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Coronelli's Map of the Kingdom of Dalmatia, La Morlaquie, Bosnia and Serbia…, 1700. (Facsimile from Marković 1993). Title emphasized by the authors.
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Although maps have long been central to geographical inquiry, they were rarely treated as text or socially constructed images in general as well as in Croatian historical geography and history of cartography. Looking at maps as images, i.e. social constructions of reality in Harleyan, postmodern terms, the paper discusses the images of the Croatian...
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... of 1732 enable us to distinguish two different stages for approaching the Vene- tian borderlands. The technique of map-making differ; Coronelli's map was still based mainly on the compilations, while Alberghetti's map is already based on field surveys. However, apart from technical differences, these maps express the political message in the corresponding way. Vincenzo Maria Coronelli, as the official Venetian cartographer, was the most prominent figure in promoting Venetian politics regarding the territorial preten- sions on his maps. His maps were an important instrument for emphasizing the Venetian conquest over the Ottomans. Coronelli's map of Dalmatia is a general regional map on a rather small scale. The map charts Venetian Dalmatia, the territory of the Republic of Dubrovnik, parts of Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia and surrounding lands (Fig. 1). The whole inland area between the river Sava and the Adriatic is compressed along its north-south axis. But, on the other hand, the territory of Venetian Dalmatia is unproportionally vast, especially concerning its inland part. The northern Dalmatian border depicted on this map does not correspond to the frontier between the Venetian and Ottoman territories. It goes too far to the north, even incorporating the whole territory of the Herzegovina region into the Venetian Dalmatia. In spite of a number of possible errors, these distortions on the map are more a testimony to the expression of state power interests and an approach to the border area; emphasizing and even over-exaggerating its possessions and importance while ignoring the Ottoman side at the same ...
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Citations
... It also became clear that it would be useful for the state and lower levels of government to visualise data about the territories and the spatial resources they governed (Woodward, 2007). In terms of depicting individual regional units on the eastern Adriatic coast, we should add that there was increased interest in European political and cultural centres in improving knowledge of the arenas of confrontation involving the imperial policies of Venice, the Habsburg Monarchy and Ottoman Empire (Fürst-Bjeliš, Zupanc, 2007;Mlinarić, 2014). The clash of these powers resulted in shifting borders on the ground, but they also attempted to achieve their political and economic goals by all kinds of means, including the production of maps,, on which they presented their political agendas or at least their perceptions of the borderlands (Mlinarić, Gregurović, 2011). ...
... Tek potkraj 15. i početkom 16. stoljeća počele su se izrađivati karte regija europskih država, uključujući i Hrvatskoj susjednih prostora današnje Italije i Mađarske (Bagrow, Skelton, 1985.). Poticaj za taj zamah u europskoj kartografiji došao je s jedne strane objavljivanjem Ptolemejeve Geografije i razvojem znanosti s ciljem stjecanja, a zatim i prikazivanja novih geografskih spoznaja o prostoru, a s druge strane potrebama državnih i nižih razina vlasti za vizualizacijom teritorija, odnosno prostornih resursa kojim upravljaju (Woodward, 2007.). Tome u pogledu kartografskog prikazivanja pojedinih regionalnih cjelina na istočnoj obali Jadrana treba dodati pojačano zanimanje europskih političkih i kulturnih središta za bolje upoznavanje poprišta sraza imperijalnih politika Venecije, Habsburške Monarhije i Osmanskoga Carstva (Fürst- Bjeliš, Zupanc, 2007., Mlinarić, 2014. Te su se sile konfrontirale s promjenjivim ishodima, nastojeći različitim sredstvima, pa tako i kartama na kojima su predstavljali svoje agende ili barem svoju percepciju pograničja, postići svoje političke i ekonomske strategije (Mlinarić, Gregurović, 2011.). ...
