Figure 1 - uploaded by Masami Kojima
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Household surveys in Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka were analyzed using a two-stage Heckman model to examine the factors influencing the decision to use liquefied petroleum gas (stage 1) and, among users, the quantity consumed per person (stage 2). In the first stage, liquefied petroleum gas selection in all six countri...
Citations
... Many improved biomass stoves have been introduced over the years without success [48]. South Africa's use of LPG among low-income households remains conspicuously low globally compared with similar emerging countries [49,50]. Price controls and subsidies have been introduced in response [46]. ...
The adoption of energy-efficient, clean, and safe cookstoves can improve the health of poor sub-Saharan households and reduce mortality and poverty, as identified in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Despite multiple interventions to increase the adoption of improved stoves and clean fuels, few interventions have borne fruit on a significant scale. The lack of adoption is shared in South Africa. (1) Background: The deleterious health hazards associated with flame-based cooking mainly affect women and children due to using portable and cheap paraffin (kerosene) cookstoves or self-constructed metal barrel wood stoves. A shift to improved cookstoves requires significant changes in users’ behaviour. Understanding and addressing the motivations for cookstove adoption and long-term use is critical for successfully implementing behavioural change campaigns. (2) Methods: A case study methodology is employed to evaluate the effectiveness of a behaviour-centred design (BCD) approach aimed at influencing cookstove-related motivations among low-income households in Dunoon, South Africa; the study gathers data via structured observations, co-creative workshops, and card-based choice questionnaires before and after a pilot intervention. (3) Results: The survey conducted before and after the abridged BCD intervention implementation in Dunoon indicates that the majority of touchpoints achieved significant success in influencing the selected cookstove-related motivations of the sampled households, further corroborated by an observed shift in household cookstove ownership patterns targeted by the intervention. (4) Conclusions: A BCD approach suggests possible methods for understanding and influencing the complex motivations determining cookstove use in a context similar to South Africa. The results suggest that linking pertinent motivations to a selected set of touchpoints as part of a cookstove-related campaign can influence cookstove-related motivations linked to the adoption of improved flame-based cookstoves in a localised South African low-income context.
... 44 In addition, analysis of data based on household surveys from developing countries in 2011 showed increase in liquefied petroleum gas selection was associated with household expenditure and the highest level of education of household members. 45 However, as study conducted in rural China in 2012 finds that high price of cooking fuel (coal and LPG) do not result in substitution effects rather it tends to reduce the demand of these energy resources. 46 Moreover, factors such as the size of the households also influence household fuel choice for cooking. ...
Energy is an essential and obligatory prerequisite of life. Indoor air pollution is one of the biggest environmental problems in the world being specifically concentrated in resource limited settings. Inspite of the availability of cleaner fuel technologies, people in resource limited setting still depend on traditional fuel to meet their basic needs resulting even in premature deaths. In Nepal people in rural areas are the pre-dominant users of biomass fuel, there is limited research focusing on rural areas particularly; women as they spend most of their time in kitchen. Reports were extensively searched for literature using preset keywords in English language peer-reviewed journals databases PubMed and Google Scholar published between the years 2005 to 2020. Citation details were examined, titles and abstracts screened for eligibility and if relevant, full text was also reviewed in greater detail. Findings were then presented primarily under two bold themes: Household fuel consumption: existing theories and evidence; and health impact of indoor air pollution. Several health effects were reported of indoor air pollution including respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrine system disruption and pregnancy complications. These exposures almost double the health risks predominantly among children and women of rural communities as they are directly involved in household activities causing air pollution. Based on our review of evidence, women and children of rural households were the major victims. Further, determinants of household fuel consumption and health effects should be considered while formulating policies in regard to promoting accessibility of clean fuels and reducing household air pollutants
... 10 Table 4 summarizes values of the relevant variables used for this analysis. The selection of variables used in the Heckman two-stage procedure is suggested by other studies and adapted to the unique characteristics of PNG (Alderman, 1987;Burton et al., 1994;Hoffmann & Kassouf, 2005;Kojima et al., 2011;Madden, 2008). In the first (probit) equation of the Heckman two-stage model, participation (whether a household consumed rice in the past 7 days) largely depends on household characteristics. ...
