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Context 1
... or non-significant correlations were hypothesized between the measures in order for them to have discriminant validity. As hypothesized, the IAT and IAT factors were correlated significantly and negatively with the MSIS (r = À.16 to À.25) and MSIS: Intensity (r = À.21 to À.29, Table 6). The IAT and two of the IAT factors (F2: Online dependence, F4: Privacy and selfdefense) significantly and negatively correlated with the MSIS: Frequency (r = À.15 to À.20), and the other two Factors (F1: Neglect of duty, F3: Virtual fantasies) non-significantly correlated with the MSIS: Frequency (r = À.06 to À.11). ...
Context 2
... IAT dimensions (r = À.16 to À.26, p < .05 or .01). This was also evident when the IAT and IAT dimensions were correlated with the intensity and frequency dimensions of social intimacy (Table 6). These findings are consistent with a previous finding that the IAT is significantly and negatively correlated with social support ( Korkeila et al., 2010). ...
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Citations
... Bangladesh, where Internet connectivity started in 1996, is an example of such a country. Despite a late start, Internet growth in Bangladesh has been rapid [26]. ...
Adolescents rely on the internet for various purposes, including education, communication, entertainment, and social engagement. The COVID-19 pandemic has intensified internet reliance due to the shift to online learning, social distancing, and limited access to offline activities. Excessive internet use can lead to internet addiction, causing emotional and psychological problems such as depression, loneliness, anxiety, sleep deprivation, and physical health issues, which are a growing concern. In our study, we investigated internet addiction among the adolescents of Barishal City, Bangladesh, based on a comparative approach through studies conducted before and after COVID-19. We approached 108 students across all grades 7-12 in 2019 and 2023 by following the Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT) protocols to study changes in internet use and addiction levels. Using cross-sectional research design and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, we found a significant increase in daily internet use, social media use, and online dependency post-COVID-19. The results showed increased internet addiction and deteriorating academic performance and daily routines. Such findings indicate that targeted interventions are needed to prevent the negative consequences of excessive internet use on the mental health and well-being of adolescents. Promoting balanced internet use, encouraging offline hobbies, and providing resources for effective time management are essential steps in addressing this growing concern.
... We used the Bangla-validated IAT to assess internet addiction among study participants (22). The original IAT is a 20-item tool designed by Young in 1996 to assess internet addiction (1,3) . ...
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... 26 The Bengali version of this scale, developed by Karim and Nigar, was used in this study to measure the IA. 27 A 20-item Likert scale was used to measure personal dependence on the Internet and its potential consequences on mental health and daily functioning, usually ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly agree" or "never" to "always. " Higher scores indicate greater IA by 0-80. ...
Background
The Internet has impacted society, enhancing accessibility but also fostering dependency, particularly among youth struggling with emotional regulation, leading to Internet Addiction (IA). University students navigating a transitional phase often lack effective emotional regulation skills, increasing susceptibility to academic and social pressures that contribute to this addiction.
Objectives
This study investigates the intricate relationships between Emotional Intelligence (EI), IA, and sociodemographic factors.
Material and Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 students aged 18–25 from 32 Bangladeshi universities from July 26th, 2024, to October 10th, 2024. The research utilized a Personal Information Form, Bengali versions of the EI Scale, and the IA Test.
Results
Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant (P < 0.001), moderate inverse correlation (r = −0.463) between EI and IA, indicating higher EI scores correlated with lower IA scores. Regression analysis showed IA negatively predicted EI (Beta = −0.397). Females had higher average EI scores than males, while males had higher average IA scores than females. Age, gender, educational qualification, socioeconomic status, number of family members, residential division, and area did not demonstrate significant associations with the observed variations in IA and EI levels among the student sample.
Conclusion
Future longitudinal studies should explore links between EI and IA to better understand the development of IA over time in relation to EI. Furthermore, interventions to enhance EI, focusing on emotional regulation skills, coping strategies, and interpersonal relationships, could effectively reduce IA and promote healthier internet habits.
