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Correlation between age-adjusted diabetes prevalence and glyphosate applications and percentage of US corn and soy crops that are GE.
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A huge increase in the incidence and prevalence of chronic diseases has been reported in the United
States (US) over the last 20 years. Similar increases have been seen globally. The herbicide
glyphosate was introduced in 1974 and its use is accelerating with the advent of herbicide-tolerant
genetically engineered (GE) crops. Evidence is mounting t...
Citations
... Since P. lineatus is consumed by other aquatic vertebrates and humans (Thanomsit et al., 2020), the potential biomagnification and bioaccumulation need to be properly studied through monitoring pesticide residues simultaneously in water, sediments, fish and other aquatic organisms of the food web. Chronic low-dose glyphosate intake through residues in food and water may lead to glyphosate metabolization having harmful consequences on human health (Swanson et al., 2014). ...
Muscle and viscera (gills-liver) of the fish Prochilodus lineatus were obtained from four sites of lower course of Salado river and one site at Santa Fe river near to its confluence with Salado river from Santa Fe (Argentina) between December 2021 and February 2022. Sediment samples were also obtained from the same sites. All samples were analyzed for pesticide residues following the QuEChERS method to quantify 136 compounds by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS and GC-EI-MS/MS. Overall, muscle fish tissue showed very high concentrations (maximum concentrations detected) of the insecticide cypermethrin (204 μg/kg), polar herbicides (glyphosate; 187 μg/kg and its degradation product (aminomethylphosphonic acid) AMPA; 3116 μg/kg, and glufosinate-ammonium; 677 μg/kg), and the fungicide pyraclostrobin (50 μg/kg). In viscera samples, high values of cypermethrin (506 μg/kg), chlorpyrifos (78 μg/kg), and lambdacyhalothrin (73 μg/kg) were the main pesticides found. Mean residues concentrations detected among sites were not significantly different neither in muscle nor viscera of P. lineatus in most of the cases. Exceptionally, the southernmost studied site of the Lower Salado river showed significant differences in concentration of residues found in muscle, due to high concentrations of glyphosate and glufosinate-amonium (KW = 11.879 and KW = 13.013, respectively, P < 0.05). Other norther Lower Salado river site showed significant higher AMPA concentration in fish viscera than in the rest of the studied sites (KW = 12.86 P < 0.05). Some sediment samples showed low levels of herbicides such as glyphosate (24 μg/kg) and fungicides. However, the world highest levels of polar herbicides were recorded in fish muscle. The results of this study highlight the need for periodic monitoring due to the high concentration of pesticides and its potential risk in a very important commercial freshwater fish from Argentina, which is consumed locally and exported to other countries for human consumption.
... In yeast fungi Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rp raises mutations in genes controlling the cell cycle and thus negatively affects productivity and survival rate (Ibragimova and Emirova, 2020). For fish, animals, and humans, Gl (Rp) is one of the agents that can promote cell genetic injuries and chromosome mutations resulting in congenital genetic abnormalities of various kinds (Medvedev, 2017;Swanson et al., 2014;Ericsson, 1999). It is considered to provoke skin, liver, and kidney cancer as well as female sterility and male testosterone level decrease. ...
... It is considered to provoke skin, liver, and kidney cancer as well as female sterility and male testosterone level decrease. Roundup may also trigger congenital genetic abnormalities of various kinds (Medvedev, 2017;Swanson et al., 2014;Ericsson, 1999). Bioblast mutagenesis causes immature deliveries and birth defects in the embryos, whereas germinal cell mutagenesis results in genetic disorders. ...
The active ingredient of pesticide roundup (glyphosate), N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (NPMG), was exposed to UV radiation at λ = 250-600 nm. Ozone with the 2.5% oxygen content was bubbled through the NPMG reaction solution at a rate of 3.35 mmol h −1 (or 160.8 mg of ozone per hour). The decomposition NPMG is a complicated multistep process. It is practically impossible to identify NPMG in the solution after 14.3 h. The toxicological effect of both NPMG aqueous solutions and its phototransformation products were analyzed using the following assays: preparation of luminescent bacteria of the Ecolum series and infusoria Tetrahymena pyriformis. The cells of the latter were counted on a BioLat automated device with computer processing of the results. The toxicity of NPMG is retained until its 1000-fold dilution with pure water, while the 100-fold dilution of the irradiated sample was enough to eliminate its toxicity. It means that UV irradiation of NPMG together with its ozone treatment results in a 10-fold decrease in toxicity both in the case of Ecolum test system and that of T. pyriformis. The comparative study of the genetic effects for two genetic bacterial test systems shows that the phototransformation products contain substances with weak mutagenic and genotoxic activity. The obtained data indicate a high potential of the NPMG toxicity elimination method involving the UV irradiation of NPMG combined with the ozone treatment.
