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Cultural beliefs about the requirements of manhood may have implications for men’s physical health. In a cross-cultural examination of 62 countries, we explored whether country-level endorsement of precarious manhood beliefs (PMBs) was associated with various country-level risk-related health behaviors and outcomes. In countries that more strongly...
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Context 1
... 1 and 2 state that country-level mean PMB positively predicts men's rates of the four risk behaviors and the eight physical health outcomes. Table 3 reports the bivariate correlations of PMB with the behaviors and health outcomes, as well as results from multilevel models. Examining Hypothesis 1, PMB showed moderate-to-strong positive correlations with men's health risk-taking behaviors (mean r = .21, ...Context 2
... analyses revealed that PMB correlated strongly negatively with men's general life expectancy and healthy life expectancy (see Table 3). Stated differently, in countries high (1 SD above the mean) versus countries low (1 SD below the mean) in PMB, men live on average 6.69 fewer years (70.68 vs. 77.37 ...Context 3
... 3 and 4 state that country-level mean PMB will positively predict men's rates of health-related risk behaviors and risk-related health outcomes more strongly than they will predict men's rates of non-risk-related behaviors and health conditions. Based on the multilevel models (see Table 3) and supporting Hypothesis 3, risk-related behaviors were much more strongly positively related to PMB than non-risk-related behaviors (difference in mean correlations β = .56, 95% CI [.39, .73] ...Similar publications
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... The physical health implications of this changing masculinity landscape are noteworthy. The decline in aggression and violence as a result of a more cooperative, empathetic masculinity can have a direct impact on physical health outcomes (Vandello et al., 2023). Fewer instances of physical altercations mean less risk of injury, which in turn can alleviate the strain on often overstretched prison healthcare systems. ...
... The concept of masculinities, by default, is often assumed to be white (Chavez & Wingfield, 2018), and in the United States, white and American (Devos & Banaji, 2005;Kunst et al., 2018). To the extent that PSMM has helped us understand men's gender role strain and conflict, and feelings of precarity due to dominant masculine ideologies and norms (Addis & Mahalik, 2003;O'Neil, 2015;Vandello et al., 2023), the field has yet to examine whiteness around white masculinities to further illuminate the experiences of white men, and importantly, of men of Color in a white supremacist society. ...
Although the psychological study of men and masculinities (PSMM) field has continued to develop (Addis et al., 2010; Valentine & Wong, 2023), notions of white masculinities have remained mostly uninterrogated (Liu, 2017; Wong & Wang, 2022). In this article, we emphasize the unexamined “whiteness” and assumed Americanness of masculinities research and scholarship (Liu, 2017) and use a racial–spatial framework to explore how systemic racism renders differential racialized experiences for white men when compared with the racialized experiences of men of Color (Liu et al., 2023). We critique the use of intersectionality to understand the asymmetric dominance of white men and masculinities. Additionally, we describe how the construction and maintenance of whiteness in the United States and the protections offered to white men, due to their whiteness, provide them with spaces of comfort and privileges that are unique to them and their masculinities. We contend that future psychological research in men and masculinities could be conceptualized within a racial–spatial framework of systemic racism wherein white racial power and privileges are explicitly interrogated. We offer seven recommendations that underscore the critical examination and naming of whiteness in researchers’ and practitioners’ theoretical assumptions, methods, practices, and positionalities.
... Feminism also has benefits for men. Sexist attitudes dictate expectations of masculinity that constrain men's ability to emotionally express themselves (Jakupcak et al., 2005) and are related to declines in men's physical health (Vandello et al., 2023) and higher risk of suicide (Cleary, 2012). It is therefore important to understand when men will be motivated to identify with feminists and engage in feminist action. ...
... Men are negatively impacted by gender inequality and benefit from many feminist goals and objectives (e.g., abortion access; Everett et al., 2019). For instance, strict gender roles and expectations of masculinity have been linked to negative mental and physical health outcomes for men (Vandello et al., 2023). Men also face structural disadvantages from sexism including lack of structures in place for paternal leave, even for men who are the primary caretakers of a child (Cox, 2021). ...
Men can make important contributions to gender equality, but a variety of obstacles impede their engagement with feminism. In this article, we propose a self-determination (Ryan & Deci, 2000) approach to supporting men’s feminist engagement. We argue that men are more likely to engage with feminism more consistently and effectively if they internalize feminist goals and incorporate them into their sense of self, that is, if they develop autonomous motivation. We argue further that men are more likely to develop autonomous motivation if their engagement with feminism satisfies basic psychological needs for autonomy, relatedness, and competence. We suggest a variety of strategies to meet these needs, among them: framing feminism as a men’s issue, considering men’s viewpoints and values, portraying feminism as consistent with gender and masculine norms, encouraging positive interactions with feminist women, and presenting other feminist men as role models and mentors. According to bell hooks (1984), “sexism and sexist oppression, they can only be successfully eradicated if men are compelled to assume responsibility for transforming their consciousness and the consciousness of society as a whole” (p. 81). Our article applies the self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000) to encourage men to do so.
