Correlation coefficient of error terms obtained from the MVP estimates. 317

Correlation coefficient of error terms obtained from the MVP estimates. 317

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Despite the important roles of Sustainable Agricultural Practices (SAPs) in improving productivity, welfare, and food security of farming households, the adoption rates of SAPs have been perceived to be generally low, especially in developing countries. Using cross-sectional data collected from the 2015 Nigeria General Household Survey, this study...

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... the adoption of improved seed varieties is still low 294 among agricultural farm households (14%). 295 296 J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Table 2 reports the correlation coefficient of error terms extracted from ...

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... Several studies also examine seed system development and varietal adoption partners and trends in Nigeria in considerable depth (see Manda et al. 2020;Ojiewo et al. 2020;Oyinbo et al. 2019Oyinbo et al. , 2022Oyetunde-Usman, Olagunju, and Ogunpaimo 2021;Spielman et al. 2021;Wossen et al. 2023). Many adoption studies correlate demographics with adoption; for example, common significant factors found in studies are age of household head, gender, education, household size, access to extension services, and household wealth status (see Oyetunde-Usman, Olagunju, and Ogunpaimo 2021). ...
... Several studies also examine seed system development and varietal adoption partners and trends in Nigeria in considerable depth (see Manda et al. 2020;Ojiewo et al. 2020;Oyinbo et al. 2019Oyinbo et al. , 2022Oyetunde-Usman, Olagunju, and Ogunpaimo 2021;Spielman et al. 2021;Wossen et al. 2023). Many adoption studies correlate demographics with adoption; for example, common significant factors found in studies are age of household head, gender, education, household size, access to extension services, and household wealth status (see Oyetunde-Usman, Olagunju, and Ogunpaimo 2021). But often, these findings are not helpful in informing targeting strategies and entry points for interventions. ...
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This study provides an integrated assessment of the seed system for maize and cowpea, two of the most important crops in Nigeria. We analyze the various factors influencing seed supply and demand and present different measures of capacity and incentive of multiple actors along the seed value chain. We also present metrics on adoption of improved varieties and quality seed use, given the complexity of these concepts and persistent challenges in measuring them in a survey context. At the national level, the 2015 to 2018 Living Standards Measurement Survey data show that the adoption rate of improved varieties was 16 percent of maize area and 6 percent of cowpea area, with 9 percent of maize farmers and 3 percent of cowpea farmers reporting certified seed use of improved varieties. Data from household surveys conducted in 2022 show that in Bauchi and Kaduna—states with relatively high maize and cowpea production levels—the adoption rate of quality seeds of improved varieties was 10 percent of cowpea land area and 25 percent of maize land area. In addition, the improved varieties in the cowpea and maize plots were old; the area-weighted varietal age in cowpea farms was 12 years and in maize farms, 13 years. The most popular cowpea variety was Kananado (likely matching released variety SAMPEA 9 or SAMPEA 11, released in 2005 and 2009, respectively), and the most popular maize variety was SAMMAZ 15, released in 2008. Newer varieties have not caught up in popularity. Different stages of the seed value chain face major bottlenecks. Two major themes emerged as barriers and drivers of adoption of newer improved varieties and quality seed: (1) Seed supplies were limited, especially breeder and foundation seeds, implying that Nigeria’s seed system needs to increase coordination, funding, and capacity for early-generation seed production and management; and (2) new varieties were not promoted to farmers, who therefore lacked exposure to the seeds, implying that both public and private sectors need to invest more in the promotion of these varieties and increase exposure and testing among farmers. There is also a need to look at the breeding and offerings of newer improved varieties. Some newer varieties do not consistently and comprehensively outperform older bred varieties in field trials and farm demonstrations; some older bred varieties remain attractive and popular to farmers. Beyond seeds, several contextual factors disabled farmers’ and seed actors’ capacity and incentive to expand production and adopt improved varieties. Security issues; poor soil conditions; and high fertilizer, transportation, irrigation, and diesel costs were some of the major disablers in the seed system that must be addressed.