... Special concern and emphasis are placed on the use of pesticide glyphosate, facilitated by developing GM varieties of crops such as soybeans or corn that are resistant to the use of glyphosate. Swanson et al. (2014) underscore these concerns: "A huge increase in the incidence and prevalence of chronic diseases has been reported in the United States (US) over the last 20 years. Similar increases have been seen globally. ...
... Traces of glyphosate, which have been linked to endocrine, neurological, and intestinal disorders, have also been identified in human urine samples [33,34]. The increasing prevalence of numerous neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's, senile dementia, Parkinson's, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism in the United States was also found to be significantly associated with increased glyphosate use over time [35]. In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reclassified glyphosate as possibly carcinogenic to humans. ...
A genetically modified (GM) crop is an organism whose genetic makeup has been altered to express the desired physiological traits. Soybean (Glycine max) is a common GM crop. Its genome has been genetically engineered to confer resistance to herbicides, pests and extreme environmental conditions. Mislabelling of food products as GM-free has triggered insecurity among consumers. In addition, the health effects due to consumption of GM foods remains controversial. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the presence of GM soybean in animal feeds and several food products such as raw soybean, tempeh, and tofu collected from Sarawak traditional markets, grocery stores, and supermarkets. The presence of the regulatory elements CaMV 35S Promoter (P35S) and NOS Terminator (TNOS) were initially screened using conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Then, all samples were subjected to the PCR-based construct-specific method by targeting the cp4 epsps gene, which confers glyphosate-resistance. Positive samples were validated through DNA sequencing. The result demonstrated that 56 out of 65 samples including 17 soybean, 12 animal feeds, 7 tofu and 20 tempeh samples were positive for cp4 epsps. Furthermore, 2 out of 20 raw soybean samples were labelled as GM-free. However, validation using DNA sequencing indicates 100% identity to cp4 epsps gene in comparison with the Genbank database. This study demonstrated the significance of GM detection in soybean and the importance of accurate food labelling.
... UFCs also have strong epidemiological links to inflammatory disease. Many common pesticides and POPs are detrimental to human health and are linked to a plethora of human chronic diseases, including IBD [54][55][56][57][58]. ...
Chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is defined by several pathophysiological characteristics, such as dysbiosis of the microbiota, epithelial barrier hyperpermeability, systemic dissemination of endotoxins and chronic inflammation. In addition to well-reported environmental factors in non-communicable disease, such as smoking, diet, and exercise, humans are frequently exposed to myriads more environmental factors, from pesticides to food additives. Such factors are ubiquitous across both our diet and indoor/outdoor environments. A major route of human exposure to these factors is ingestion, which frequently occurs due to their intentional addition (intentional food additives) and/or unintentional contamination (unintentional food contaminants) of food products—often linked to environmental pollution. Understanding how this persistent, diverse exposure impacts GI health is of paramount importance, as deterioration of the GI barrier is proposed to be the first step towards systemic inflammation and chronic disease. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the impact of ingestion of environmental factors on inflammatory processes in the GI tract. In this review, we highlight human exposure to intentional food additives (e.g. emulsifiers, bulking agents) and unintentional food contaminants (e.g. persistent organic pollutants, pesticides, microplastics), then present evidence for their association with chronic disease, modification of the GI microbiota, increased permeability of the GI barrier, systemic dissemination of endotoxins, local (and distal) pro-inflammatory signalling, and induction of oxidative stress and/or endoplasmic reticulum stress. We also propose a link to NLRP3-inflammasome activation. These findings highlight the contribution of common environmental factors towards deterioration of GI health and the induction of pathophysiology associated with onset and maintenance of chronic inflammation in the GI tract.
