Figure - uploaded by George Sylvie
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
The shooting death of Michael Brown by a police officer in August 2014 served as a pivotal case that pushed excessive use of police force against minority groups to the national spotlight. Guided by the scholarship on protest coverage, this article investigates the interplay between advocacy and journalistic framing in the coverage of the Ferguson...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... asks about the evolution of advocacy frames as the weeks progressed between 8 August and 4 September 2014 at The St. Louis Post-Dispatch. No statistically significant result was found at the local level (Table 4). For the national outlets (RQ3b) results show that police militarization, which includes the use of military-grade weapons in containing the demonstrations, peaked on week 2 (24.6%), but receded back to 13.6 percent on week 3 and 9.2 percent on week 4 (χ 2 (1) = 10.73, ...Similar publications
The use of biomarkers is profoundly transforming medical research and practice. Their adoption has triggered major advancements in the field of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) over the past years. For instance, the analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and neuroimaging changes indicative of neuronal loss and amyloid deposition has led to the understan...
Graphs and digraphs with maximum order allowed by its degree and diameter have been widely studied in the context of the Degree/Diameter problem. This problem turns out to be very interesting in the mixed case, where many open problems arise, specially when the diameter is two and the order of the graph achieves the largest theoretical value given...
Autoionizing resonances are paradigmatic examples of two-path wave interferences between direct photoionization, which takes a few attoseconds, and ionization via quasi-bound states, which takes much longer. Time-resolving the evolution of these interferences has been a long-standing goal, achieved recently in the helium atom owing to progress in a...
The aim of this study is to validate MOOC-based curriculum in higher education in Iran. The research method is mixed and of exploratory type. Method of grounded theory is used in the qualitative section and the Validation Test Pattern among the faculties and PhD students of Tehran's Universities is considered in the quantitative part. The statistic...
Citations
... ers. Researchers found that news articles use riot, public nuisance, carnival and invocation of public opinion as dominant frames and heavily follow the protest paradigm.(Leopold & Bell, 2017) Another research on BLM's coverage in 2014 shows that the media focused on the confrontation between police and protesters and followed the protest paradigm.(Mourão et al., 2021) In Analyzing the Tea Party Movement's news coverage, some researchers have argued news coverage of protest movements cannot be discussed in terms of broad ideas if the legitimization or delegitimization frames change depending upon ideology of the protest in the partisan media climate.(Weaver & Scacco, 2013) ...
This study provides a systematic review of scholarship exploring the coverage of protests using framing theory. Media coverage plays a very important role in determining how a protest movement will play out in the public sphere and an important method of analysing such media coverage is framing analysis. This paper looks at the literature generated by media and social researchers regarding coverage of protests using framing analysis and creates a systematic review that will be useful for further research. This paper systematically reviews 50 research papers selected through inclusion and exclusion criterias identified through PRISMA guidelines. This paper creates a typology of generic and issues based frames used in media coverage of protests. This paper also looks at the conceptual issues associated with framing theories. Keywords Framing analysis, protests, systematic literature review, media framing of protests. Background Protest movements have emerged as crucial components of the political process in today's societies. Protests are regarded as a valid means for citizens to express their ideas in democracies, while in authoritarian regimes, it is the only way to bring around social and political change. The nature and extent of protest movements are greatly influenced by the mass media. A protest's effectiveness and involvement in the broader political process are also influenced by how the media perceives and presents it.
... Audiences for local news tend to be more interested in issues immediately impacting them, which influences both what is reported and how larger problems are framed (Graber 2009). Support for this is demonstrated by Mourão et al. (2021), who found significant differences between local and national newspapers in the framing of the 2014 protests in Ferguson. National outlets were more likely to include frames related to police militarization (17%) compared to local outlets (7%), while local newspapers were more likely to feature stories discussing the role of economic inequality in the protests (10.7%) compared to those with a national audience (6.5%). ...
... After reading through the final list of articles, some were removed due to irrelevance. The final corpus of articles used in this paper included 208 articles representing national news stories from the politically conservative Wall Street Journal (WSJ, n = 35), the comparatively liberal New York Times (NYT, n = 134), and the moderate USA Today (USAT, n = 39), to ensure we had ideological diversity among our national outlets of study in addition to covering three of the largest newspapers by circulation in the US, a practice that has been used in past research on similar topics Mourão et al. 2021). We analyzed the entire corpus of relevant news stories from those three outlets. ...