... In SSA countries such as Kenya and Uganda, factors such as gender, literacy levels, household size, and credit access have been identified as critical determinants [27][28][29]. Nonetheless, the literature concludes that no single set of factors universally explains adoption; instead, adoption varies with the households considered, the technology, and the specific location [25,30]. Literature on the factors influencing the adoption of agroecological cropping systems in Tanzania is sparse [31,32]. ...
... A smallholder farmer was classified as an adopter if they had utilized a cropping system for at least one cropping season before the time of the interview [55]. Building on previous research [27,28,30,35,55,56], we acknowledge that smallholder farmers adopt these systems either as substitutes or complements to enhance their output and address production challenges, such as pests, diseases, and weeds. Ignoring the interrelationships between these cropping systems and analyzing these multivariate relationships as separate adoption equations using univariate techniques, such as probit or logit analysis for discrete choice dependent variables, would lead to biased estimates [28,57]. ...
... The error terms are assumed to jointly follow a multivariate normal distribution pattern with a zero conditional mean and a variance normalized to a unit where ~ 0, Ω) [30,58]. The symmetric covariance matrix Ω is illustrated as follows: ...
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... The necessity of embracing sustainable farming practices extends globally, despite their limited adoption rates (Chao et al., 2024;Benitez-Altuna et al., 2024;Oyetunde-Usman et al., 2021). With the projected global population surpassing 9 billion by 2050, there is a considerable increase in food demand (Wagner et al., 2023). ...
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... The number of young children is an important factor affecting a household's food availability, consumption, and utilization. It not only reduces food consumption but may also affect the adoption of particular agricultural practices (e.g., [89,91]). Fourth, we used a household's subjective measure of well-being as a proxy for wealth. ...
... Household access to (piped) water can be viewed as a proxy of state's capacity to facilitate services. State services, in turn, can influence the realization of agricultural practices and food consumption [91,93]. Table A1 in the Appendix shows the descriptive statistics for all these socio-economic and institutional characteristics. ...
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... China, in particular, has undergone rapid land-use transformations due to urbanization, with 4.7 million hectares of agricultural land converted for urban and industrial use between 2004 and 2013, leading to significant soil degradation (Li and Cao, 2021;Dong et al., 2022). The process of China's land development involves multiple stakeholders, including farmers (e.g., facing economic pressures that result in unsustainable practices) (Oyetunde-Usman et al., 2021), local governments (e.g., prioritizing economic growth over land protection) (Yan et al., 2022), the central government (e.g., balancing multiple objectives through policies) (Gao OPEN ACCESS EDITED BY et al., 2021), intermediaries (e.g., bridging farmers and policies) (Rogers et al., 2021), and environmental protection organizations (e.g., advocating for sustainable practices) (Wang and Hu, 2024), each with conflicting interests. These stakeholders operate within China's unique land tenure system, which grants temporary land rights with transfer restrictions. ...
... Although macro-level factors, such as policy and urban expansion, are well documented (Shang et al., 2021;Cheng et al., 2022;Zhang et al., 2022;Xie et al., 2023), the micro-level mechanisms underlying cultivated land conservation practices remain understudied. In many developing countries, farmers' economic motivations, driven by a heavy reliance on cultivated land, often lead to land exploitation for immediate gains rather than prioritizing long-term preservation (Oyetunde-Usman et al., 2021). Therefore, understanding the factors that drive farmers to exploit or conserve their land is crucial for designing effective interventions that promote sustainable land use. ...
... Farmers often struggle to balance their immediate agricultural needs with long-term land conservation (Oyetunde-Usman et al., 2021). Herbert Simon's Bounded Rationality Theory suggests that in land conservation, farmers' choices are limited by cognitive constraints, leading them to make decisions that seem best within these limits rather than the most optimal ones (Simon, 1955(Simon, , 1957. ...
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... In cases where extension services or agricultural advisors fail to effectively advocate for eco-friendly practices or offer guidance on accessing credit for sustainable investments, farmers may not prioritize adopting these practices. This finding contrasts with Olayemi et al. (2020) and Usman (2021), who identified access to credit as a significant factor influencing the adoption of good agricultural practices. It is also a common practice among some smallholders in Nigeria to divert the credit to other non-productive purposes, such as payment of children's school fees and ceremonies. ...