Concerns over the potential effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic have led to trade restrictions by major rice exporters, contributing to an average 25% increase in Thai and Vietnamese rice export prices between December 2019 and March–September 2020. This article assesses the consequences of these rice price increases in Papua New Guinea (PNG), where 99% of rice is imported. Utilizing data from a PNG 2018 rural household survey along with earlier national household survey data, we examine rice consumption patterns in PNG and estimate demand parameters for urban and rural households. Model simulations indicate that a 25% rise in the world price of rice would reduce total rice consumption in PNG by 14% and reduce rice consumption of the poor (bottom 40% of total household expenditure distribution) by 15%. Including the effects of a possible 12% decrease in household incomes because of the COVID‐19 related economic slowdown, rice consumption of the urban and rural poor fall by 20% and 17%, respectively. Maintaining functioning domestic supply chains of key staple goods is critical to mitigating the effects of global rice price increases, allowing urban households to increase their consumption of locally produced staples.
... 44 In addition, analysis of data based on household surveys from developing countries in 2011 showed increase in liquefied petroleum gas selection was associated with household expenditure and the highest level of education of household members. 45 However, as study conducted in rural China in 2012 finds that high price of cooking fuel (coal and LPG) do not result in substitution effects rather it tends to reduce the demand of these energy resources. 46 Moreover, factors such as the size of the households also influence household fuel choice for cooking. ...
Energy is an essential and obligatory prerequisite of life. Indoor air pollution is one of the biggest environmental problems in the world being specifically concentrated in resource limited settings. Inspite of the availability of cleaner fuel technologies, people in resource limited setting still depend on traditional fuel to meet their basic needs resulting even in premature deaths. In Nepal people in rural areas are the predominant users of biomass fuel, there is limited research focusing on rural areas particularly; women as they spend most of their time in kitchen. Reports were extensively searched for literature using preset keywords in English language peer-reviewed journals databases PubMed and Google Scholar published between the years 2005 to 2020. Citation details were examined, titles and abstracts screened for eligibility and if relevant, full text was also reviewed in greater detail. Findings were then presented primarily under two bold themes: Household fuel consumption: existing theories and evidence; and health impact of indoor air pollution. Several health effects were reported of indoor air pollution including respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrine system disruption and pregnancy complications. These exposures almost double the health risks predominantly among children and women of rural communities as they are directly involved in household activities causing air pollution. Based on our review of evidence, women and children of rural households were the major victims. Further, determinants of household fuel consumption and health effects should be considered while formulating policies in regard to promoting accessibility of clean fuels and reducing household air pollutants.
... The use of LPGs represents th e transition into the use of modern fuels which automatically replaces th e use of traditional fuels (Kojima, 2011). LPG is regarded as the major fuel for residential cooking in areas not accessible to natural gas and however could be the fuel of choice for many household even when natural gas is available (Fukunaga, 2015;World Liquefied Petrol eum Gas Association, 2017). ...
... LPG is regarded as the major fuel for residential cooking in areas not accessible to natural gas and however could be the fuel of choice for many household even when natural gas is available (Fukunaga, 2015;World Liquefied Petrol eum Gas Association, 2017). The availability and use o f LPG is dependent on the income, price availability, reliability of supply, prices of other fuels, acquisition costs of LPG cylinders and stoves, fears about safety, unfamiliarity with cooking with LP Gas, lack of knowledge about the harm caused by smoke from solid fuels burned in traditional stoves and cultural preferences (Kojima, 2011). LPG as many would suggest has played a positive role in providing sustainable environmental challenges to the problem related to the scarcity of wood as fuel in households (Fukunaga, 2015). ...
