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Light is important for plants as an energy source and a developmental signal, but it can also cause stress to plants and modulates responses to stress. Excess and fluctuating light result in photoinhibition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation around photosystems II and I, respectively. Ultraviolet light causes photodamage to DNA and a pr...
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... signals reset the circadian clock but also provide plants with information concerning e.g. seasonal changes or day length, which enables them to anticipate future temperature conditions (Figures 6 and 7). ...
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... temperatures slow down metabolic processes in plants and adversely affect growth ( Figure 6). Some plants are able to increase their tolerance after longer exposure to low nonfreezing temperatures, a process called cold acclimation (Guy, Kaplan, Kopka, Selbig, & Hincha, 2008;Levitt, 1980;Thomashow, 1999 This article is protected by copyright. ...
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... the photoperiod can regulate the CBF regulon ( Figure 6). Lee and Thomashow (2012) showed that short day-grown plants are more freezing tolerant than long day-grown plants. ...
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... key regulator of cold and light is HY5, a bZIP transcription factor, which has a prominent role in light signaling (Lau & Deng, 2010) ( Figure 6). In response to low temperatures, HY5 is responsible for the induction of ca. ...
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... these studies clearly point to a complex crosstalk between light and the response to cold temperatures. Light provides information concerning daily or seasonal changes to plants -be it light quality or quantity -enabling them to get prepared for colder temperatures by adapting the cold acclimation response but also by decreasing ROS levels ( Figure 6). ...
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Heat and drought events often occur concurrently as a consequence of climate change and have a severe impact on crop growth and yield. Besides, the accumulative increase in the atmospheric CO2 level is expected to be doubled by the end of this century. It is essential to understand the consequences of climate change combined with the CO2 levels on...
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... In addition, the photosynthetic performance of P. bournei seedlings grown in full sunlight was inhibited because their leaves had less ability to intercept, absorb, and use light, and lower stomatal conductance and carbon assimilation rates than seedlings grown in shade (Fig. 4). Previous experiments on shade-tolerant tree species such as Cryptocarya concinna Hance and Syzygium acuminatissimum (Blume) DC cultivated under intense light demonstrated that excess light energy produces toxic products such as superoxide, singlet oxygen, and peroxide which damage the photosynthetic system of plants and limit their growth and development if they are not safely dispersed in a timely manner (Zhang et al. 2012;Roeber et al. 2021). ...
Light levels determine regeneration in stands and a key concern is how to regulate the light environment of different stand types to the requirements of the understory. In this study, we selected three stands typical in south China (a Cryptomeria japonica plantation, a Quercus acutissima plantation, and a mixed stand of both) and three thinning intensities to determine the best understory light environment for 3-year-old Phoebe bournei seedlings. The canopy structure, understory light environment, and photosynthesis and growth indicators were assessed following thinning. Thinning improved canopy structure and understory light availability of each stand; species composition was the reason for differences in the understory light environment. Under the same thinning intensity, the mixed stand had the greatest light radiation and most balanced spectral composition. P. bournei photosynthesis and growth were closely related to the light environment; all three stands required heavy thinning to create an effective and sustained understory light environment. In a suitable understory light environment, the efficiency of light interception, absorption, and use by seedlings was enhanced, resulting in a higher carbon assimilation the main limiting factor was stomatal conductance. As a shade-avoidance signal, red/far-red radiation is a critical factor driving changes in photosynthesis and growth of P. bournei seedlings, and a reduction increased light absorption and use capacity and height: diameter ratios. The growth advantage transformed from diameter to height, enabling seedlings to access more light. Our findings suggest that the regeneration of shade-tolerant species such as P. bournei could be enhanced if a targeted approach to thinning based on stand type was adopted.
... Moreover, the spectrum of sunlight that is capable of photosynthesis (400-700 nm) is notably absorbed by chlorophyll pigments, which powers the process by which plants turn carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates. Likewise, the energy necessary for life on our planet is derived from the carbon that is absorbed during photosynthesis (Roeber et al., 2021). ...