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... Adoption of sustainable agricultural practices depends on factors such as household wealth, age of household head, education and size (Okello et al., 2021). Studies suggest that authorities and agricultural development agencies should focus on increasing household assets and promoting training programs to support the adoption of these new practices (Oyetunde-Usman et al., 2021). Because the adoption of agrienvironmental management mechanisms is somewhat of a voluntary process, it presents implementation difficulties for individual producers (Van Wyngaarden et al., 2024). ...
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In the context of severe climate change over the past 20 years, which has led to reduced rainfall and reduced crop yields, identifying solutions to meet these challenges has become a priority for agricultural researchers. Thus, conservation and ecological, organic farming practices have emerged, which can mitigate and even improve crop productivity, even in these harsh conditions for agriculture. This paper is a synthesis of 433 papers published worldwide (Europe, North America, South America, Africa, Asia and Australia) and analyzes how conservation and organic farming practices have influenced the increase in soil quality and health through: no-tillage, covering land with agricultural residues, crop rotation etc.
... As stated by Ntshangase [18], young people are more inclined to adopt modern farming practices like SFPs and related technologies, which are crucial for advancing agriculture. These findings are consistent with those of Oyetunde-Usman et al. [12], who discovered that young people are not actively engaging in agricultural-related activities. The research found that a notable percentage (65%) of smallholder crop farmers involved in crop production within the study area were females. ...
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... The study suggests that family labour may be available for smallholding farming in the study area. These findings concur with those of Oyetunde and Usman [108], who found that the majority of the smallholder farmers were married. It may also be inferred that households in the study area value large families greatly, particularly among the smallholder farmers in the sample. ...
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Agricultural cooperatives are frequently considered an essential framework that might help smallholder farmers overcome certain obstacles. This study investigated the determinants of agricultural cooperative membership and its impact on the poverty status of smallholder farming households in Nigeria. Primary data were gathered from 240 smallholder farming households using a multistage sampling procedure. The Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke (FGT) Index and the Endogenous Switching Probit Regression Model (ESPM) were used to analyze the data. The study concluded that most rural households were male (86 %), small scale, and at the prime of their productive age (57 years). The result further revealed that most (57.5 %) of the respondents are members of agricultural cooperatives. The results of the FGT poverty measure also indicate that the majority (67 %) of the smallholder farming households were poor.
... With a decrease from 100% association, animal parking was influenced by the main occupation and means of transport for manure, while the use of improved seeds was influenced by farm assets and secondary occupation, with importance values greater than 50%. This highlighted the influence of cultural factors and knowledge resources in shaping the choice to use biopesticides and also play a key role in the adoption of improved seeds [91]. Finally, Land tenure, ecological conditions and sociolinguistic membership were the main drivers of farmers' knowledge of agroforestry systems, practices, species diversity and current farming systems in Benin [63]. ...
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This study examines the performance of machine learning algorithms for identifying importance features for agroecological practices adoption in shea agroforestry systems. Primary data were collected from 272 representative and randomly selected farmers in two regions of northern Benin. Four machine learning algorithms (Naïve Bayes, Neural Network, Support Vector Machine and Bagging Decision Trees) were compared using four statistical performance metrics: accuracy, balanced accuracy, recall, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), as well as calibration plots. The results indicated that the Naïve Bayes model performed best for predicting animal parking practices, and biopesticide while the Support Vector Machine outperformed other models in predicting cultural associations, improved seeds, and organic fertilizers adoption. Feature importance analysis revealed that the most significant feature influencing the adoption of animal parking and organic fertilizers practices was the farmers' region of origin, with the highest importance value (100%). When considering features with at least 50% importance, main occupation and means of transport for manure were also relevant for the adoption of animal parking practice. The farmers' ethnic group, village, and age class were the most influential characteristics for biopesticides, cultural association, and improved seeds practices, respectively, each with a 100% importance value. For improved seeds practice, farm assets and secondary occupation were also relevant when considering features with at least 50% importance. Therefore, providing comprehensive training on agroecological practices such as animal parking, crop diversification, biopesticide management, organic fertilization, and improved seeds use to farmers in Northern Benin, particularly those managing shea agrosystems, could contribute to the sustainable development of this vital resource and enhance food security.