... This promoted organophosphates [14] and carbamates [15] as more ecological alternatives to organochlorine chemical pesticides with lower persistence [16][17]. Despite of being commonly employed chemical pesticides, both the organophophates and carbamates has the ability to cause various health effects such as cancer, diabetes, strokes, kidney failure, Parkinson's disease, dementia, neurobehavioral effects, reproductive issues, non-Hodgkin,s lymphoma and Alzheimer's disease [18][19]. Organophosphates, such as dichlorovos, glyphosate, chloropyriphos, chloropyriphos-methyl, malathion, parathion, diazinon and dimethoate are the commonly employed ones' in agriculture [20]. ...
A study was performed to investigate the status of organophosphate and carbamate pesticide residues present in fruits and vegetables. For this purpose, samples were collected from the local markets of Godawari municipality and Dhangadhisub-metropolitan city of Sudurpaschim province in the Kailali district of Nepal. Samples were analyzed for pesticide residues by the rapid bioassay for pesticide residues (RBPR) technology. The obtained results showed that in fruits the highest inhibition (%) of carbamates(CMs) was present in the banana 29.488%and the highest inhibition (%) of organophosphates(OPs) was present in orange 17.433%. The highest acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition (%) of CMs and OPs pesticides was found to be associated with Sting gourd i.e. 20.574% and 25.357% respectively. The findings point out the urgent need to address the potential risk of exposure to multiple pesticide residues via stringent monitoring programs on daily basis from pesticides present in the diet.
... Based on the impacts on human health as early as the 90s of the last century, investigations of research centers of excellence in the northern hemisphere has proved the highly harmful effects on human health of the herbicide 2-4D used in the Vietnam War, particularly its carcinogenic effect, the damage to the nervous system, and deformations in descendants of the population exposed to its use (Fogel, 2001). In recent years, new research has focused on the growing neurological damage caused by agrochemicals and particularly on the effects of glyphosate on prenatal health (Bellinger et al, 2016;Falnoga et al., 2000;Mesnage et al., 2013;Mesnage et al., 2014;Nevison, 2014;Seneff et al., 2015;Seralini et al., 2014;Swanson et al., 2014). ...
Según un informe de Monsanto, Paraguay es el país más transgénico considerando la superficie cultivada con OGM. Esto supone un desarrollo notable de las fuerzas productivas que alteran profundamente las relaciones de producción con la aparición de nuevos actores y la desaparición de otros. El desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías también tiene consecuencias en la salud humana, en la intensa contaminación ambiental y en la deforestación de ecosistemas frágiles. En lo que va de este siglo, las grandes corporaciones biotecnológicas que promueven el régimen agroalimentario globalizado emplean tecnologías adecuadas para los cultivos transgénicos, siendo el RR más emblemático del Monsanto que requiere una economía de escala asociada con la concentración de la tierra y su acumulación y utiliza pesticidas en cantidades crecientes, una característica que lo hace autodestructivo como una nueva forma de acumulación. Mientras que los actores dominantes se convierten en representantes de grandes corporaciones, los empresarios brasileños de agronegocios, basados en la soja, dependen de quienes controlan la tecnología y los mercados. La reestructuración agraria también implica la instalación y operación de grandes corporaciones brasileñas que controlan la industria de la carne.
... Claims have been made by the genetic modification (GM) industry that millions of meals of GM crops (most of them sprayed with Roundup) have been eaten by people with no ill effect; but the claim has no scientific basis. In fact, Swanson et al. [2] showed that strong correlations existed between the increasing use of Roundup and the increasing rise in the number of Americans suffering from one or more of the 22 chronic illnesses in the study, which included obesity, hypertension, senile dementia, and several types of cancer. ...
... Since the introduction of genetically engineered crops in 1996 that tolerated spraying with Roundup, the use of Roundup has risen dramatically-and so has the incidence of illnesses in the United States. Strong correlations over time were found by Swanson et al. [2] between the number of deaths of Americans from various chronic illnesses in any year and the amount of glyphosate applied in that year. The diseases studied in this paper included obesity, stroke, hypertension, senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, autism, and several kinds of cancer, among the 22 diseases included in total. ...
