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Existing literature of previous particle image velocimetry (PIV) studies of fish swimming has been reviewed. Historically, most of the studies focused on the performance evaluation of freely swimming fish. Technological advances over the last decade, especially the development of digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) technique, make possible mo...
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... Besides, LSPIV has also been applied at Ardèche River, Mediterranean to provide velocity and discharge data during flash-floods when conventional methods fail or are difficult to employ (Le Coz et al., 2010). Meanwhile, a study of fish response towards turbulent environments using PIV has been conducted by Pacific Northwest National Library for United States Department of Energy (Deng at al. 2004). ...
Over the past three decades, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), fundamentally based on pattern matching principles, has seen a rapid growth in its usage as a flow measurement technique. PIV is a ‘digital’ tracking process to measure the time taken for water to move from one point to the other. The particle displacements can be ascertained by measuring the movement of the fluid of interest from the images captured by a camera. In this study, PIV is employed to measure surface flow velocity. The flow velocity was obtained by analyzing the series of captured images using MatPIV codes. The experiment was carried out at Swinburne Sarawak Fluid Lab. Digital SLR camera model used is Nikon D40X which is capable of taking 5 frames per second. Various tracer particles were used for the experiments include food dye, beads and ping pong balls. The experiments were conducted in a SOLTEQ Sedimentation Tank. Through the implementation of a standardized correction factor, the corrected PIV velocity has an error margin less than 5% which is deemed to be fairly accurate. The PIV velocity (Vpiv) results showed to be in good agreement with the actual velocity (Vactual).
... Five portable high-speed video cameras (DITECT Co., Ltd., Sports Corder, Tokyo, Japan) were installed in a darkroom outside of the observation window. Three of these cameras were set perpendicular to the observation window for two-dimensional analysis, and the other two were set at a slant to observe the back area of the window frame (Deng, et al. 2004; Liao and Cotel 2013). Because the shutters of each of the five video cameras were synchronized, it was possible to synthesize three-dimensional images from the analyzed results of each video capture. ...
A rocky ramp fishway is one of the Nature like fishway, comprises a long sloping channel and boulders on a slope (Katopodis et al., 2001). The turbulence and backwater around the boulders creates refuges of decreased local flow where fish can rest. However, recent studies have shown that turbulent flow may influence fish migration (Smith et al., 2006). This paper is focused on boulder arrangement and height of boulder on rocky ramp fishway. The swimming performance of char (Salvelinus richardson) and freshwater sculpin (Cottus pollux) around boulders on experimental channel were observed using ultra-high-speed cameras, and the appropriate arrangement of boulders for each species was considered. In total, 27 hydraulic conditions were assessed considering variable distributions, shapes, heights of the boulders as well as variable flow depths by observing swimming behavior for each condition. Laboratory measurement shows that sculpin, which are bottom fish, require a density, and several linear arrangements of boulders to allow migration. As increasing the vertical low-velocity area, which is created behind high boulders does not always result in a good outcome for sculpin. However, this solution is not suitable for char; therefore, a diverse arrangement of boulders is required on individual rocky ramp fishways to allow the movement and migration of multiple species. We propose to add cloister in the fishway for free migration of weak swimmer.
... Five portable highspeed video cameras (DITECT Co., Ltd., Sports Corder, Tokyo, Japan) were installed in a darkroom outside of the observation window. Three of these cameras were set perpendicular to the observation window for two-dimensional analysis, and the other two were set at a slant to observe the back area of the window frame (Deng et al., 2004;Liao and Cotel 2013). Because the shutters of each of the five video cameras were synchronized, it was possible to synthesize three-dimensional images from the analyzed results of each video capture. ...
... More recently, different CV techniques for the study of the fish behavior have been used; these works use techniques such as stereo vision (Petrell, Shi, Ward, Naiberg, & Savage, 1997), background models (Morais, Campos, Padua, & Carceroni, 2005), Photo taken at Center for Studies and Experimentation of Public Works, Madrid, Spain. shape priors (Clausen et al., 2007), local thresholding (Chuang, Hwang, Williams, & Towler, 2011), moving average algorithms (Spampinato, Chen-Burger, Nadarajan, & Fisher, 2008), particle image velocimetry techniques (Deng, Richmond, Guest, & Mueller, 2004), pattern classifiers applied to the changes measured in the background (Lines et al., 2001) or Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Finally, some techniques based on infrared imaging (Baumgartner et al., 2010) or LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging or Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging) technologies (Mitra, Wang, & Banerjee, 2006) have also been applied in the field. ...
