis Schwendinger, 2005 in Thailand and Laos) (World Spider Catalog 2016). ...
A species of the genus Cyclocosmia Ausserer, 1871 collected from Guizhou Province, China is diagnosed and described as new to science: Cyclocosmialiui Xu, Xu & Li, sp. n. (♀). New records of Cyclocosmialatusicosta Zhu, Zhang & Zhang, 2006 (♀) from China (Yunnan Province) and Vietnam (Vinh Phuc Province, Ninh Binh Province), and Cyclocosmiaricketti (Pocock, 1901) collected from Jiangxi Province, China are also reported in this study.
... In sternaspids, the sensory role may rely upon the marginal shield appendages themselves, such as the interbranchial papillae and the long, delicate, thin chaetae that are sometimes visible in some specimens. A similar pattern of marginal sensory chaetae has been documented in Cyclocosmia Ausserer, 1871, a ctenizid spider with a highly modified abdomen (Zhu et al. 2006). ...
To the memory of William Ronald Sendall
Sternaspid polychaetes are common and often abundant in soft bottoms in the world oceans. Some authors suggest that only one species should be recognized, whereas others regard a few species as widely distributed in many seas and variable depths from the low intertidal to about 4400 m. There are some problems with species delineation and the distinctive ventro-caudal shield has been disregarded or barely used for identifying species. In order to clarify these issues, the ventral shield is evaluated in specimens from the same locality and its diagnostic potential is confirmed. On this basis, a revision of Sternaspis Otto, 1821 (Polychaeta: Sternaspidae) is presented based upon type materials, or material collected from type localities. The sternaspid body, introvert hooks and shield show three distinct patterns, two genera have seven abdominal segments and tapered introvert hooks, and one genus has eight abdominal segments and spatulate introvert hooks. The ventro-caudal shield has three different patterns: stiff with ribs, and sometimes concentric lines, stiff with feebly-defined ribs but no concentric lines, and soft with firmly adhered sediment particles. Sternaspis is restricted to include species with seven abdominal segments, falcate introvert hooks, and stiff shields, often exhibiting radial ribs, concentric lines or both. Sternaspis includes, besides the type species, Sternaspis thalassemoides Otto, 1821 from the Mediterranean Sea, Sternaspis affinis Stimpson, 1864 from the Northeastern Pacific, Sternaspis africana Augener, 1918, stat. n. from Western Africa, Sternaspis andamanensis
sp. n. from the Andaman Sea, Sternaspis costata von Marenzeller, 1879 from Japan, Sternaspis fossor Stimpson, 1853 from the Northwestern Atlantic, Sternaspis islandica Malmgren, 1867 from Iceland, Sternaspis maior Chamberlin, 1919 from the Gulf of California, Sternaspis princeps Selenka, 1885 from New Zealand, Sternaspis rietschi Caullery, 1944 from abyssal depths around Indonesia, Sternaspis scutata (Ranzani, 1817) from the Mediterranean Sea, Sternaspis spinosa Sluiter, 1882 from Indonesia, and Sternaspis thorsoni
sp. n. from the Iranian Gulf. Two genera are newly proposed to incorporate the remaining species: Caulleryaspis and Petersenaspis. Caulleryaspis
gen. n. is defined by the presence of falcate introvert hooks, seven abdominal segments, and soft shields with sediment particles firmly adhered on them; it includes two species: Caulleryaspis gudmundssoni
sp. n. from Iceland and Caulleryaspis laevis (Caullery, 1944) comb. n. from Indonesia. Petersenaspis
gen. n. is defined by the presence of spatulate introvert hooks, eight abdominal segments, and stiff shields with poorly defined ribs but no concentric line; it includes Petersenaspis capillata (Nonato, 1966) from Brazil and Petersenaspis palpallatoci
sp. n. from the Philippines. Neotypes are proposed for eight species: Sternaspis thalassemoides, Sternaspis affinis, Sternaspis africana, Sternaspis costata, Sternaspis fossor, Sternaspis maior, Sternaspis scutata and Sternaspis spinosa, to stabilize these species-group names, and a lectotype is designated for Sternaspis laevis which is transferred to Caulleryaspis
gen. n. The geographic range of most species appears to be much smaller than previously indicated, and for some species additional material in good condition is needed to clarify their distributions. Keys to genera and to all species are also included.
... Die Musterung des Hinterleibs ist übrigens arttypisch, sodass sich alle im Zoohandel angebotenen Arten leicht bestim-men lassen. Hierzu werden die Muskelansatzpunkte ebenso wie die Behaarung des abgeflachten Opisthosoma-Randes und die Anzahl der sogenannten "Rippen" herangezogen (SCHWENDINGER 2005;ZHU et al. 2006). Der Name der Gattung erklärt sich aus den Wortbestandteilen "Cyclo" (griechisch = Kreis) und "Kosmeo" (griechisch = verzieren). ...
The genus Cyclocosmia Ausserer, 1871 previously included ten species from North America and Asia, six of which have been recorded from China.
A new species, Cyclocosmia ruyi Yu & Zhang sp. n. , is described and diagnosed, based on both sexes from Guangxi Province, China. Morphological characters for the early stages of juveniles of the new species are also provided.