U radu je analizirana rukopisna karta srednje i dijela sjeverne Dalmacije nepozna-tog autora, nastala, po svoj prilici, u prvom desetljeću 16. stoljeća. Ta je karta naj-stariji sačuvani detaljni prikaz neke hrvatske regije, a pohranjena je u Državnom arhivu u Veneciji (Archivio di Stato di Venezia). Analizom geografskih i toponoma-stičkih podataka koji su u nju ugrađeni te korelacijom tih podataka s arhivskim vrelima i drugim ranonovovjekovnim kartama, utvrđeno je da je ona što se tiče kvantitete i kvalitete sadržaja činila značajan iskorak u vizualizaciji prostorne stvar-nosti. Stoga je riječ o dragocjenom kartografskom spomeniku, nezaobilaznom za povijesno-geografska istraživanja Hrvatske i Jadrana kao arene višestoljetne vojno-političke konfrontacije Mletačke Republike, Ugarsko-Hrvatskoga Kraljevstva (od 1527. pod vlašću habsburške dinastije) i Osmanskoga Carstva. Ključne riječi: karta, Dalmacija, Hrvatska, Mletačka Republika, 16. stoljeće This paper analyses the manuscript map of central and parts of northern Dalmatia by an unknown author in the first decade of the 16 th century. It is the oldest preserved detailed depiction of a Croatian region and is currently housed in the State Archives of Venice (Archivio di Stato di Venezia). The analysis of its geographic and toponymic data and the correlation of this data with archival sources show that its qualitative and quantitative content represents a significant advance in the visualisation of spatial reality. It is therefore a valuable cartographic record essential to historical-geographic research of Croatia and the Adriatic as the arena of centuries of military-political confrontation between the Venetian Republic, the Hungaro-Croatian Kingdom (under the Habsburg Dynasty from 1527) and the Ottoman Empire.
... Geografska obilježja hrvatskoga teritorija, posebice položaj, oblik i veličina, odraz su historijsko-geografskog razvoja. Interakcijski odnos geografskih čimbenika bitno je utjecao na razvoj granica, političko-teritorijalni ustroj te razvoj kulturnog pejzaža, odnosno hrvatskih geografskih izvora nacionalne snage, a time i geostrategije u raznim povijesnim geopolitičkim okolnostima (Rogić, 1977;Fürst-Bjeliš i Zupanc, 2007). Bit potencijalne sinergijske moći čini upravo interakcija geografskoga smještaja, položaja, oblika i veličine teritorija te prirodnogeografskih obilježja. ...
Cilj je ovog rada odrediti objekt istraživanja strategijske geogra-fije kao geografske poddiscipline te definirati njezin teorijski koncept u kontekstu interdisciplinarnog polja geografije. Nagla-sak je na definiranju značenja geografskoga prostora u funkciji sinergije nacionalne snage (moći) te oblikovanju nacionalnih interesa i njihove strategijske operacionalizacije u procesu dosezanja nacionalnih ciljeva u međunarodnom okružju. U radu je prezentiran teorijsko-metodološki koncept istraživanja geografskoga prostora koji podrazumijeva interdisciplinarni pristup i sveobuhvatnost istraživanja interaktivno i funkcionalno povezane životne sredine. Cilj istraživanja strategijske geografije jest znanstvena spoznaja i vrednovanje uloge geografskih čimbenika u modificiranju prostorno-funkcionalne dinamike. Njezino izdvajanje kao posebne znanstvene poddiscipline rezultat je unutrašnjeg objekta istraživanja temeljenog na raščlambi i izdvajanju dominantnih geografskih značajki bitnih sa stajališta analize i sintetske prosudbe geografskih izvora potencijalne nacionalne snage/moći. Geografski prostor, odnosno geografski čimbenici, procesi, veze i odnosi kao potencijalni izvori komparativnih prednosti u procesu definiranja nacionalnih interesa te oblikovanju i provedbi nacionalnih strategija predstavljaju objekt istraživanja strategijske geografije. Težišni istraživački postupak strategijske geografije usmjeren je na geografske i resursne prednosti nacionalnoga prostora te ljudski potencijal u međunarodnom kontekstu.
... O tome jasno svjedoče tadašnje geografske karte na kojima su hrvatski kartografi za te krajeve rabili latinski naziv terra deserta (opustjela zemlja), a mletački sufiks na talijanskom jeziku distructa (uništen). Upravo kartografski prikazi današnjega hrvatskoga teritorija iz toga razdoblja, bez obzira na državnu organizaciju u sklopu koje su bili napravljeni, najbolje oslikavaju uništavanje kulturnoga pejzaža uz južne i istočne granice današnje Hrvatske (Rogić, 1990;Fuerst-Bjeliš, Zupanc, 2007a). ...