... Precarious manhood beliefs are also associated with greater risktaking behavior (e.g., smoking, binge drinking), risk-related health outcomes (e.g., liver cirrhosis deaths), and lower life expectancy for men (Vandello et al., 2023). In health care, precarious manhood beliefs influence men's health communication with physicians, reporting health symptoms less consistently with a male provider relative to a female provider, and preference for male physicians (Himmelstein & Sanchez, 2016b). ...
... Conformity to masculine norms was also associated with greater delay with serious symptoms, while precarious manhood beliefs were associated with greater odds of weight-based delay of preventive care. This supports research suggesting masculinity's adverse effect on health-promoting behaviors (Mahalik et al., 2006(Mahalik et al., , 2007 and extends our understanding of the role of precarious manhood beliefs in health behaviors (Vandello et al., 2023). The unique amount of variance accounted for by adding masculinity was small across models. ...
The present study aimed to evaluate how weight stigma and masculinity contribute to men’s health care engagement. A U.S. census-matched sample of 912 cisgender, heterosexual male adults (Mage = 46) were recruited through a market research company in April 2023 and administered a questionnaire to assess their experienced weight stigma in health care, weight bias internalization, conformity to masculine norms, and endorsement of precarious manhood beliefs. Weight-based and general reasons for avoiding and delaying health care were also assessed, as well as their perceived patient–provider relationship. Almost half (46.5%) of the participants reported experiencing at least one instance of weight stigma in health care. These experiences, as well as weight bias internalization, were related to greater weight-based and general health care avoidance and delay, as well as weaker patient–provider relationships. Masculinity was also related to greater general health care avoidance and delay and a weaker patient–provider relationship. These findings are consistent with previous research on women’s weight stigma experiences related to health care engagement, suggesting that weight stigma for men is similarly prevalent and impactful in health care. Findings also support previous research on masculinity’s impact on health care engagement. In sum, we found novel evidence to suggest that, relative to masculinity, weight stigma was a stronger predictor of men’s health care engagement.
... Apesar das consequências positivas imediatas, a longo prazo estas práticas acarretam consequências nocivas não apenas para os homens, individual e coletivamente, mas também para as mulheres. Homens que se comportam de forma compatível com a atual configuração de masculinidade hegemônica tendem a assumir condutas de risco com maior frequência (e.g., beber e dirigir, abusar de substâncias ilícitas, dirigir perigosamente etc.), relutam em buscar ajuda para problemas de saúde física e psicológica, possuem hobbies mais arriscados (e.g., caça e esportes radicais perigosos), são a maioria entre grupos extremistas (e.g., grupos terroristas), bem como são mais propensos a cometer agressões contra parceiras íntimas e outros homens (Borgogna & McDermott, 2022;Dier & Baldwin, 2022;Krivoshchekov et al., 2023;Vandello et al., 2023). Como efeito, homens são os que mais se ferem e morrem por acidentes e overdose, são a maioria da população carcerária, são os principais alvos da violência militar e de crimes violentos, apresentam maiores níveis de estresse e dependência química etc. (Connell, 2005). ...
A expansão de movimentos sociais voltados a questões de gênero impulsionou indagações concernentes à suposta naturalidade de comportamentos culturalmente atribuídos a homens e mulheres. Corroborando estes movimentos, estudos sobre masculinidades têm buscado elaborar explicações sobre a diversidade inerente à categoria "homem". As diversas possibilidades de ser homem conferem pluralidade às masculinidades, entendidas como configurações de práticas que estabelecem entre si relações hierárquicas. Nesta hierarquia, a masculinidade hegemônica é dominante, representando o tipo de masculinidade socialmente mais admirado, sobretudo pelos homens, o qual, atualmente, contempla comportamentos rígidos e potencialmente danosos para homens e mulheres-porém sempre passíveis de transformação. Para que sejam efetivas, estas transformações demandam a elaboração de políticas de masculinidades comprometidas com a justiça social. Assim, objetivou-se discutir possíveis caminhos para a elaboração e fortalecimento de políticas de masculinidades direcionadas à justiça social em termos analítico-comportamentais, considerando que a Análise do Comportamento tem se mostrado cada vez mais alinhada com estudos socialmente relevantes. Por meio dos conceitos de planejamento cultural, autocontrole, controle ético, contracontrole e controle face a face, concluiu-se que os homens, ao exercerem papel significativo na produção e perpetuação de práticas de masculinidades nocivas, devem ser tratados não apenas como parte do problema, mas, sobretudo, como parte da solução.