Vertical slot fishways are hydraulic structures which allow the upstream migration of fish through obstructions in rivers. Their design depends on the interplay between hydraulic and biological variables to match the requirements of the fish species for which they are intended. However, current mechanisms to study fish behavior in fishway models are impractical or unduly affect the animal behavior. In this chapter, we propose a new procedure for measuring fish behavior in fishways using Computer Vision (CV) techniques to analyze images obtained from the assays by means of a camera system designed for fishway integration. It is expected that this technique will provide detailed information about the fish behavior and will help to improve fish passage devices. A series of assays have been performed in order to validate this new approach in a full-scale fishway model and with living fishes. We have obtained very promising results that allow reconstructing correctly the movements of the fish within the fishway without disturbing fish.
... publications and experiments in various fields [156]. ...
... More recently, different CV techniques for the study of the fish behavior have been used; these works use techniques such as stereo vision [171], background models [172], shape priors [173], local thresholding [174], moving average algorithms [175], particle image velocimetry techniques [156], pattern classifiers applied to the changes measured in the background [176] or Artificial Neural ...
Computer Vision provides a new and promising approach to Civil Engineering, where it is extremely important to measure with accuracy real world processes. However, Computer Vision is a broad field, involving several techniques and topics, and the task of defining a systematic development approach is problematic. In this thesis a new methodology is carried out to develop these systems attending to the special characteristics and requirements of Civil Engineering. Following this methodology, two systems were developed: A system to measure displacements from real images of material surfaces taken during strength tests. This technique solves the limitation of current physical sensors, which interfere with the assay and which are limited to obtaining measurements in a single point of the material and in a single direction of the movement. A system to measure the trajectory of fishes in vertical slot fishways, whose purpose is to solve current lacks in the design of fishways by providing information of fish behavior. These applications represent significant contributions to the field and show that the defined and implemented methodology provides a systematic and reliable framework to develop a Computer Vision system in Civil Engineering.
... Some early examples of these applications are the use of acoustic transmitters and a video camera for observing the behavior of various species [7], or the utilization of acoustic scanners for monitoring fish stocks [8]. More recently, different computer vision techniques have been used for the study of the fish behavior such as the study of swimming performance by analyzing the water with a particle image velocimetry [9]. In more related works, different techniques have been used for segmentation and fish tracking. ...
This paper analyses the automatic fish segmentation problem in turbulent waters. To this end, a SOM neural network is used to detect fishes in images from an underwater camera system built in a vertical slot fishway, an hydraulic structure built in obstructions in rivers to allow the upstream migration of fishes.
This technique allows the study of real fish behavior and may help to understand biological variables and swimming limitations of the fish species in high speed environments.
This knowledge, may be used to replace traditional techniques such as direct observation or placement of sensors on the specimens, which are impractical or affect the fish behavior.
To test the proposed technique, a ground true dataset was designed with experts and a series of assays have been performed where the results obtained with the proposed technique were compared with different segmentation techniques.
... Its algorithm was introduced by Raffel et al. (2000), and enhanced by Raffel et al. (2007). It has been widely used in publications and experiments in various fields ( Deng et al., 2004). Four of these optical flow techniques are available, freely distributed, and commonly used for research purposes. ...
One of the main issues in civil engineering is to analyze the behavior of materials in strength tests. Traditionally, information about displacements and strains in the materials is carried out from these tests using physical devices such as strain gauges or other transducers.
Although these devices provide accurate and robust measurements in a wide range of situations, they are limited to obtaining measurements in a single point of the material and in a single direction of the movement, thus, the global behavior of the material cannot be analyzed.
The proposed technique consists of the integration of a calibration process with a block-matching algorithm to measure displacements from images. This algorithm uses the similarity between regions in the images to extract the 2D vector displacement field from each point, and to quantify the strain on the surface of the material.