In today's world, pursuing food security and expanding food availability are critical aspirations for countries of varying economic statuses. The agricultural sector plays a vital role in addressing these challenges, and researchers have introduced a modern approach utilizing LED technology to enhance plant growth and metabolic processes in a controlled environment. However, the lack of light intensity and limited spectrum can negatively impact our plants. To overcome this, scientists have developed an innovative solution that uses LED technology to improve plant growth and metabolic processes. A recent study delved into the effects of different light spectrums, including white, UV, red, far red, red/blue, blue, and green, on physiological parameters, bioactive materials, and nutritional composition in various lettuce cultivars. While previous research has focused on growth, quality, and bioactivity, it is essential to investigate the nutritional content of these cultivars as interest in our food's nutritional value grows. By examining the nutritional content of hydroponically grown lettuce cultivars, we can make strides toward a more sustainable and healthier future.
... One of the most relevant areas of biology is the study of plant adaptation processes to the action of various stress factors of abiotic and biotic nature, which is reflected in the works of molecular biologists, geneticists, microbiologists, plant physiologists, and biochemists, as well as biotechnologists [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Considerable attention is paid to assessing the effects of temperature conditions (especially high temperatures), light exposure (intensity, duration, qualitative composition), UV radiation, drought, ozone, heavy metals, soil salinization, pathogens, and other influences [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. All of them have a significant and often negative impact on the ecology, including the vital activity and productivity of plants. ...
One of the most relevant areas of biology is the study of plant adaptation processes to the action of various stress factors of abiotic and biotic nature, which is reflected in the works of molecular biologists, geneticists, microbiologists, plant physiologists, and biochemists, as well as biotechnologists [1–10]. [...]
... The growth and development of plants are significantly influenced by the light environment, with light quality, light intensity, and photoperiod being key parameters that regulate plant growth. The physiologically effective radiation spectrum for plants has specific intensity and periodicity, which play a decisive role in plant physiological activities and growth patterns [1][2][3]. In the field of plant photobiology, visible light has previously been the focus of research, while the study of far-red light and other non-visible light is relatively new, with many potential effects and mechanisms not yet fully understood [4,5]. ...
The synergistic application of far-red (FR) and ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation presents a promising approach for enhancing growth and the enrichment of secondary metabolites in plants. However, prolonged exposure to these combined light qualities imposes significant stress on plants, hindering their development. Therefore, an initial period of FR irradiation to promote plant growth, followed by a subsequent period of UVA irradiation to enhance the accumulation of plant quality, constitutes a viable strategy. Our study, focusing on purple lettuce, aims to elucidate the response mechanisms of the lettuce leaf under standard white light in commercial production, with the addition of different durations of FR and UVA irradiation, and to explore the complex dynamic changes at the multi-omics level. The results indicate that the duration of FR exposure is crucial in determining biomass-related phenotypes such as fresh weight, while the duration of UVA exposure significantly influences the accumulation of phenotypic markers like anthocyanins. At the transcriptional level, the most extensive transcriptional regulation was observed when FR was applied throughout the entire growth period, and UVA was applied eight days before harvest, significantly impacting pathways such as MAPK signaling cascades, plant hormone signal transduction, photosynthetic processes, and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Metabolomic analysis corroborated the transcriptomic findings, with particular emphasis on antioxidant activity, photoprotection, and defense mechanisms. Our comprehensive analysis suggests that short-term UVA irradiation prior to harvest, based on full growth period FR irradiation, is feasible. The combined application of FR and UVA irradiation fine-tunes plant growth, developmental trajectories, and stress responses by modulating light signals, hormonal signals, and secondary metabolic pathways. These findings not only reveal the adaptive mechanisms of plants to fluctuating light environments but also provide a scientific basis for optimizing light management strategies in controlled plant production systems and precision agriculture.
... Excessive UVR damages proteins, lipids, biomembranes, and other cellular organelles (Häder and Gao 2023). One of the main targets of UVR is DNA, with the most common damage being the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) (Roeber et al. 2021). Phytoplankton cells have the capability to repair these lesions using the enzyme photolyase, which employs the energy of UVA and blue light to separate the dimers (Guan and Gao 2010). ...
The marine microalga Emiliania huxleyi is widely distributed in the surface oceans and is prone to infection by coccolithoviruses that can terminate its blooms. However, little is known about how global change factors like solar UV radiation (UVR) and ocean warming affect the host‐virus interaction. We grew the microalga at 2 temperature levels with or without the virus in the presence or absence of UVR and investigated the physiological and transcriptional responses. We showed that viral infection noticeably reduced photosynthesis and growth of the alga but was less harmful to its physiology under conditions where UVR influenced viral DNA expression. In the virus‐infected cells, the combination of UVR and warming (+4°C) led to a 13‐fold increase in photosynthetic carbon fixation rate, with warming alone contributing a change of about 5–7‐fold. This was attributed to upregulated expression of genes related to carboxylation and light‐harvesting proteins under the influence of UVR, and to warming‐reduced infectivity. In the absence of UVR, viral infection downregulated the metabolic pathways of photosynthesis and fatty acid degradation. Our results suggest that solar UV exposure in a warming ocean can reduce the severity of viral attack on this ecologically important microalga, potentially prolonging its blooms.
