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Source publication
The importance of the organizational police stress research has increased in recent times. One important measure of organizational police stress is the Organizational Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ-Org; was McCreary & Thompson, 2006). The purpose of the present study was to translate the measure into Bangla and validate in Bangladeshi Culture. A...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... validity of the Bangla version PSQ-Org was examined by estimating inter-factor correlations and the factor-total correlations. These are shown in Table 3. The table indicates that the inter-factor correlations (Pearson's r) were all significant, the coefficients ranging from .36 to .58. ...
Context 2
... 2). As shown in Table 3, all the factors were significantly correlated with the whole PSQ-Org (r = .62 to.87, p <.01). ...
Context 3
... percentages of 'yes' responses to these questions indicate PSQ-Org's face validity. Convergent validity of the Bangla version PSQ-Org was further examined by estimating inter-factor correlations and the Factor-total correlations (Table 3). Thus the measure has both translation and convergent validity. ...
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Citations
... Related to theoretical implications, this study shows similar results to Willemin-Petignat et al. (2023) for validating the Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) in Germany adapted version, with one-factor structure as in the original English version questionnaire, sustains the same construct validity as in the questionnaire developed by McCreary and Thompson (2006). Other research until now that validated the police stress questionnaire modified its factorial structure (for example, Queirós et al., 2020;Sagar et al., 2014) or reduced the number of items (i.e., Irniza et al., 2014;Sagar et al., 2014). ...
... Related to theoretical implications, this study shows similar results to Willemin-Petignat et al. (2023) for validating the Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) in Germany adapted version, with one-factor structure as in the original English version questionnaire, sustains the same construct validity as in the questionnaire developed by McCreary and Thompson (2006). Other research until now that validated the police stress questionnaire modified its factorial structure (for example, Queirós et al., 2020;Sagar et al., 2014) or reduced the number of items (i.e., Irniza et al., 2014;Sagar et al., 2014). ...
This research evaluates the psychometric properties of the Romanian version of the Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ), featuring operational and organizational stress scales for police officers. We conducted three studies to test the reliability and validity of this questionnaire. The first study (N = 744) aimed at adapting and validating the Romanian version on the specific population. Confirmatory factor analysis of our two-factor model, each with 20 items grouped in a second-order factor, showed the good value of the fit indices: χ²(738) = 1420.11, p < .001; CFI = 0.992; TLI = 0.992; RMSEA = 0.035 [90% CI 0.033, 0.038]; SRMR = 0.059. Subsequently, we tested measurement invariance, demonstrating that the Romanian version of this questionnaire measures workplace stress (including operational and organizational stress factors) independently of the work environment (police officers vs. correctional officers). The second study (N = 394) confirmed PSQ’s convergent validity through positive correlations with stress perception, burnout, mental health complaints, and psychological distress and its discriminant validity through negative correlations with job satisfaction and work engagement. The third study tested the longitudinal invariance of the stress questionnaire for police (N = 317). The findings suggest that the PSQ is a reliable and valid tool, highlighting its significant impact on the well-being of Romanian police officers by facilitating stress management interventions through baseline and ongoing stress assessment. Future research should longitudinally assess police stress, incorporating multi-source data and diverse units, as well as exploring the impact of socio-demographic aspects for broader insights.
... Furthermore, the authors report PSQ is positively correlated with measures of job satisfaction (McCreary & Thompson, 2006). Other studies (Delgado Ramos & Vélez Vega, 2022;Sagar et al., 2014Sagar et al., , 2015, confirm an acceptable convergent validity, meaning congruence with similar measures, and satisfactory concurrent validity (Rasdi et al., 2014), while matching the PSQ with other general stress measures. Most studies employing the PSQ report excellent internal consistency (α>.90) (Delgado Ramos & Vélez Vega, 2022), which should be expected for scales containing over 15 items (Taber, 2018). ...