The proposed algorithm has been designed to measure displacements from real images of material surfaces taken during strength tests, and it has the advantages of being robust with long-range displacements, of performing the analysis on the image space domain (avoiding the problems related to the use of Fourier Transforms), and of measurements in long sequences related to a real point of the material and not to a pixel position.
... It is a block-matching based technique introduced in (Raffel et al. 2000) and enhanced in (Raffel et al. 2007). It has been widely used in publications and experiments in various fields (Deng et al. 2004). ...
Non rigid motion estimation is one of the main issues in computer vision. Its applications range from civil engineering or traffic systems to medical image analysis. The challenge consists in processing a sequence of images from of a physical body subjected to deformation processes and extracting its displacement field. In this paper, an iterative Block-Matching technique is proposed to measure displacements in deformable surfaces. This technique is based on successive interpolation and smoothing phases to calculate the dense displacement field of a body. The proposed technique was experimentally validated by studying the Yosemite sequence and it was tested in the analysis of strength test and biomedical images.
... At a particle size of 15 mm/2.5 pixels, a Gaussian peak fit estimator (Raffel et al., 2000) provides the best estimation of a correlation peak at 0.1 pixels. The maximum particle displacement measured in our experiments was approximately 8 pixels, which approximates a root-mean-square error of 0.8% (Deng et al., 2004). ...
... This particle-fluid infidelity (shearing or "slip velocity"; see below) can have a discernable impact on the analysis depending on its degree. In calculating this error, we assume that the effects of added mass, unsteady drag forces, and nonuniform fluid motion are negligible (Adrian, 2005) and instead focus on diameter and density of the particle, as well as the slip velocity (Deng et al., 2004). The slip velocity is defined as the difference in the velocity magnitude between the movement of the fluid and the seeding particles. ...
Functional morphology and biomechanics seek to reveal the mechanistic bases of organismal functions and the physical principles involved at the phenotype-environment interface. Characterization of fluid flow (air or water) within and around organismal structures is an example of this approach. Digital particle imaging velocimetry (DPIV) has been exploited in a variety of biological systems to visualize fluid flow associated with animal movement. DPIV employs particles suspended in air or water that are illuminated by a laser light sheet and recorded with a high-speed video camera. Software tracks particle movement across a specified number of video frames, generating vector diagrams showing patterns of fluid flow through time. As powerful as DPIV methods are, they are limited in application by the high cost and complexity of the equipment required. In this article, we describe a simple DPIV system that substitutes widely available, inexpensive consumer components for scientific-grade equipment to achieve low cost (<$1,000 total) and high accuracy (total error calculated to be approx. 6%, as compared with 5% in professional systems). We have employed this system successfully in our studies on the fluid dynamics of chemosensory tongue-flicking in snakes. This system can be used for research and teaching in labs that typically cannot afford the expense or commitment of a traditional DPIV apparatus and is particularly suited for obtaining preliminary data required to justify further grant and institutional support.
... To this end, an approach based on optical or acoustic monitoring is the best alternative. Some early examples of these applications are the use of acoustic transmitters and a video camera for observing the behavior of various species (Armstrong et al. 1992), or the utilization of acoustic scanners for monitoring fish stocks (Steig and Iverson 1998 (Duarte et al. 2004), the study of swimming performance by analyzing the water with a particle image velocimetry (Deng et al. 2004) or a new technique for fish counting in a tank (Morais et al. 2005). ...
Vertical slot fishways are hydraulic structures that allow the upstream migration of fish through obstructions in rivers. The appropriate design of a vertical slot fishway depends on the interplay between hydraulic and biological variables because the hydrodynamic properties of the fishway must match the requirements of the fish species for which it is intended. One of the primary difficulties associated with studies of real fish behavior in fishway models is that the existing mechanisms to measure the behavior of the fish in these assays, such as direct observation or placement of sensors on the specimens, are impractical or unduly affect the animal behavior. This paper proposes a new procedure for measuring the behavior of the fish. The proposed technique uses artificial neural networks and computer vision techniques to analyze images obtained from the assays by means of a camera system designed for fishway integration. It is expected that this technique will provide detailed information about the fish behavior, and it will help to improve fish passage devices, which is currently a subject of interest in the area of civil engineering. A series of assays has been performed to validate this new approach in a full-scale fishway model with living fish. We have obtained very promising results that allow accurate reconstruction of the movements of the fish within the fishway.