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... image is generated by means of GpsVisualizer tool [9]. (Figure 3), we can notice an interesting correlation: whenever the speed of the motorbike drops to zero and keeps that value for certain amount of time, the corresponding PM10 concentrations are raising sharply! This happens on big intersections, where the traffic is slowed down, so there is increased air pollution from the vehicles' emission. ...
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... On the other side of the photodiode the beam dump feature takes place. Laser light enters this chamber and, due to all the sharp angles and the dull surface finish, bounces around and continues to scatter until it has safely dispersed [43]. The measuring principle is based on laser scattering ( Figure 5). ...
... Its intensity depends closely on the size and concentration of the aerosol. The module is able to distinguish between PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 particles with a mass concentration accuracy from 0 to 1000 ± 10 µg/m 3 [43]. The mass concentration precision for PM2.5 and PM10 when the concentration ranges from 0 to 100 µg/m 3 equals 10 µg/m 3 and 25 µg/m 3 , respectively. ...
... Functional block diagram of the optical PM sensor[43]. ...
From 1 March to 30 April and from 1 August to 30 September 2021, comparative studies of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were carried out in Gdynia. For intercalibration, a device was used that operates based on non-reference methodologies and without proven equivalence to the reference methodology (SEZO AM, WIRAN), and an EDM 180 analyzer (GRIMM) with certificates and approvals (US-EPA, UK-MCERTS, CN-CMA) was used. The aim of this research is to determine whether the SEZO AM device could be used in port areas for continuous PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations measurements. Two campaigns of two months allowed us to see a good agreement of the results achieved with both methods. The concordance of the results obtained from the SEZO AM and the EDM 180 methods amounted to between 78% and 94% for the PM2.5 and between 70% and 75% for the PM10. The comparison of two SEZO AM devices to a higher-class TSI OPS3330 reference in a measurement dust chamber showed a fit between 79% and 86% for the PM2.5 and between 81% and 86% for the PM10. This indicates the possibility of using this analyzer to measure the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 in the port atmosphere in which they were carried out. The preliminary analysis of meteorological parameters shows that the main potential impact on the concentration of the analyzed dust fractions measured by the SEZO AM method was relative humidity. The determination of the correction factor for the PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations and adding an inlet external cover contributed to a two-fold reduction in the analysis error and good concordance of the results, at a level of 93% for PM2.5 and 91% for PM10, without discarding any data.
... Another method that can be used to measure dust concentration is the laser light scattering method, or laser diffraction. It is characterized by a low cost of determination and simple dust collection, although a major disadvantage of this method is the increase in measurement uncertainty for other than spherical dust grains [32]. It is based on the use of the ultrasonic method to guide the dust from the measuring strainers to the depressing medium. ...
Predicting the status of particulate air pollution is extremely important in terms of preventing possible vascular and lung diseases, improving people’s quality of life and, of course, actively counteracting pollution magnification. Hence, there is great interest in developing methods for pollution prediction. In recent years, the importance of methods based on classical and more advanced neural networks is increasing. However, it is not so simple to determine a good and universal method due to the complexity and multiplicity of measurement data. This paper presents an approach based on Deep Learning networks, which does not use Bayesian sub-predictors. These sub-predictors are used to marginalize the importance of some data part from multisensory platforms. In other words—to filter out noise and mismeasurements before the actual processing with neural networks. The presented results shows the applied data feature extraction method, which is embedded in the proposed algorithm, allows for such feature clustering. It allows for more effective prediction of future air pollution levels (accuracy—92.13%). The prediction results shows that, besides using standard measurements of temperature, humidity, wind parameters and illumination, it is possible to improve the performance of the predictor by including the measurement of traffic noise (Accuracy—94.61%).
... It is a modular platform for measurements of various parameters in the atmosphere. The primary application of MAQS is air pollution measurement [18]- [21], but it is expandable with other sensors, including pressure, temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide, wind speed, and GNSS coordinates. For the measurements of altitude above ground level (AGL), a barometer was used. ...
A new approach for measurements of vertical profiles of temperature and particulate matter (PM) concentrations is developed and tested. Special purpose unmanned aerial vehicle with data acquisition system has been developed in-house. The temperature sensor is based on a fast response thermistor, while the PM sensor uses optical detection of particles. All sensors were tested in the laboratory and calibrated against reference instruments. Two urban locations were selected for field tests. This research produced a very useful asset that characterizes the relation between temperature inversion and air pollution.
Keywords: temperature inversion; particulate matter; drone; boundary layer.
... Unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) are used for a variety of purposes, including data acquisition [12], temperature inversion measurements [13], particulate matter (PM) concentration measurements [14], and simultaneous measurements of temperature and PM concentration above urban area [15]. Our drone platform was developed in-house, based on Ardupilot open-source autopilot and commercially available electronic components [16]. ...
A novel method for terrain mapping is presented in this paper. It is based on low-cost open source components, which brings this innovative technique to a much wider group of researchers than ever before. The in-house developed drone was used together with a commercially available LiDAR sensor to produce a terrain mapping platform. This system was tested in two field locations with good results. In some aspects of performance, the drone surpassed commercially available solutions that are much more expensive and closed.
Keywords: LiDAR; drone; terrain mapping; inertial measurement unit; global navigation satellite system.