Sveučilišni udžbenik; daje cjeloviti pregled historijske geografije Hrvatske i susjednih prostora, uključujući razvoj, oblikovanje i promjene teritorija Hrvatske, razvoj i promjene okoliša i kulturnog pejzaža, demografska, gospodarska obilježja razvoja, te promjene u ruralnom, urbanom i regionalnom sustavu. Osim teorijskog uvoda u pojam i metode historijske geografije i njezinog odnosa prema drugim znanstvenim disciplinama, posebno poviješću, u prvom poglavlju, knjiga obuhvaća još 11 poglavlja koja se odnose na karakteristične periode historijskogeografskog razvoja, počevši od prethistorijskoga pa do suvremenog.
... These images are related to concepts that are embedded in maps and leading eventually to the construction of regional concept and identity. That is appreciation of differences, uniqueness and otherness that, through the territorialization, result in specific spatial images and regional identity (FUERST-BJELIŠ, ZUPANC, 2007;FUERST-BJELIŠ, 2011). ...
... What we can read on Vitezović's map from the notification along the border: "Terra deserta olim nunc a Valachis habitata" (deserted, depopulated and uninhabited land, yet inhabited by Vlachs!) is that Vlachs are considered as others in terms of social and religious differentiation(FUERST-BJELIŠ, ZUPANC, 2007;FUERST-BJELIŠ, 2011). ...
Borderlands are typical spaces where a multiplicity of imperial and thus cultural, religious and ethnic contacts produces a multiplicity of perceptions and images. Through a number of examples of the Croatian borderlands, the main aim is to reveal the symbolic layer of the map that leads us into the process of imaging the past and constructing regional identities in the multicultural realities.
... Thus, the map uncovers images that reflect social identification and territorialisation as comprehension of dissimilarity, uniqueness and Otherness. These concepts, built into the maps, finally lead to the construction of the spatial (regional) notion and identity (Fuerst-Bjeliš & Zupanc, 2007a;Fuerst-Bjeliš, 2011). ...
... The text that Vitezović entered along the border: Terra deserta olim nunc a Valachis habitata [once desert land, now inhabited by Vlachs] indicates that the Vlachs were regarded as Others in the sense of social and religious differentiation (Fuerst-Bjeliš & Zupanc, 2007a;Fuerst-Bjeliš, 2011). The westernmost border of the Ottoman Empire with the Habsburg Monarchy was primarily a border between Islam and Christianity. ...
The area of research refers to the Croatian - Bosnian and Herzegovinian borderlands, the contact area of three different imperial traditions in the Early Modern period; Ottoman, Habsburg and Venetian. That was the meeting place of East and West, Christianity and Islam and maritime and continental traditions. Frequent border changes were followed by migrations and introduction of new (other) social and cultural communities. The Borderland represents an area of multiple contacts and a multicultural environment. Historical maps reveal the process of territorialisation and de-territorialisation of the Borderland communities, as well as the process of construction and deconstruction of spatial (regional) concepts. Spatial concepts of Morlachia and Little Wallachia, constructed under the distinct social-political conditions of the threefold border, were dissolved by the change in these conditions.
... The contexts of other maps and society (or societal environment) are directly connected and linked to the external power of the map. It can be seen through maps made by different actors that are reflecting different or even opposed approaches to the territory that were embedded in the society and culture of the particular period and place [11]. ...
... Scholars in Croatia have recently addressed these topics from various perspectives. The first writings embrace the topics of cartographic perceptions and the state power interests of the multiple borderlands of Croatia [11,12], different perceptions of Croatian lands in Croatian and other European cartographic traditions [13], toponymy and perceptions [14,15], the relation of cartography, place-names and regional identities [16], the political rhetoric of maps [17] and recently the cartographic visualization and the image of Other [18]. ...
... But, on the other hand, the territory of Venetian Dalmatia is unproportionally vast, especially the inland part. These "distortions" are a testimony to the expression of state power interests and an approach to the border area; emphasizing and over-exaggerating its possessions and importance, while ignoring the Ottoman side at the same time [11]. The rhetoric of the map is accompanied with the well known tool of expressing the Venetian possession of the Adriatic aquatorial space as "Mer ou Golfe de Venise" and in addition, introducing the "Mer et Isles de la Dalmatie", that as a hydronym does not really exist apart from the political context of exercising power and control over Venetian Dalmatia. ...