The covid-19 pandemic has revived a longstanding, and understudied, trope in American politics: the association of immigrants with disease. There has been a great deal of scholarship on the economic, cultural, and criminal threat frames attached to immigrant groups in media coverage, but little to date has specifically examined how national and local sources have framed covid-19 in the context of immigrant communities. In this paper we analyze the prevalence of two different framings of the pandemic in national and local online news outlets over the first year of the pandemic: immigration as a public health threat to the nation, and covid-19 as a threat to immigrant communities within the nation. We find significant differences between national and local coverage, with the former more likely to frame immigration as a covid-19 threat, while local news outlets were more likely to discuss the threat the virus posed to already marginalized immigrant communities.
... This is particularly the case when protest events include violent confrontations and property damage. Not only does the prospect of such dramatic actions increase the likelihood that a protest will grab the attention of news media, but such actions also become a salient feature of the coverage, often superseding media attention to the social issues inherent in the protest (Leopold and Bell 2017;Mourão et al. 2018;Oliver et al. 2022). For instance, protests that include actions such as property damage or clashes between protests and the police are more likely to attract media coverage. ...
... Although most of the BLM protests were peaceful in the sense that there was no property damage or clashes with the police, the anger that was born out of recent events and centuries of oppression was evident in some of the protests. As the protest paradigm literature suggests, it was these protests and the property damage that occurred that grabbed the attention of mainstream media (Mourão et al. 2018), though the amount of attention to violent conflict differed by news organization (Craig and Reid 2022). ...
The murder of George Floyd by a Minneapolis police officer on 25 May 2020, sparked widespread protests led by the Black Lives Matter movement throughout the summer of 2020. Subsequent news coverage of these protests prominently featured acts of civil disobedience even though almost all protests were peaceful. In turn, protest “violence” was picked up by conservative political elites as evidence to promote legislation to control protests and keep communities safe. Since summer 2020, eight states have passed such legislation with additional bills pending in 21 states, raising concerns that the legislation suppresses political expression. This paper brings together literature on free expression, the protest paradigm, and news framing to provide the basis for a quantitative and qualitative analysis of 379 news stories and editorials covering Florida’s HB1 protest legislation. Results reveal that the most frequent news frame was fighting crime, with relatively less attention to free expression, political strategy, and race frames. In addition, very little attention was paid to the legislation’s potential chilling effects suppressing constitutionally protected speech and assembly. These results indicate news media were deficient in providing the public with a sufficient assessment of the implications of protest legislation.
... In the past and still, this binds racial justice advocates: in order to direct attention to particular racial justice campaigns, activists are forced to publicly and disruptively protest. While this can attract the attention of mainstream news-and, therefore, white audiences-it comes at the cost of the "protest paradigm," the strikingly consistent way in which mainstream media attempts to delegitimize protests because of their disruptions to public spaces [18][19][20]. As evidenced by multiple racial justice campaigns, most notably the Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, antiracist policies and ideas can still gain traction in the face of the protest paradigm. ...
The murder of George Floyd by police in May 2020 sparked international protests and brought unparalleled levels of attention to the Black Lives Matter movement. As we show, his death set record levels of activity and amplification on Twitter, prompted the saddest day in the platform's history, and caused his name to appear among the ten most frequently used phrases in a day, where he is the only individual to have ever received that level of attention who was not known to the public earlier that same week. Importantly, we find that the Black Lives Matter movement's rhetorical strategy to connect and repeat the names of past Black victims of police violence-foregrounding racial injustice as an ongoing pattern rather than a singular event-was exceptionally effective following George Floyd's death: attention given to him extended to over 185 prior Black victims, more than other past moments in the movement's history. We contextualize this rising tide of attention among 12 years of racial justice activism on Twitter, demonstrating how activists and allies have used attention and amplification as a recurring tactic to lift and memorialize the names of Black victims of police violence. Our results show how the Black Lives Matter movement uses social media to center past instances of police violence at an unprecedented scale and speed, while still advancing the racial justice movement's longstanding goal to "say their names."
... Research also suggests that the media uses three presentational strategies of frames when reporting racial protests: delegitimizing riots; confrontation, and legitimizing protests (Mourão et al., 2021). Delegitimizing riot frame highlights the dispute between protesters and society, with a focus on violence, confrontational news frames tend to highlight clashes between the police and the protesters while putting the police as the legitimate law enforcers, and legitimization protest frames treat protesters as legitimate groups seeking justice (Mourão et. ...