... In relation to effeminate gay men, previous research drawing on established theories suggests that effeminate gay men are often categorized as deviant due to the perceived threat they pose to ingroup identity (Annes & Redlin, 2012;Ariza, 2018;Figueiredo & Pereira, 2021;Sanchez & Vilain, 2012). This threat is closely related to the theory of precarious masculinity (Vandello et al., 2008(Vandello et al., , 2023, which emphasizes the importance of masculinity in the formation of gay men's identity. This discussion further addresses the antifemininity norm of masculinity, colloquially referred to as "effeminophobia" (Taywaditep, 2002;Valsecchi et al., 2022), which manifests differently in Latin American contexts (Gerena, 2023). ...
... * p < .05 overlap with beliefs about precarious manhood beliefs (Jaspal, 2022;Vandello et al., 2023). According to SIT (Tajfel & Turner, 1979), the desire to maintain pride and a positive sense of self-esteem motivates group members to positively distinguish themselves from relevant outgroups. ...
... This association may stem from societal expectations and stereotypes 3000. linking effeminacy with a perceived deviation from traditional masculinity, as discussed by the Precarious Manhood Theory (Vandello et al., 2008(Vandello et al., , 2023. This, in turn, triggers heightened scrutiny and criticism among gay men. ...
Individuals tend to evaluate deviant ingroup more negatively than outgroup members , as predicted by the black sheep effect. We analyzed this phenomenon in four studies based on the reaction of gay men towards a deviant (vs. normative) ingroup (vs. outgroup) member. In a qualitative study (Study 1; N = 49), gay men participants indicated the normative (e.g., egalitarian), deviant (e.g., discriminatory) and threatening (effeminate) behaviors of gay men's identity. In Studies 2 (N = 242) and 3 (N = 264), we manipulated the target's group membership (gay vs. straight) and social behavior (normative vs. deviant) based on the contents of the results from Study 1, whereas in Study 4 (N = 131), we manipulated gay identity threat. The results showed that the effect of deviation was stronger when the participants evaluated the ingroup target only when we made the threat to gay man identity salient , and this effect was mediated by the perceived illegitimacy of the target's social behavior. Keywords Black Sheep Effect · Social Identity · System Justification · Social Norms · Effeminacy Gay people have long been victims of strong discrimination by straight individuals (Herek, 2016) in many cultures around the world (Kite et al., 2018). However, there is evidence from the LGBTQ + community that its members are victims of intolerance and discrimination not only by straight individuals, but also by ingroup members (Bailey et al., 1997; Brooks et al., 2017). This is the case of prejudice among gay men, i.e., the negative attitudes and behaviors of gay men against gay men because they are gays (Allen & Oleson, 1999; Bailey et al.
... Substantial research shows the pervasive restrictions that gender roles impose on men. First, traditional views on masculinity discourage men to care for their physical and mental health, and encourage dangerous and risky behavior, leading to worldwide gender discrepancies in health outcomes and longevity (Brannon, 1976;Courtenay, 2000; WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2018; Vandello et al., 2022). Second, men are still commonly expected to be ambitious, successful and devoted to their work, which creates unhealthy pressure and hinders men's domestic engagement . ...
While much progress has been made towards gender equality, diversity and inclusion in the workplace, education and society, recent years have also revealed continuing challenges that slow or halt this progress. To date, the majority of gender equality action has tended to approach gender equality from one side: being focused on the need to remove barriers for girls and women. We argue that this is only half the battle, and that a focus on men is MANdatory, highlighting three key areas: First, we review men’s privileged status as being potentially threatened by progress in gender equality, and the effects of these threats for how men engage in gender-equality progress. Second, we highlight how men themselves are victims of restrictive gender roles, and the consequences of this for men’s physical and mental health, and for their engagement at work and at home. Third, we review the role of men as allies in the fight for gender equality, and on the factors that impede and may aid in increasing men’s involvement. We end with recommendations for work organizations, educational institutions and society at large to reach and involve men as positive agents of social change.