... PSQ's authors recommended users conduct Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to identify meaningful 'lower-order factors' and test a single-factor 'higher-order' model (McCreary & Thompson, 2006, p. 514). Following this, the factor structure has been studied by applying EFA including one of the scales (Bélanger & Blanchette, 2022;Delgado Ramos & Vélez Vega, 2022;Fayyad et al., 2020;Kukić, Subošić, et al., 2021;Li et al., 2021;Queriós et al., 2020;Shane, 2010) or selected items from one or both scales (Argo et al., 2021;Baek et al., 2021;Louw & Viviers, 2010;Rasdi et al., 2014;Sagar et al., 2014Sagar et al., , 2015. We find studies conducting Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with either one (Brunetto et al., 2022;Louw & Viviers, 2010;Sagar et al., 2014Sagar et al., , 2015Shane, 2010) or both of the scales (Baek et al., 2021;Delgado Ramos & Vélez Vega, 2022;Kukić, Subošić, et al., 2021;Li et al., 2021), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with either one (Fayyad et al., 2020;Louw & Viviers, 2010;, or both scales (Kukić, Streetman, et al., 2021;Rasdi et al., 2014;Shane, 2010), and on both scales in the Rasch Rating Scale Model (Argo et al., 2021). ...
... Following this, the factor structure has been studied by applying EFA including one of the scales (Bélanger & Blanchette, 2022;Delgado Ramos & Vélez Vega, 2022;Fayyad et al., 2020;Kukić, Subošić, et al., 2021;Li et al., 2021;Queriós et al., 2020;Shane, 2010) or selected items from one or both scales (Argo et al., 2021;Baek et al., 2021;Louw & Viviers, 2010;Rasdi et al., 2014;Sagar et al., 2014Sagar et al., , 2015. We find studies conducting Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with either one (Brunetto et al., 2022;Louw & Viviers, 2010;Sagar et al., 2014Sagar et al., , 2015Shane, 2010) or both of the scales (Baek et al., 2021;Delgado Ramos & Vélez Vega, 2022;Kukić, Subošić, et al., 2021;Li et al., 2021), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with either one (Fayyad et al., 2020;Louw & Viviers, 2010;, or both scales (Kukić, Streetman, et al., 2021;Rasdi et al., 2014;Shane, 2010), and on both scales in the Rasch Rating Scale Model (Argo et al., 2021). While including different items and different numbers of items, the findings range from showing no meaningful factor structure for the two scales (Li et al., 2021) to showing one factor for each of the two scales (Delgado Ramos & Vélez Vega, 2022;Rasdi et al., 2014). ...
Objectives
Policing is recognized as a highly stressful occupation, encompassing stressors not commonly encountered in other fields. In response, police-specific stress scales have been developed and used when studying police work. Despite changes in the composition of police personnel, most studies examining police working conditions focus on sworn police officers (SPO), excluding employees without police education (EWPE). To advance research and practice on stress in the police, align results, and increase the possibilities for comparisons across studies using police-specific measures (PSMs) we conducted a psychometric evaluation of the two scales in the Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ). We examined whether adding “Not Applicable” to the response scales would reduce vulnerability and make the PSQ more robust.
Method
Based on a survey with a randomised sample ( N = 560) of SPO and EWPE in the Norwegian Police, we tested the original factor structures of the PSQ through Confirmatory Factor Analysis including tests of factor structures from previous studies.
Results
For all models, the indicators of fit indicated a poor fit with either our whole or stratified sample. The response choice ‘Not Applicable’ provided extended information for SPOs and EWPEs on the PSQ.
Conclusions
To promote aligning results and enabling comparisons across studies using the PSQ, we suggest treating the PSQ scales as formative indexes, rather than reflective scales. Adding “Not Applicable” to the response scale offers an influential elaboration of the PSQ with beneficial and extended information. Generalised studies of stress in the police should include the entire population working there.
... Therefore, stress is considered an illness that may impact people (Wani, 2014). Also, Sagar et al. (2014) say, on how police officers perform their job and duties, that stress in organizations is related to their work culture and policies. For example, a reduction in readiness and physical and mental effort capacity is characteristic of fatigue. ...
Background: There are several factors related to stress in police officers. The organization plays a role in impacting police officers who experience a heavy workload, and there is a close relationship between operational stress and personal and work-related outcomes. Objectives: This work aims to present the psychometric properties of the PSQ-OP and the PSQ-ORG questionnaire Spanish adapted version. Method: A quantitative study cross-sectional and instrumental type design in a sample of 200 municipal police officers in Puerto Rico and analysis carried out to verify the factorial structure of the questionnaires and the reliability and validity indicators. Results: The Confirmatory Factor Analysis with Structural Equation Modeling showed adequate validity and reliability indicators in both PSQ-OP and the PSQ-ORG questionnaire Spanish adapted version with one-factor structure as in the original English version questionnaire. Conclusion: This study provides an instrument for professionals to study the operational and organizational stress in police officers and allows them to contribute new studies and literature in Puerto Rico.