... 21). Delegitimizing riot frame highlights the dispute between protesters and society, with a focus on violence, confrontational news frames tend to highlight clashes between the police and the protesters while putting the police as the legitimate law enforcers, and legitimization protest frames treat protesters as legitimate groups seeking justice (Mourão et. al., 2021). However, it is important to note that the media can sometimes dissect groups into those that are legitimate versus illegitimate protesters. For example, the 2020 protests in Portland Oregon were characterized by the "Proud Boys"-a far right "Western chauvinist" group associated with white nationalistic rhetoric vs the Black Lives Movem ...
This study set out to examine how the US broadcast media visually presented the 2020 Black Lives Matter. We compared news content collected from mainstream websites to those generated by citizen journalists and posted on Twitter. The purpose was to examine whether the two shared common narratives in their visual representation of the protestors. Through visual rhetoric frames, our findings suggest that citizen journalists’ picture narratives were humanistic and presented women and children as major players in the protests. On the other hand, visual rhetoric in the US media sites was characterized by narratives of violence, male-focused, and lacking racial diversity.
... At the same time, more desirable attention to the substance and grievances of the movement is left in the shadows (e.g., Boyle et al., 2012;Lee, 2014). BLM and related anti-Black racism protests are frequently framed as violent and disruptive, and, even in the absence of this behavior, coverage preemptively suggests that these protests have a penchant for engaging in criminality and disruption Mourão et al., 2021). Compared to other protests, anti-racism protests are significantly more likely to be demonized in coverage (Brown & Harlow, 2019). ...
After the 2020 murder of George Floyd, a flood of protest activity against racial injustice ensued around the world, and a significant uptick in support for Black Lives Matter followed. This study investigated the narratives produced in news coverage of Black Lives Matter protests and how media consumption and individual predispositions help us understand public support for the movement. Combining a content analysis of news about protests and a survey of people’s attitudes, we assessed if patterns in mainstream and partisan coverage have changed, and how those patterns relate to people’s level of support for the movement, assessment of its effectiveness, and of police response during demonstrations. Our findings suggest that persistent negative patterns of protest coverage continued to dominate news headlines, with a major emphasis on negative actions, disruption, and violence in centerist- and right-leaning media coverage from the Associated Press, CNN and Fox News. MSNBC produced the least coverage overall, but their coverage was most legitimizing. Survey results showed that preexisting attitudes remain consistently stronger determinants of support for the movement than media coverage and suggested a possible ideological asymmetry among the general public. Conservative affiliation and news consumption are strong predictors of less support for Black Lives Matter and perceptions of police response to these protests as too lenient. Mainstream news consumption, though producing predominantly delegitimizing coverage, is correlated with more support for Black Lives Matter.
... This study seeks to add to the body of scholarship on rap music by examining 66 songs released between May and September 2020 that address the murders of Floyd, Bland, and other victims of police brutality, and tackle the larger issue of excessive force used by law enforcement against Blacks. The aim of this project is to show how rap music in today's era addresses issues in a way that is similar to an alternative news outlet, providing a voice for those who perhaps receive little attention from the news media (Mourão et al., 2021). "rap realism," or "rap that is chiefly concerned with the social conditions of (black) working class (urban) life" (Spence, 2011, p. 23). ...
... In addition, 42% of consumers ages 18 to 29 get their news from social media (Shearer, 2021), which artists can use to introduce and share their new music. With these statistics in mind, combined with the argument that some rap songs may address minority-related issues that receive little coverage from the mainstream media (Mourão et al., 2021), rap artists now have a prime opportunity to quickly offer a new and different perspective on hot-button issues like police brutality to a wide, young audience. ...
A quantitative content analysis of rap lyrics released after the 2020 death of George Floyd ( n = 66) was conducted to examine the dominant emotions of artists who use their songs to address police brutality and other forms of racism. A large, negative, and statistically significant correlation between negative emotions toward the police and a desire for retaliation was found. This finding may lend support for the African American Offending Theory, which is explained in this study. The rap songs examined could also be seen as a form of alternative commentary not found in news coverage of the 2020 protests.
... The evidence for this phenomenon is most thoroughly developed for partisan identification (e.g., Bolsen et al., 2014;Leeper & Slothuus, 2014;Slothuus & De Vreese, 2010); however, political issues do not only address partisan identities. Large-scale identity politics campaigns, such as the #BlackLivesMatter and #MeToo movements, generate public debates that relate to racial and gender identities (De Benedictis et al., 2019;Mourão et al., 2021). Meanwhile, increasingly popular right-wing populist parties and candidates (Rooduijn et al., 2019) address national or ethnic identities to garner electoral support (Mudde, 2007). ...
