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Correlation between Area Deprivation Index (ADI) and Child Opportunity Index (COI) scores for children in the Adolescent Behavior Cognitive Development Study (n = 10,577). ADI area deprivation index, COI child opportunity index 2.0
Source publication
Purpose
There is widespread recognition of the importance and complexity of measuring neighborhood contexts within research on child psychopathology. In this study, we assessed the cross-sectional associations between two measures of neighborhood quality and internalizing and externalizing behaviors in preadolescence.
Methods
Drawing on baseline d...
Citations
... One study did not find a significant relationship between overall COI scores and anxiety and depression scores in a sample of adolescents aged 13-16 years old [37]. Another study using the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study sample at baseline (youths aged 9-10) examined both the Area Deprivation Index (ADI) quintiles and the COI quintiles to examine relations with Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) scores [38]. Greater neighborhood resources were associated with fewer externalizing symptoms, but adjusting for child-and family-level factors rendered the association between the COI and externalizing nonsignificant. ...
The built physical and social environments are critical drivers of child neural and cognitive development. This study aimed to identify the factor structure and correlates of 29 environmental, education, and socioeconomic indicators of neighborhood resources as measured by the Child Opportunity Index 2.0 (COI 2.0) in a sample of youths aged 9–10 enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. This study used the baseline data of the ABCD Study (n = 9767, ages 9–10). We used structural equation modeling to investigate the factor structure of neighborhood variables (e.g., indicators of neighborhood quality including access to early child education, health insurance, walkability). We externally validated these factors with measures of psychopathology, impulsivity, and behavioral activation and inhibition. Exploratory factor analyses identified four factors: Neighborhood Enrichment, Socioeconomic Attainment, Child Education, and Poverty Level. Socioeconomic Attainment and Child Education were associated with overall reduced impulsivity and the behavioral activation system, whereas increased Poverty Level was associated with increased externalizing symptoms, an increased behavioral activation system, and increased aspects of impulsivity. Distinct dimensions of neighborhood opportunity were differentially associated with aspects of psychopathology, impulsivity, and behavioral approach, suggesting that neighborhood opportunity may have a unique impact on neurodevelopment and cognition. This study can help to inform future public health efforts and policy about improving built and natural environmental structures that may aid in supporting emotional development and downstream behaviors.
... Several composite indices of neighborhood quality have also been developed, including the Area Deprivation Index, Child Opportunity Index, and Social Vulnerability Index, but each index includes unique indicators (Kaalund, Thoumi, Bhavsar, Labrador, & Cholera, 2022). Study findings have been mixed, with some studies noting an association between neighborhood quality and child mental health (Beyer et al., 2024;Kemp et al., 2016;Li, Johnson, Musci, & Riley, 2017;Ramachandran et al., 2023;Schmidt, Glymour, & Osypuk, 2021) and some not (Buttaro, Gambaro, Joshi, & Lennon, 2021;Gambaro, Buttaro, Joshi, & Lennon, 2022;Ingram et al., 2024;Kohen, Leventhal, Dahinten, & McIntosh, 2008;Thorpe et al., in press). It is difficult to compare study findings, because each used different measures of neighborhood quality, and some effects were limited only to subgroups (Kessler et al., 2014;Kim, Lee, Jung, Jaime, & Cubbin, 2019;Schmidt et al., 2021) or time frames (Anderson, Leventhal, & Dup er e, 2014a). ...
... The COI is a 29-indicator measure covering education, health & environment, and social & economic domains (Dolores Acevedo- Garcia et al., 2016). The COI has only been explored with children's mental health symptoms in a few studies, most of which only included adolescents (Beyer et al., 2024;Ingram et al., 2024;Ramachandran et al., 2023;Schmidt et al., 2021;Thorpe et al., in press), so less is known about younger children. Notably, in Schmidt and colleagues (2021) the COI had a larger association with children's psychological distress than neighborhood poverty alone, suggesting that the COI captures neighborhood resources that are important to mental health. ...
Background
Neighborhood quality may contribute to child mental health, but families with young children often move, and residential instability has also been tied to adverse mental health. This study's primary goal was to disentangle the effects of neighborhood quality from those of residential instability on mental health in middle childhood.
Methods
1,946 children from 1,652 families in the Upstate KIDS cohort from New York state, US, were followed prospectively from birth to age 10. Residential addresses were linked at the census tract level to the Child Opportunity Index 2.0, a multidimensional indicator of neighborhood quality. The number of different addresses reported from birth to age 10 was counted to indicate residential instability, and the change in COI quintile indicated social mobility. Parents completed three assessments of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder, problematic behavior, and internalizing psychopathology symptoms at ages 7, 8, and 10. Child and family covariates were selected a priori to adjust sample characteristics, increase estimate precision, and account for potential confounding.
Results
In unadjusted models, higher neighborhood quality at birth was associated with fewer psychopathology symptoms in middle childhood, but associations were largely mediated by residential instability. In adjusted models, residential instability was associated with more psychopathology symptoms, even accounting for social mobility. Neighborhood quality at birth had indirect effects on child mental health symptoms through residential instability.
Conclusions
Children born into lower‐quality neighborhoods moved more, and moving more was associated with higher psychopathology symptoms. Findings were similar across different timings of residential moves, for girls and boys, and for children who did not experience a major life event. Additional research is needed to better understand which aspects of moving are most disruptive to young children.
... It was surprising that neighborhood resources were not directly associated with depressive or anxiety symptoms at the bivariate level or in the regression models. A recent report from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) cohort also found that the COI 2.0 and the Area Deprivation Index are not associated with internalizing symptoms amongst a diverse population of pre-adolescent children (Beyer et al. 2024). We concur with Beyer et al.'s contention that the COI 2.0 may be too broad of an index of neighborhood resources, potentially "diluting" the effects of adversities relevant to children's internalizing symptoms. ...