... A widely accepted distinction is the one between operational and organizational stressors in police work (Abdollahi, 2002;Anderson et al., 2002;McCreary and Thompson, 2006). While operational stressors seem to be common in policing tasks, organizational stressors can differ according to police forces, cultures, or countries (Irniza et al., 2014;Queirós et al., 2020;Sagar et al., 2014). Furthermore, researchers found organizational stressors such as conflicts with supervisors or co-workers, staff shortages, and bureaucratic burden to be perceived more stressful by many officers than operational stressors, including shift work, risk of injury, traumatic events, and feeling like 'always being on the job' (Kop et al., 1999;McCreary and Thompson, 2006;Morash et al., 2006). ...
Previous studies have revealed high rates of health problems such as alcohol abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, heart diseases, and suicidal behaviour in the police. Numerous variables in the context of police work that affect police officers' health have already been identified. This includes, for example, operational and organizational stressors inherent in policing, prevailing coping styles, and subcultural characteristics. However, a theoretical model that provides a conceptual framework for the empirical findings is still lacking. The present article aims to close this gap by applying the general biopsychosocial model and the vulnerability-stress model on the impact of police stress on health. It starts by giving an overview of the concepts of vulnerability, stress, coping, and health. Based on a review of police stress research, several biological, psychological, and social factors that are particularly relevant in police work are presented. These aspects are then integrated into a conceptual framework.
... The internal consistency of the total scale was good (α = 0.95), and there was a low variation in Cronbach's alpha if items were deleted. Six items (1, 2, 14, 15, 17 and 19) were excluded from the original scale in Bangladeshi culture [79]. A four-factor model for the PSQ-Org was obtained, consisting of 14 items. ...
... In such circumstances, a second-order factor model was generated and tested ( Figure 1). This alternative solution examined whether a latent general reality testing factor existed ("Organizational police stress", such as McCreary and Thompson [15,65,66] considered when they developed the instrument and also other authors who adapted it for different countries and realities [12,79,82,83]), in addition to two dimensions ("Poor management and lack of resources" and "Responsibilities and burden", where all items are related with organizational aspects). Based on high modification indices, the two first order dimensions have been re-specified. ...
... For instance, Shane [12], with 461 USA police officers, suggested 19 from the 20 original items, organized in six factors: Co-worker relations, Training and resources, Leadership and supervision, Bureaucracy, Internal affairs and Accountability, and Management and organizational capacity (with only two items). Sagar et al. [79], with 210 police officers from Bangladesh suggested 14 from the original 20 items, organized in four factors, namely Poor management and bureaucracy, Lack of manpower and resources, Feelings of excessive duty and being supervised, and Lack of leisure time and negative evaluations. Irniza et al. [82], with 262 police officers, adapted for Malay the PSQ, both operational and organizational scales. ...
Policing is a stressful occupation, which impairs police officers' physical/mental health and elicits burnout, aggressive behaviors and suicide. Resilience and coping facilitate the management of job stress policing, which can be operational or organizational. All these constructs are associated, and they must be assessed by instruments sensitive to policing idiosyncrasies. This study aims to identify operational and organizational stress, burnout, resilient coping and coping strategies among police officers, as well to analyze the psychometric properties of a Portuguese version of the Organizational Police Stress Questionnaire. A cross-sectional study, with online questionnaires, collected data of 1131 police officers. With principal components and confirmatory factor analysis, PSQ-org revealed adequate psychometric properties, despite the exclusion of four items, and revealed a structure with two factors (poor management and lack of resources, and responsibilities and burden). Considering cut-off points, 88.4% police officers presented high operational stress, 87.2% high organizational stress, 10.9% critical values for burnout and 53.8% low resilient coping, preferring task-orientated than emotion and avoidance coping. Some differences were found according to gender, age and job experience. Job stress and burnout correlated negatively with resilient coping, enthusiasm towards job and task-orientated coping. Results reinforce the importance to invest on police officers' occupational health.