Framing research has predominantly revealed detrimental effects of episodic news frames, including individualist blame attributions and political cynicism. However, such frames may also discourage group biases and impede motivated reasoning regarding identity politics. In two experiments ( N = 815; N = 1,019), we test the effect of episodic frames on group-consonant attitudes through identity-motivated reasoning. The two studies produce mixed results. Episodic frames might decrease gender-motivated reasoning for women with weaker gender identities when news threatens their identity, but not for men or for women with stronger gender identities. The implications for journalism and democracy are discussed.
... One strand examines the content itself to unveil reporting patterns. Researchers assess local media coverage of select issues, such as elections (Gershon 2012;Hayes and Lawless 2018;Meeks 2020;Ridout and Mellen 2007;Schiffer 2006), health Niederdeppe et al. 2010Niederdeppe et al. , 2014Slater et al. 2008;Wang and Rodgers 2013;Wendorf Muhamad and Yang 2017), economy (Crawley 2007;Watts and Maddison 2014), race and crime (Dailey and Wenger 2016;Dixon 2006;Dixon 2017;Johnson and Dixon 2008), weather and environment (Calloway 2010;Doherty and Barnhurst 2009;Gutsche and Shumow 2019), police brutality (Mourão, Kilgo, and Sylvie 2021), and public diplomacy (Metzgar and Su 2017). Others opt to analyses of the totality of local news content to identify coverage trends across topical categories, over time, and/or in comparison to other news sources (Brannock Cox and Poepsel 2020;Bucy 2004;Greer and Ferguson 2016;Guo and Sun 2020;Harlow and Chadha 2021;Lin, Song, and Ball-Rokeach 2010;Littau 2016;Meyer and Tang 2015;Sivek 2015;Steblyna 2018;Yanich 2013). ...
Local journalism is a pillar of democratic societies, and its role becomes more critical during crises. But despite its critical importance, local news has faced immense challenges that jeopardize its sustainability in the U.S. This study examines the Colorado media ecology by comparing local news sources across four different counties during Summer 2020 and exploring the factors behind similarities and differences in coverage. Building on Napoli et al.’s (2017) framework to assessing the health of local news, the study uses content analysis to examine original, local reporting and coverage of critical information needs as well as type of framing in over 600 online stories appearing on the home pages of all news sources in the four counties. The findings reveal that the Colorado journalism ecosystem post-Covid outpaces U.S. local news in quality in the pre-Covid era yet aligns with disturbing trends pointing to inequities and disparities. In other words, rural, poorer, and more racially and ethnically diverse Colorado communities tend to have weaker news ecosystems and are more likely to become news deserts. The study also introduces thematic coverage as a necessary dimension to add to journalism quality assessment frameworks and discusses several approaches to salvage local news.
... This type of reporting has been coined the protest paradigm (Chan & Lee, 1984) and has been associated with decreasing public support of various movements and negative attitudes regarding protesters (Arpan et al., 2006). Media coverage of the BLM movement has continued to confirm the protest paradigm Kilgo & Harlow, 2019;Leopold & Bell, 2017;Mourao et al., 2018), with news media marginalizing protestors, focusing on violence, and omitting advocacy frames Leopold & Bell, 2017;Mourao et al., 2018). Because of the continued protest paradigm, many have concluded that for African Americans there is "no right way to protest" (Ramon, 2016). ...
... This type of reporting has been coined the protest paradigm (Chan & Lee, 1984) and has been associated with decreasing public support of various movements and negative attitudes regarding protesters (Arpan et al., 2006). Media coverage of the BLM movement has continued to confirm the protest paradigm Kilgo & Harlow, 2019;Leopold & Bell, 2017;Mourao et al., 2018), with news media marginalizing protestors, focusing on violence, and omitting advocacy frames Leopold & Bell, 2017;Mourao et al., 2018). Because of the continued protest paradigm, many have concluded that for African Americans there is "no right way to protest" (Ramon, 2016). ...
Our study examined the relationship between media portrayals of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement in hard and fake news in varying media modalities (print versus video) and participant attitudes toward African Americans. We also examined sociodemographic factors that may be related to susceptibility of fake news. Participants were primed with either hard or fake news (print or video) prior to completing the online questionnaire. Participants included 385 college students from a large southeastern public university. The findings revealed a direct effect of fake news on attitudes toward African Americans but only if the news was from a printed media modality. Hard news also had a positive impact on participant attitudes if from a printed media modality. These findings may help explain why information learned via fake news is persistent over time. Biological sex and political affiliation were associated with the impact of media priming on participants, with male and Republican participants being more susceptible to the effects of fake news. The results of this study should be helpful to those involved in policy making regarding social media and fake news and are timely considering that the BLM movement is growing stronger and the increase in fake news is ongoing.