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT B ackground: Liqu efied petroleu m gas (LPG) has been used extensiv ely for heating , cooking and as a fuel in vehi cles and generators. This study was design ed to evaluate renal and liver pro fil e of LPG pl ant workers in Benin City, Edo State. Methods: A tot al of on e hundred (100) subjects between 20-60 years were recruited for this study whi ch consist 50 liquefied gas plant work ers and 50 subj ects who do not wo rk in LPG pl ant stations (controls). Blood sampl es (10ml) were coll ected from th e cubit al vein of each subject with th e aid of syring e and needle into plain plasti c cont ain ers. The renal and biochemical parameter were analyzed using st and ard laboratory procedures. Res ults : The results ob tained in this study show that sodium and creatinine lev els of liquefied petroleu m gas plant workers were signi ficantly higher (p<0 .05) when compared with th e respectiv e controls. There was no si gni ficant difference when the seru m levels of potassiu m and urea were compared with th e respective controls. There was signi ficant di fference (p<0.05) wh en AST, AL T, A LP , and GGT valu es were compared with thei r control. The creatinine levels were significan tly higher (p<0 .05) within the age group 41-50 years and 51-60 years. There was no signi ficant difference (p<0 .05) in th e sodium, po tassiu m and urea levels in the various age groups. There was no significan t difference wh en AST, AL T, ALP and GGT were compared within the various age groups. Co nclusio n: The results of this st udy howev er show ed that exposure to LPG result ed in significan t renal and liv er profil e alterations. Copyright © 2020, Obodo et a l. This is an open acc ess article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Lice nse, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
... LPG is clean burning (no smoke), fuel-efficient, easy to use, and portable. It also emits less climate pollutants than biomass or other fossil fuels [16,17]. However, people living in poverty may not have the money to purchase LPG. ...
... Finally, political pressure may result in subsidies being extended to the middle and upper classes. But in order to be fiscally sustainable, the programs must be targeted toward the poorest populations [16,17]. ...
... Many factors, not just income, determine fuel choice, including price, availability, policy, local understanding of health risks, urban/rural location, cultural preferences, and tradition. Energy serves multiple needs and overlapping uses, all of which take place in a household and a community [16,17,20]. [19]. ...
... Alternative fuels for cooking include liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), electricity, bioethanol and pellets burned in gasifier stoves. These alternatives, however, remain the preserve of high-income households only, whereas charcoal is a main cooking fuel for urban households across all income levels (Dalberg Advisors, 2018; Kojima et al., 2011). ...
As cities in East Africa keep growing, so too will demand for charcoal – the region’s preferred urban fuel – placing increasing pressure on rural landscapes where it is produced. How can charcoal production and supply be made sustainable? What are the implications of sustainable charcoal policies and practices for achieving a low-carbon pathway and protecting the environment? This paper presents case study research focusing on Kitui County, one of the main charcoal production areas in Kenya. Risk and uncertainty of sustainable charcoal policies in Kitui were assessed using complementary methods of stakeholder workshops, informant interviews and agent-based modelling. This interdisciplinary approach combined policy research and simulation modelling, where local perspectives and data were included directly in the modelling. These methods facilitated critique of behaviour concerning agency and corruption. Stakeholders valued the ability to access detailed information on micro-interactions and consider policy performance regarding both financial flows and biomass extraction.
... Although liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), electricity, and pellets burned in gasifier stoves are available as alternative fuels for cooking in urban centres, they have remained the preserve of high-income households only. As such, charcoal continues to be a major source of cooking fuel for urban households across all income levels (Dalberg Advisors, 2018;Kojima, Bacon, and Zhou, 2011). ...
... 2 Our study's contribution is that it employs the double-hurdle model, 3 which allows us to address fuel choice and fuel expenditure separately. Using a two-stage Heckman model, Kojima, Bacon, and Zhou (2011) examine the factors influencing household decisions to use LPG and the quantity consumed per person in six developing countries (Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka). Their findings suggest that in all six countries, household expenditure and education were essential in the decision to select LPG. ...