To understand the factors that preserve mental health amongst a diverse population of adolescents, we examined links between neighborhood‐level resources, adolescents' self‐reported personal assets (low perceived stress, meaning and purpose, life satisfaction), parent‐reported family assets (household income, maternal mental health) and adolescents' self‐reported depressive and anxiety symptoms. Participants included a racially and ethnically diverse national sample of 4325 adolescents (10–21 years) from the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program. Neighborhood‐level resources were not directly associated with depressive or anxiety symptoms. However, higher levels of personal and family assets were related to lower levels of symptoms, regardless of neighborhood resources (ß's: −0.09 to 0.55). Last, high neighborhood resources compensated for the absence of one asset—low perceived stress. For adolescents with levels of perceived stress that were just 0.17 SD above the sample mean, neighborhood resources were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. Findings did not vary across racial and ethnic groups. Results support the development of asset building endeavors that bolster positive child assets in adolescents and families to reduce mental health disparities. Implications for programs that seek to promote mental health amongst minoritized youth are discussed.
... The indicators include access to early childhood education, grocery store access, walkability, airborne microparticle concentration, employment rate, and median household income, among others. Though it is highly correlated with other social deprivation measures, like the area deprivation index (ADI), it includes more child-specific indicators such as elementary-level math and reading scores and high school graduation, as well as environmental indicators like access to green space, ozone concentration, and extreme heat exposure [7]. The COI has demonstrated utility for assessing inequities in childhood mortality, hospital readmissions, and emergency department revisits [8,9]. ...
Background
The impact of social determinants of health (SDOH) on pediatric liver transplant outcomes has not been extensively investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of neighborhood‐level deprivation on graft and patient survival among pediatric liver transplant recipients.
Methods
This is a single‐center observational study among children who received a primary liver transplant from March 1996 to March 2023. The Childhood Opportunity Index (COI) score was used to measure the degree of neighborhood deprivation.
Results
A total of 252 children were included, half (52.8%) were female and the majority were non‐Hispanic White (71%). Half (53.6%) of the children had private insurance, and the median COI score was 64. A total of 28 children were transplanted from a very low‐to‐low COI area. Children in very low‐to‐low COI areas had worse patient (HR = 4.90, 95% CI = 1.41–17.04, p = 0.01) and graft (HR = 3.41, 95% CI = 1.19–9.75, p = 0.02) survival outcomes compared to children in moderate‐to‐very high areas when adjusting for clinical characteristics. COI score remained a significant predictor of graft survival after adjusting for race and insurance type (HR = 3.41, 95% CI = 1.12–10.40, p = 0.03).
Conclusions
Pediatric liver transplant recipients from very low‐to‐low COI score areas have worse graft outcomes when accounting for clinical factors, race/ethnicity, and insurance status. Future research should investigate the impact of multiple, intersecting SDOH factors, rather than solely a collection of isolated variables.
... Yet, despite its significance, the role of neighborhood educational opportunities in moderating externalizing problems has been largely neglected in developmental research. The COI has seldom been utilized to examine the impact of neighborhood opportunities on children's mental health and related issues including externalizing problems (Beyer et al., 2024). ...
This study examines the relationship between neighborhood adversity, educational opportunities, and externalizing problems in early adolescents using baseline data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Participants were aged 9 to 10 years (M = 9 years, 11 months), with 52.7 percent male; 60.58 percent racialized as White (N = 5577), 16.21% as Black (N = 1492), and 23.21% as Hispanic/Latinx (N = 2137). Descriptive statistics provided mean-level differences in exposure to neighborhood adversity and access to educational opportunities among the different groups. Regression models assessed the main and interactive effects of adversity and educational opportunities on externalizing problems, controlling for material hardship, parent education, sex, and age. Neighborhood disadvantage contributed to externalizing problems across groups, and there was some evidence that educational opportunities buffered the impact of adversity for all groups, but the interactions differed in their strengths based on other considerations. These findings suggest that educational opportunities and adversity interact differently across racialized groups, highlighting the need for policies that account for these nuanced experiences.
... In addition, other measures of ND may better capture factors influencing child ASB, as prior research has demonstrated that the magnitude of the associations between ND and child health [82] and externalizing outcomes [83] depend on the ND metric examined and covariates included, such as family level SES. Lastly, in adoptive families, the influence of adoptive familial SES [58], but likely not ND [84], on child ASB may be moderated by biological parent ASB. ...
The present study examined early socioeconomic status (SES) and neighborhood disadvantage (ND) as independent predictors of antisocial behavior (ASB) and addressed the etiology of the associations (i.e., genes versus the environment) using a longitudinal adoption design. Prospective data from the Colorado Adoption Project (435 adoptees, 598 nonadopted children, 526 biological grandparents of adoptees, 481 adoptive parents, and 617 nonadoptive parents including biological parents of unrelated siblings of adoptees) were examined. SES and ND were assessed during infancy and ASB was evaluated from ages four through 16 using parent and teacher report. Associations between predictors and ASB were compared across adoptive and nonadoptive families and sex. Early SES was a nominally significant, independent predictor of antisocial ASB, such that lower SES predicted higher levels of ASB in nonadoptive families only. ND was not associated with ASB. Associations were consistent across aggression and delinquency, and neither SES nor ND was associated with change in ASB over time. Nominally significant associations did not remain significant after controlling for multiple testing. As such, despite nonsignificant differences in associations across sex or adoptive status, we were unable to make definitive conclusions regarding the genetic versus environmental etiology of or sex differences in the influence of SES and ND on ASB. Despite inconclusive findings, in nonadoptees, results were consistent—in effect size and direction—with previous studies in the literature indicating that lower SES is associated with increased risk for ASB.