... Similarly, Uddin et al. (2017) studied Dhaka city in Bangladesh among 475 university students and found that the excessive internet addicted male and female respondents were 47.7% and 44.5% respectively, moderate addicted male and female were 27.1% and 33.9% respectively and 20.7% and 7.7 were minimal addicted to the internet, among them 29.7% male respondents and 32.5% female respondents were experienced psychological distress. Consequently, Karim and Nigar (2014) investigated in Dhaka, Bangladesh among 177 university students and found that the mild, moderate and severe internet consumer were 63.95%, 34.3% and 1.7% respectively. Numerous studies claimed excessive internet consuming is negatively associate with mental well-being. ...
... family and time management. The Bangla version of internet addiction test was adapted byKarim and Nigar (2014) which was comprised of 18 items. Two items of the original scale were rejected for sociocultural biasness. ...
Background: The research has explored internet addiction, cyberbullying and their effect on mental health. Todays, internet addiction and cyberbullying are most sensitive topics in throughout the world especially in young students. Internet addiction is an excessive or uncontrolled online activities that causes pathological distress among users. Moreover, cyberbullying is an aggressive and deliberate activities within online platform that occurs by a person or group. However, there are some researches rigorously exploring the concept of internet addiction, cyberbullying and mental health of young adults. Methods: To study internet addiction, cyberbullying and mental health of 314 randomly selected university students were measured by an adapted Bangla version of internet addiction test, cyberbullying scale and mental general health questionnaire. In order to analyze the effect of internet addiction and cyberbullying on mental health the subjects were classified into three groups (minimal, moderate and excessive) and comparison were made among three groups. To complete the analysis standard procedure was followed and then one way ANOVA, t test, post-hoc and Pearson’s correlation test were applied. Results: A total of 314 students, among them 56.37% were males and 43.63% were females. The age range of the respondents was 19-21 years. Firstly, results stated that that minimal internet addicted students had significantly better mental health than moderate and excessive internet addicted students and mild cyberbullying victim students had significantly better mental health than moderate and severe cyberbullying victim students. Secondly, the results showed that internet addiction and cyberbullying were positively correlated (r=.406, p= 0.001) each other. And finally, the study also expressed that internet addiction (r=-.533, p= 0.001) and cyberbullying (r=-.592, p= 0.001) were negatively correlated mental health. Conclusions: The findings of the research suggest that the excessive internet activity leads to psychological disturbance. It also affects daily functioning, quality relationships and academic performance for students. Similarly, cyberbullying also hampers psychological well-being and creates psychiatric problems. Finally, it also stated that internet addiction and cyberbullying had badly affected students’ psychological well-being and daily life functioning because internet addiction and cyberbullying positively correlated.
... In 1998, Dr. Young developed the internet addiction test (IAT) as a psychometric tool to assess the severity of IA (Young, 1998). The Bengali version of this scale developed by Dr. A.K.M. Rezaul Karim and Nigar was used to measure IA in this study (Karim & Nigar, 2014). A 20point Likert scale was used to measure personal addiction to the internet and its impact on mental health and daily life. ...
Background: This study explores the association between sleep quality and internet addiction among Bangladeshi university students. With increasing internet usage, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, concerns have arisen regarding its impact on sleep quality. This research aims to investigate this relationship and its demographic variations to provide targeted recommendations for improving student well-being. Method: A cross-sectional study involving 587 university students (299 males, 288 females) from various regions in Bangladesh was conducted. Participants aged 18-26 years were selected through purposive and convenience sampling. Data were collected via the Personal Information Form (PIF), the Bengali version of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), and the Bengali version of the internet addiction test (IAT). Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, independent sample t-tests, and one-way ANOVA were used for data analysis with IBM-SPSS software version 29.0. Results: The study revealed that 92.33% of the participants reported poor sleep quality, with moderate internet addiction being most common (48.22%). A significant positive correlation (r = 0.608, p < 0.01) was observed between internet addiction and poor sleep quality. Gender differences were significant for sleep quality but not for internet addiction. Socioeconomic status and residential division influenced both internet addiction and sleep quality. This research highlights a significant association between internet addiction and poor sleep quality among Bangladeshi university students. Conclusion: The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions addressing internet use and sleep hygiene. Further, longitudinal studies are recommended to explore causal relationships and develop effective strategies for improving student health and academic performance.