... In the second stage estimation, they find household expenditure and LPG price to be positively and negatively related to the quantity of LPG consumption, respectively. Kojima et al. (2011) approach is thus closely related to the current study, despite the difference in methodologies adopted. In addition, in contrast to Kojima et al. (2011), our study focuses on energy spending in terms of understanding the burden on households total expenditure, given its significant policy implications. ...
... Kojima et al. (2011) approach is thus closely related to the current study, despite the difference in methodologies adopted. In addition, in contrast to Kojima et al. (2011), our study focuses on energy spending in terms of understanding the burden on households total expenditure, given its significant policy implications. ...
This study examines the factors affecting household energy expenditures in Ghana. We employ the double-hurdle model to investigate whether the factors affecting fuel choice differ from those affecting fuel expenditures. The following results are obtained using a nationwide representative household data-set. First, we show that the factors influencing the household's decision to participate in either the LPG or charcoal market differ from those influencing how much is spent. Second, households that already use and, therefore spend money to acquire LPG or charcoal are indifferent to prices of other fuels. At the same time, households using and spending positive amounts on multiple cooking fuels (charcoal and LPG) are insensitive to the prices of other fuels. Third, although income plays a role in rural and urban residents' expenditures on LPG, it is insignificant in terms of urban residents' spending on charcoal. These findings suggest that different programs and policies may be necessary for (1) households that already use modern cooking fuels and those that do not and (2) households in urban and rural areas.
... A classic example is a recall period of a month when LPG sold in large cylinders is refilled less frequently than every month. This has resulted in a large number of households citing LPG as their primary cooking fuel in Mexico reporting zero expenditures on LPG (Kojima, Bacon, and Zhou 2011). ...
This note aims to provide guidance on how to assess the distributional implications of energy subsidy reform (ESR) using quantitative methods.It is intended for use by those familiar with the basics of welfare measurement, ideally part of a multi-disciplinary team. Ideally this assessment would therefore be complemented by insights from qualitative analysis and by an analysis of the effectiveness of feasible compensatory measures. The note focuses on how to assess the distributional implications of household level impacts of ESR (as opposed to firm level, discussed in Good Practice Note 6). Its scope is confined to cases where ESRs lead to higher prices paid by energy consumers. As Good Practice Note 1 outlines, ESRs do not necessarily lead to higher prices, and could even decrease prices actually paid, such as when producer subsidies in the form of price support paid for by consumers are eliminated, or when consumer price subsidies lead to illegal diversion and out-smuggling, acute fuel shortages, and prices that are even higher than official prices on the black markets. The latter is particularly important, because a lack of data often forces the distributional analysis of ESRs to take observed expenditures on subsidized energy and scale them in proportion to the calculated price gaps—the gap between the unsubsidized price and the official price—to estimate the incidence of subsidies, whereas in practice consumers may be paying much higher prices than the official prices. Further, this note is not confined only to ESRs in that the distributional effects of higher prices of fuels used as feed stocks—such as natural gas used in fertilizer manufacturer—are also captured. In addition, while this note tries to present a general approach, practical pointers are provided that are relevant for the analysis of different types of energy, the prices of which are rising, and which are used either directly or in the production of goods and services widely in the economy. Overall, therefore, the note discusses the analysis of liquid fuels, gas, electricity and district heating (a source of heating used primarily in Eastern Europe). The word prices applies to all forms of energy, while tariffs applies to schedules of regulated prices that are applicable to regulated electricity, gas, or district heating. For households—the focus of this paper—two main channels of impacts can be identified, relating respectively to consumption patterns and income streams. goth consumption and income can be affected directly by higher prices for energy, or indirectly through other price changes triggered by the changes in energy prices (most notably through higher transport costs caused by rises in gasoline and diesel prices). These indirect effects, though harder to quantify than direct effects, can be significant for petroleum products.