... The characteristics of light, such as quality, intensity, and duration, exert a substantial impact on plant physiological processes such as photomorphogenesis, flowering, fruit pigmentation, and secondary metabolism [19,20]. Moreover, light has been established as influencing plant responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses, including photoinhibition and the management of stress response pathways [21]. A comprehensive understanding of the light-responsive elements and their interactions with other signaling pathways is essential for promoting plant growth, development, and stress recovery. ...
This study aimed to explore the role of the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) gene family in the adaptation of peas to environmental stress. A comprehensive analysis of the PsTPS gene family identified 20 genes with conserved domains and specific chromosomal locations. Phylogenetic analysis delineated evolutionary relationships, while gene structure analysis revealed compositional insights, and motif analysis provided functional insights. Cis-regulatory element identification predicted gene regulation patterns. Tissue-specific and stress-induced expression profiling highlighted eight genes with ubiquitous expression, with PsTPS15 and PsTPS18 displaying elevated expression levels in roots, nodules, and young stems, and PsTPS13 and PsTPS19 expression downregulated in seeds. Transcriptome analysis identified a differential expression of 20 PsTPS genes, highlighting the significance of 14 genes in response to drought and salinity stress. Notably, under drought conditions, the expression of PsTPS4 and PsTPS6 was initially upregulated and then downregulated, whereas that of PsTPS15 and PsTPS19 was downregulated. Salinity stress notably altered the expression of PsTPS4, PsTPS6, and PsTPS19. Taken together, these findings elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of the PsTPS gene family and their potential as genetic targets for enhancing crop stress tolerance.
... The UVB8 receptor receives UV-B light from excess light. A single UVB8 molecule can directly bind to transcription factors to regulate the light stress response [58]. After plants were subjected to light treatment, photosystemII (PSII) on the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts becomes highly susceptible to photoinhibition [59]. ...
Phoebe bournei is a second-class endangered and protected species unique to China, and it holds significant ecological and economic value. DNA binding one zinc finger (Dof) transcription factors are plant-specific regulators. Numerous studies have demonstrated that Dof genes are involved in plant growth, development and responses to abiotic stress. In this study, we identified and analyzed 34 PbDof gene members at the whole-genome level. The results indicated that the 34 PbDof genes were unevenly distributed across 12 chromosomes. We utilized the Dof genes from Arabidopsis thaliana and P. bournei to construct a phylogenetic tree and categorized these genes into eight subgroups. In the collinearity analysis, there were 16 homologous gene pairs between AtDof and PbDof and nine homologous gene pairs between ZmDof and PbDof. We conducted a cis-acting element analysis and found that cis-acting elements involved in light response were the most abundant in PbDof genes. Through SSR site prediction, we analyzed that the evolution level of Dof genes is low. Additionally, we assessed the expression profiles of eight PbDof genes under high temperature, drought, and light stress using qRT-PCR. In particular, PbDof08 and PbDof16 are significantly upregulated under the three stresses. This study provides foundational information for PbDof genes and offers new insights for further research on the mechanism of Dof transcription factors responding to stress, as well as the adaptation of P. bournei to environmental changes.
... The investigation into the growth of plants under blue/UV-A light before excessive light treatment demonstrated that CRYs have a beneficial role in mitigating the effects of high light stress. This is achieved by facilitating the buildup of soluble phenolic compounds in leaves, hence enhancing photosynthetic efficiency (Roeber et al. 2021). ...
Medicinal plants have been a vital source of natural products used to treat various diseases from time onward. In an era of rapid environmental changes, understanding how medicinal plants respond to abiotic stresses has become crucial for efficiently utilizing their therapeutic potential. This chapter delves into the complex interplay between medicinal plants and various abiotic stressors, including salinity, temperature, drought, ultraviolet radiation, and heavy metal contamination, and their consequent impacts on plant development and productivity. Medicinal plants are known to produce several secondary metabolites that have a wide range of biological functions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. They are also important for enhancing the plant’s defense mechanisms against abiotic stressors and stress-induced oxidative damage. Phytohormones play a crucial regulatory role in enhancing the abiotic stress tolerance of plants. However, most plants fight the adverse effects of stresses through adequate defense mechanisms and tolerance potential using various cellular and molecular mechanisms. This chapter reviews the overall impact of abiotic stress on the growth, development, and physiological characteristics of medicinal plants.