... 33 The scale was validated in Bangladesh and was also used in assessing IA among adolescents. 34,35 IAT was found consistent in the current study with a Cronbach alpha of 0.79. ...
Background and Aims
Regulations response to COVID‐19 has increased internet addiction (IA), depression, and pornography addiction (PA) among adolescents worldwide. The objective of this nationwide study was to assess the current prevalence rate of IA, depression, and PA after the post‐COVID‐19 period among school‐going adolescents in Bangladesh.
Methods
A total of 8832 male and female adolescents participated in this research. The cross‐sectional study was conducted online using a simple random sampling method. Including the sociodemographic variables, Young's IA Test (IAT‐20) Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9), and Pornography Craving Questionnaire (PCQ‐12) were used to measure IA, depression, and PA. By SPSS version 25.0, the prevalence and correlation between IA, depression, and PA were analyzed using the Chi‐square test, binary logistic regression, and a bivariate co‐relation matrix.
Results
Sixty‐three percent, 76.6%, and 62.9% of the students were suffering from IA, depression, and PA respectively. Depressive and anxious symptoms were significantly associated with IA. Female students were more depressed than males. Males were more addicted to pornography than females. Students who utilized social media but didn't exercise had greater depression and PA. IA, depression, and PA were correlated.
Conclusion
The research emphasizes the need for comprehensive mental health treatments, digital literacy programs, and family and teacher participation to reduce IA, depression, and PA among adolescents post‐COVID‐19. Promotion of physical exercise and supporting policies to build safer online settings for adolescents are also encouraged.
... • poor time-management and academic performance (Kirschner & Karpinski, 2010;Shek, 2018). • worsened real life relationships (Karim & Nigar, 2014). ...
Digital addiction (DA) is an emerging problem with significant implications for organizations and individuals. However, studies of DA have been largely confined to individual situations, such as the impact on adolescent schoolwork, mental health and social interactions. Organizational studies of DA are rare. This study is intended to fill the gap by defining DA, examining current trends, challenges and impacts for organizations and employees, and by looking at how DA can be measured, and negative repercussions ameliorated. A typology is developed to explain differing organizational responses to employee DA, and steps are outlined to describe how it might be combatted.
... IAT was assessed for psychometric properties in different languages of Europe countries; French, Italy; Greece; Germany, Portuguese, Spanish and found to be a valid instrument to assess internet addiction (22,(25)(26)(27)(28)(29). It was translated and validated to different languages in countries like Bangladeshi; Lebanon; Malaysia; Pakistan and Korean (30)(31)(32)(33)(34). In Africa setting IAT-20 was validated in Nigeria (35). ...
... The analysis confirmed a two-factor solution better fitted the data. Prior studies indicated that several IAT models; one-factor model to six-factor model (22,24,28,30,31,53,54,(59)(60)(61)(62)(63) which had different Items in the latent variables even with in the same factor structures (22,25,29,58,64). This suggests that the number of factors of IAT is not well established cross-culturally. ...
Background
Internet Addiction is defined as excessive internet use or poorly controlled preoccupations, impulses, or behaviors related to computer use and internet access that cause impairment or suffering. It had devastating effect on people lives, families, productivity, academic performance and rarely engaging in criminal acts like alcohol use, drug addiction, or compulsive gambling. This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Amharic version of Internet Addiction Test-20 among Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences medical students, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Methods
A cross sectional study was carried out among 410 medical students using a convenience sampling method after stratifying them based on their year level. SPSS Version 23 was used to do Pearson’s correlation coefficient to determine the convergent validity of Amharic version of IAT. We computed correlation coefficient between the aggregate scores of IAT-20 and the scores for depressive symptoms, problematic substance use, and other characteristics of participants which was assessed using Patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and questionnaire developed to assess demographic and internet use related characteristics, respectively. AMOS 23 software was used to conduct confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to evaluate the construct validity of Amharic version of IAT. Test–retest reliability was also determined with 2 weeks interval (n = 51).