Roundup is the most widely used herbicide in agriculture. It contains glyphosate as the ‘active ingredient’, together with formulants. There are various versions of Roundup, with somewhat different effects depending on the formulants. Most genetically-modified crops are designed to tolerate Roundup, thus allowing spraying against weeds during the growing season of the crop without destroying it. Having been so heavily used, this herbicide is now found in the soil, water, air, and even in humans worldwide. Roundup may also remain as a residue on edible crops. Many studies have found harm to the environment and to health, making it imperative to regulate the use of Roundup and to ensure that its various formulations pose no danger when used in the long-term. Unfortunately, regulators may only assess the ‘active ingredient’, glyphosate, and ignore the toxicity of the formulants, which can be far more toxic than the active ingredient. This omission is in violation of a ruling by the Court of Justice of the European Union. There are close ties between the regulators and the industry they are supposed to regulate. Objectionable practices include ‘revolving doors’ between the regulators and the industry, heavy reliance on unpublished papers produced by the industry while dismissing papers published by independent scientists, and strong covert influence on the regulatory process by industry. Although this paper focuses on the European Union (EU), the situation is much the same in the United States.
... Inhaled MP intoxication leads to cardiovascular lesions, pulmonary edema, liver lesion and acute nephrosis of the kidney [3,52]. Glyphosate can exhibit endocrine-disrupting activity [160,164], ...
... Non Commercial Use effect human erythrocytes in vitro [90] and augment skin carcinogenicity in mouse [57]. Correlation analyzes raised concerns about possible connections between use of glyphosate and several health effects and diseases including diabetes, autism, hypertension, strokes, kidney failure, autism, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and cancer [160]. Many OPCs are quickly absorbed by skin, conjunctiva, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs. ...
Pesticide application increases crop yield by controlling, repelling, or destroying pests; but their excessive use cause harmful effects to various life forms including humans. When applied in large amounts, the agricultural pesticides move longer distances and can reach the water table at observable concentration. Consequently, pesticides can contaminate the areas which are far away from the sites where they were used actually. Among different groups of pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are applied globally and constitute the crucial and most commonly applied group which accounts for almost 36% of the entire world market. Methyl parathion (MP) is one of the most commonly used OPs. It has been recorded across the world that excessive use of OPs leads to the contamination of soil and water bodies and exposure to OPs causes disastrous effects to human health, various life forms and ecosystems. Thus, decontaminating pesticide contaminated area is a costly affair. Microorganisms play an important role in biodegradation of pesticides due to their adaptive nature to the environment that is contaminated. Mostly, organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) are completely mineralized by the microorganisms. Microorganisms degrade most of the OPCs as carbon or phosphorus source. From microbes, different enzymes have been isolated for studying and understanding the pathways involved in the biodegradation of OPs.
This chapter explores the role of pesticides particularly OPs on crop productivity, along with their transport in environment; their influence on human and animal health and their degradation by microorganisms.
... In line with this, there is evidence of the participation of Wnt signaling in various neurocognitive developmental disorders, such as autism [55,56]. Thus, the deregulation of this pathway by glyphosate in human cells in vitro could be related to a higher incidence of developmental and autism spectrum disorders in children whose mothers were exposed to pesticides [57][58][59], including glyphosate, during pregnancy [47]. ...
... A wide variety of studies show the correlation between pesticide exposure and the development of various types of diseases. Organophosphate exposure has been reported to be associated with various human conditions, such as mood disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, cancer, kidney damage, and autism, among others [166][167][168][169]. Furthermore, it has been postulated that pesticides may be the main environmental factor associated with the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease [59,170]. ...
Glyphosate, a non-selective systemic biocide with broad-spectrum activity, is the most widely used herbicide in the world. It can persist in the environment for days or months, and its intensive and large-scale use can constitute a major environmental and health problem. In this systematic review, we investigate the current state of our knowledge related to the effects of this pesticide on the nervous system of various animal species and humans. The information provided indicates that exposure to glyphosate or its commercial formulations induces several neurotoxic effects. It has been shown that exposure to this pesticide during the early stages of life can seriously affect normal cell development by deregulating some of the signaling pathways involved in this process, leading to alterations in differentiation, neuronal growth, and myelination. Glyphosate also seems to exert a significant toxic effect on neurotransmission and to induce oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction, processes that lead to neuronal death due to autophagy, necrosis, or apoptosis, as well as the appearance of behavioral and motor disorders. The doses of glyphosate that produce these neurotoxic effects vary widely but are lower than the limits set by regulatory agencies. Although there are important discrepancies between the analyzed findings, it is unequivocal that exposure to glyphosate produces important alterations in the structure and function of the nervous system of humans, rodents, fish, and invertebrates.