... Ageing is associated with loss of independence and affects various health behaviours, including diet, dependence, recovery from injury, physical activity, and mental deterioration (Smith et al., 2007). Men face unique health disparities from women, such as shorter overall life spans, higher mortality from 12 of the 15 leading causes of death, and a greater lifetime risk of developing cancer (Mahalik et al., 2007)-especially in countries where manhood is precarious (Vandello et al., 2023). ...
... These narratives convince us that although a child leaving does not leave men indifferent and evokes emotions (also difficult ones), they cope quite well with the whole situation. It is not seen as threatening their congruity as men-it is therefore evident that most of the cases analysed seem to empirically confirm existing research findings in literature on what a man 'should do' (Vandello et al., 2023). While the passing of time may make issues of male identity more relevant, this does not imply a radical change from what is culturally expected of men. ...
This chapter focuses on an individualised perspective of men experiencing an empty nest. The theoretical framework is based on concepts of hegemonic and precarious masculinity. Through qualitative interviews with men from France and Poland, the study examines the impact of the empty nest on the respondents’ lives. Through qualitative interviews with men from France and Poland, the study examines the impact of the empty nest on the respondents’ lives. For some participants, the transition brings a sense of diminished opportunities for new experiences and achievements. However, others perceive the empty nest as an opportunity to pursue new passions and interests, particularly those that were previously delayed due to the demands of raising children. Some men engage in new activities and adopt different habits in response to the changed circumstances. Overall, this research sheds light on the diverse ways in which men navigate the empty nest stage, reflecting both challenges and opportunities for personal growth and reinvention.
... These health issues are particularly pronounced in countries like Türkiye, where masculinity is perceived as a hard-won and easily lost status, creating a social structure in which the fear of losing this status induces stress (Vandello et al., 2023). Thus, this study aimed to adapt the Masculine Gender Role Stress Scale to the Turkish and Turkish cultural context. ...
Erkek Cinsiyet Rolü Stresi, geleneksel erkeklik normları ile uyuşmayan bireysel, sosyal ve toplumsal durumlarda erkeklerin hissedebileceği stres olarak ele alınır. Alan yazında bu stresi ölçmek için en çok kullanılan ölçeklerden biri Eisler ve Skidmore’un (1987) geliştirdiği 40 madde ve beş alt faktörden oluşan Erkek Cinsiyet Rolü Stresi (ECRS) ölçeğidir. Ancak, alan yazında ölçeği farklı kültürlere uyarlayan çalışmalar oldukça azdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı ise ECRS ölçeğini Türkçe’ye uyarlamak ve geçerlik güvenirlik değerlerini ortaya koymaktır. Kolaylıkla bulunabilen örnekleme yöntemiyle erişilen 395 erkeğin katıldığı bu çalışmada, ECRS ölçeği, kaygı, öfke, toplumsal cinsiyet tutumları, yaşam doyumu ve esenlik ölçekleriyle birlikte uygulanmıştır. Açımlayıcı faktör analizinden sonra ölçek 28 maddeye indirgenmiş ve Türkiye örnekleminde performans yetersizliği, madun olma ve duygusal durumlarla yüzleşme olmak üzere üç faktörlü bir yapı göstermiştir. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi bulgularında da bu üç faktörlü yapının tek faktörlü yapıya göre veriye daha iyi uyum gösterdiği görülmüştür. ECRS, kaygı, öfke, toplumsal cinsiyet tutumları ile pozitif yönde ilişki gösterirken, yaşam doyumu ve esenlik ile negatif yönde ilişkilenmiştir. Araştırmanın bulguları ECRS ölçeğinin Türkiye’de yapı ve ölçüt geçerlikleri olan güvenilir bir ölçek olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir. Sonuçlar, ECRS’nin erkeklerin bireysel (fiziksel ve ruh) sağlığı ve halk sağlığı üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri ışığında tartışılmıştır.
... Experimental research conducted with Western samples (e.g., American university students) has further given support for the precarious manhood theory, uncovering how threats to manhood, but not womanhood, elicit a series of anxiety and aggression-related behaviors and cognitions. For example, studies showed that compared to non-threatened men, men whose masculinity is threatened (e.g., when told they are weak, or they do not perform as well as other men in gender-relevant tasks, or asked to publicly engage in a typically feminine activity, or when they become unemployed), experience more anxiety, stress, and lowered self-esteem (Caswell et al., 2014;, engage in more aggressive and risky health and financial behaviors (Bosson et al., 2009;Vandello et al., 2023;Weaver et al., 2010Weaver et al., , 2013Willer et al., 2013), and avoid stereotypically feminine behaviors or situations (Bosson et al., 2005;Cheryan et al., 2015;Glick et al., 2007;. These effects were not found in women whose femininity was threatened. ...