Results
The data confirmed a two-factor structure. Normed Fit Index (NFI) = 0.89, Tucker Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.91 and Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.92, Root Mean Square Error Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.07, and Standardized Root Mean Residual (SRMR) =0.05 indicated a good fit model structure. There was moderate positive correlation between the aggregate scores of IAT-20 and PHQ-9 scores (r = 0.55, p < 0.00), but weak positive correlation between IAT-20 and ASSIST scores (r = 0.14, p < 0.00). IAT-20 was also found to have good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.89 for each factor). The test–retest reliability was also good for all items (Intra Class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) > 0.30) except item 16.
Conclusion
We found that the IAT-20 is psychometrically sound and a simple screening test for Internet Addiction. However, it is important to acknowledge that further studies are necessary to replicate these findings on diverse population.
... On the other hand, adjudicators appraised an item yielding an RI (Relevancy Index) of 1 or .83 (RI = 6/6 or RI = 5/6) to be relevant or suitable (Karim & Nigar, 2014). All the items showed relevancy according to the judges. ...
Earlier research showed that cognitive emotion regulation implicitly and explicitly influences our behavior rigorously due to its vast function in controlling the cognition (e. g., Ochsner & Gross, 2005; Abdi, 2007). Despite the significance of this phenomenon in research, few validation studies have been done in other cultures after the development of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) by Garnefski et al. (2002). So, contemplating this point of view, the intent of the present study was to translate the CERQ into Bangla and validate in Bangladeshi culture extensively. A total of 1000 participants (49.25% males & 50.75% females) participated in the study. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) which was done on sample 1 (n = 500) identified a four-factor of the CERQ with 23 items. When analyzed the data for sample 2 (n = 500) in Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) it was revealed that the four-factor model with 23 items is an acceptable model fit [χ 2 (221) = 580.99, RMSEA = .06; RMR = .10; CFI = .90, GFI = .90] to the data. Moreover, the CERQ showed good internal consistency (α = .85 for the ACERQ part and .80 for the LACERQ part), strong convergent, and discriminant validity. Therefore, the Bangla version CERQ comes into sight to be valid and reliable and consequently may be used at a greater distance in future research on cognitive emotion regulation in the country.
... A recently published study found that the prevalence of poor sleep quality among the Bangladeshi university students is 66.6% 31 , while another study reported a prevalence of 69.5% among Bangladeshi medical college students 12 . Although a few studies have been conducted to investigate PIU among university students 14,30,32,33 , there are limited studies that evaluated potential associations between PIU and sleep quality 12 . Consequently, the study aimed to investigate the sleep quality and its association with PIU among university students in Bangladesh. ...
... The total score is obtained by summating the raw score of each construct ranging from 18 to 90 33 , with the higher the score indicating the greater the level of problematic internet use. The level of internet use was categorized into three groups as minimal, moderate, and excessive users based the 18-item Bangla IAT scoring 18-35, 36-62, and 63-90, respectively 33 . In the present study, those scoring moderate to excessive scores (≥36) were classified as PIU 33 . ...
... The level of internet use was categorized into three groups as minimal, moderate, and excessive users based the 18-item Bangla IAT scoring 18-35, 36-62, and 63-90, respectively 33 . In the present study, those scoring moderate to excessive scores (≥36) were classified as PIU 33 . ...
Objectives: Problematic internet use (PIU) is a major behavioral problem that has been closely associated with poor sleep quality in many different countries, but is poorly studied in Bangladesh. This study was conducted to investigate the sleep quality and its association with PIU among university students in Bangladesh.
Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between May 2019 and December 2019 among 400 students attending four public universities in Bangladesh. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) was used to determine sleep quality and Young’s internet addiction test (IAT) was used to describe the degree of PIU.
Results: A significant negative association emerged between good sleep quality and PIU (p