... The laboratory for gravimetric measurements (Figure 1) is part of a larger laboratory for physical measurements, where we calibrate all instruments used in research [13]- [21]. A specific procedure for reference measurements of PM is defined in standard EN12341:2014, which is strictly implemented in our laboratory. ...
To provide the reference dataset for particulate matter concentrations, a long-term campaign of continuous gravimetric measurements of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations was performed. Strict implementation of standard EN12341:2014 was fulfilled. Daily and monthly concentrations of both PM10 and PM2.5 were measured with the highest possible accuracy. Ratio PM2.5/PM10 was determined and analyzed. Different distribution of particles was observed during the winter period, where most of the particulate matter originates from burning fossil fuel, and during an episode of Sahara dust, occasionally observed in spring and summer.
Keywords: PM10; PM2.5; gravimetric measurement; Sahara dust.
... Publications reporting the application of UAVs for measuring vertical atmosphere profiles in urban areas [25], along motorways [26,27] and in non-urban areas [23] have shown promising results. The first studies of the lower troposphere thermal structure over Krakow up to 3000 m a.g.l. were conducted in 1970-1972 using plane PZL 101 "Gawron" [28]. ...
Winter smog episodes are a severe problem in many cities around the world. The following two mechanisms are responsible for influencing the level of pollutant concentrations: emission of pollutants from different sources and associated processes leading to formation of secondary aerosols in the atmosphere and meteorology, including advection, which is stimulated by horizontal wind, and convection, which depends on vertical air mass movements associated with boundary layer stability that are determined by vertical temperature and humidity gradients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based measurement system developed for investigation of urban boundary layer dynamics. The evaluation was done by comparing the results of temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and particulate matter fraction with aerodynamic diameter below 10 μm (PM10) concentration vertical profiles obtained using this system with two reference meteorological stations: Jagiellonian University Campus (JUC) and radio transmission tower (RTCN), located in the urban area of Krakow city, Southern Poland. The secondary aim of the study was to optimize data processing algorithms improving the response time of UAV sensor measurements during the ascent and descent parts of the flight mission.
... We will try to answer this question in the present paper. There are many papers in which performance of low-cost aerosol sensors is evaluated, for example [3], [4], [5]. However, articles with long campaigns in realistic conditions are very rare. ...
... Taking into account conclusions from our previous studies [5], [6] among all commercially available low-cost sensors, we have selected Plantower PMS5003 sensor. Main reasons for such choice are reliability of the sensors, consistence between units from different batches of sensors, well implemented digital interface and good mean time before failure (MTBF). ...
One of the most important parameters of air pollution, concentration of particulate matter suspended in the air (aerosols), is measured by means of low-cost sensors of latest generation. Such measurements have high resolution in both space and time, but there is a big question about applicability of low-cost sensors for measurements of aerosol concentrations that arise from the complexity of measurement technique, and inevitable errors associated. In this paper we analyze all aspects of applicability of low-cost sensors for long-term measurement campaigns.
... Figure 1 illustrates the location of sensors, while table 1 shows calculated average values of PM10 for each sensor. The method for data acquisition is explained in [6] and [7], while the calibration of PM10 sensor was described in [8]. ...
Graphical presentation of the measured data is more popular than ever before. However, rich and colourful images are
often misrepresentation of the measured quantities. In this paper we discuss proper mathematical technique for correct
presentation of data from the network of sensors. Three common methods for spatial interpolation are demonstrated and
compared using real data from the network of sensors (for air pollution with aerosols). Finally, best procedure is
recommended and discussed in details.
Keywords: network of sensors; spatial interpolation; Hilbert space; air pollution
... ISB and AFE boards contain electronic components which convert small currents from electrochemical cells to the buffered voltage (0-5) V, which is more suitable for interfacing and integration into DAS (Data Acquisition System). Our DAS is in-house developed and based on previous work described in [6], [7] and [8]. ...
Measurement of the concentrations of toxic gases (such as CO, SO2, NOX and O3) in the air represent important but
challenging task. Traditionally, these concentrations are measured by means of heavy and expensive toxic gas monitors,
usually operated by the governmental institutions. In this paper we present a novel method based on commodity (lowcost)
electrochemical sensors and in-house developed data acquisition system. Principle of operation is explained,
together with the calibration procedure and initial evaluation of sensors’ performance. Possible applications are discussed
as well.
Keywords: air pollution; toxic gas concentration; electrochemical sensor; temperature drift; amperometric cell
... The most promising low-cost method of measurements of PM10 concentration is optical technique, using the laser scattering on the particles. Basic principle of work of typical optical particle sizer is depicted in figure 1 [2]. ...
Air pollution with particulate matter (PM) represents major risk for humans’ health. Important step towards the solution
of the aforementioned problem is the correct measurement of PM concentrations in the air. Commodity (low-cost)
sensors are very popular nowadays, since they are affordable and they fit well in the trend called Internet of Things
(IoT). However, measurement of PM concentrations in the air is difficult task and low-cost sensors are unable to
provide accurate readings out of the box. Thus, advanced calibration is necessary for any application of low-cost dust
sensors. In this paper we propose calibration technique and discuss initial results.
Keywords: low-cost sensors; particulate matter; air pollution; calibration; humidity corrections