... Mechanisms for non-photochemical dissipation of excitation energy allow for the tree leaf to avoid high light damage during these daily hours of excessive energy [28][29][30]. The midday depression of F v /F m as reported here is a measure of the incipient quantum efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus [31,32]. The effectiveness of the non-photochemical dissipation of excessive energy as a protective mechanism during midday is evidenced by the recovery of Pn and F v /F m during afternoon hours, and the full recovery of F v /F m to pre-dawn levels after sunset. ...
... The available light in this tropical climate may greatly exceed what is needed to drive photosynthetic dark reactions by members of this genus, and as a result, the low efficiency of utilizing that available light did not translate to substantial declines in Pn. The relatively low values of about 0.75 during pre-dawn and post-sunset were lower than typical values, which exceed 0.80 [32]. More research is needed to determine if these are typical values for Tabernaemontana leaves in general, or if this ex situ setting imposed unknown stressors on plant growth. ...
The ability of plants to modify biomass allocation and leaf phenotypes to best utilize available resources has been heavily studied. No Tabernaemontana species have been included in this research agenda. Therefore, Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Poir. and Tabernaemontana rotensis (Kaneh.) B.C. Stone plants were subjected to 24% or 100% sunlight and various traits were determined to compare the relative level of plasticity. Midday net carbon dioxide assimilation was greater for T. rotensis in sun-grown plants, but greater for T. pandacaqui in shade-grown plants. Saturating light intensity and midday Fv/Fm were greater for T. rotensis in sun-grown plants, but did not differ between the species for shade-grown plants. Light compensation intensity was greater for T. rotensis than T. pandacaqui in both light treatments. Apparent quantum yield was greater for T. pandacaqui shade-grown plants but was similar for the two species in sun-grown plants. Greater relative root growth in full sun compared with shade was exhibited by T. rotensis but not by T. pandacaqui. These findings indicated that T. pandacaqui develops functional traits that improve performance in shade-grown plants, and T. rotensis develops facultative traits that enable performance in sun-grown plants. These insights into how T. pandacaqui and T. rotensis respond to sun and shade conditions add to the knowledge needed to inform the selection of niche conditions when using them in managed mixed forest plantings such as conservation and restoration sites.
... Its increase due to an imbalance between the formation and utilization of ROS indicates the presence of a stress response in plants [63]. This also applies to light, which under certain conditions, including during primary exposure, can act as a stressor [64,65]. ...
... In the R3 variant, this indicator has hardly changed, which indicates a more pronounced stress response of tea cultures grown under conditions of high light intensity. The presence of a stress response in plant cells in in vivo in vitro conditions, when light flux values are changing, was also reported by other authors [1,11,64,65]. ...
Tea plant calli (Camellia sinensis L.) are characterized by the accumulation of various phenolic compounds (PC)—substances with high antioxidant activity. However, there is still no clarity on the response of tea cells to light exposure of varying intensity. The purpose of the research was to study tea callus cultures grown under the influence of primary exposure to different light intensities (50, 75, and 100 µmol·m−2·s−1). The cultures’ growth, morphology, content of malondialdehyde and photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b), accumulation of various PC, including phenylpropanoids and flavanols, and the composition of catechins were analyzed. Primary exposure to different light intensities led to the formation of chloroplasts in tea calli, which was more pronounced at 100 µmol·m−2·s−1. Significant similarity in the growth dynamics of cultures, accumulation of pigments, and content of malondialdehyde and various phenolics in tea calli grown at light intensities of 50 and 75 µmol·m−2·s−1 has been established, which is not typical for calli grown at 100 µmol·m−2·s−1. According to data collected using high-performance liquid chromatography, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, epigallocatechin, gallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, and epigallocatechin gallate were the main components of the tea callus culture’s phenolic complex. Its content changed under the influence of primary exposure to light, reaching the greatest accumulation in the final stages of growth, and depended on the light intensity. The data obtained indicate changes in the morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of tea callus cultures, including the accumulation of PC and their individual representatives under primary exposure to light exposure of varying intensity, which is most pronounced at its highest values (100 µmol·m−2·s−1).