Recent researches since the end of the 20th century tend to subvert the traditional, positivist model in analyzing the maps, replacing it with one that is grounded in iconological and semiotic theory of the nature of maps. Maps could be understood as a social construction of the world expressed through a medium of cartography, or as a socially constructed image of reality. Researching past images through maps is of particular interest in multicultural spaces, where a variety of different cultures, religious systems, complex ethnic structures and imperial systems meet each other. Borderlands are typical spaces where a multiplicity of such contacts reflect and produce a multiplicity of perceptions and images. Early Modern period in Croatian history is burdened with frequent changes of borders between three imperial systems with different religious systems and cultural traditions that have intertwined on the Croatian territory, and consequently reflect different attitudes toward borderlands. Through a number of examples of the Croatian borderlands, the main aim is to reveal the symbolic layer of the map that leads us into the process of imaging the past, i.e. opening the abundance of different perceptions in the multicultural realities of the Croatian borderlands.
... It is obviously the consequence of the process of populating the area (either planned or spontaneous) and sedentarization of settlements through the course of the 18 th century. The process of gradual sedentarization in 18 th century is additionally accentuated by the comparison with the analysis of environmental perception of the borderland on 17 th century maps which showed the borderland as deserted, devastated, destroyed and uninhabited area (Fuerst-Bjeliš, Zupanc, 2007). ...
... One of the good examples is the Map of the whole kingdom of Croatia by P. Ritter Vitezović (1699). The statement according to the inscription on the map that " there was a Vlach population inhabiting the deserted border area " 7 point out, besides other different levels of meaning (Fuerst-Bjeliš, Zupanc, 2007), to the process of population change i.e. populating the border area, previously deserted by autochtonous population, by other groups, precisely Vlachs or Morlacchi. Venetian cadastral sources of its New Acquisition indicate that the borderland of Dalmatian Zagora was the area of significant migration as well. ...
After the peace treaties of Srijemski Karlovci (1699) and Požarevac (1718) Venice extended and consolidated its possessions in Dalmatian interior the most in the history. That was the occasion of new policy of land repartition that was regulated by new agrarian laws and followed by cadastral surveys. Apart from jurisdiction change, after its establishment the border has not undergone any significant changes until today. Consequently, the interior Dalmatian territory consolidated in the 18th century as the Venetian New Acquisition, presents the base for distinctive development of cultural landscape. The topic of the research is to point to the main spatial as well as demographic implications of the new border establishment in Dalmatia.
This review assesses (anglophone) cross‐disciplinary research that has used geographical methodologies to study religion in the past. It identifies three prominent themes within the existing literature: the spatalisation of religion, the intersections between religion and built environments, and the relationships between religion and physical landscapes. It argues that the application of geographical approaches to the study of religion in the past has made important contributions to feminist and postcolonial attempts to de‐centre religious leaders and social elites. However, it also demonstrates that the existing literature has been fundamentally informed by inherently modern and western definitions of religion. Primarily, it identifies how the existing literature has prioritised the study of institutionalised Abrahamic religions, emphasised the analysis of sacred‐secular dichotomies, and assumed that religious affiliation involves personal belief and spiritual encounter. In response, this paper calls for geographical approaches to religion in the past to engage with a more diverse range of subjects and use network or assemblage approaches to challenge modern and western assumptions about religious practices and experiences.
The decreased rate of expansion of the Ottoman Empire on the eve of the Modern Era was also reflected in the internal degradation of the Empire’s societal and political systems and coincided with the advancement of Christian states (in societal, political, and economic terms). The Ottoman withdrawal from the Pannonian Basin and parts of Dalmatia was one of the most important events for Croatia during this period, as was the stabilisation of a new border after a series of peace treaties between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Monarchy and the Republic of Venice in the eighteenth century. In the deserted and economically destroyed borderland areas, a policy of settlement and economic valorisation was implemented, largely in Slavonia, the Dalmatian Hinterland, and within the new administrative entity along the border: the Military Frontier. Along with a policy of planned settlement in Slavonia, there were also policies intended to stabilise settlement patterns and the division of land in both Slavonia and the Dalmatian Hinterland. This considerably changed the cultural landscape and enabled an agricultural revolution in commercial grain cultivation. Newly acquired Pannonian territories and economic surpluses created the basis for a new combined transportation axis from Pannonia to the northern Adriatic. This was one of the leading international trade and transport routes during the eighteenth century, until the laying of the first railway. It had great significance for the area of Croatia, but also for neighbouring countries—Bosnia and Herzegovina (under the Ottoman rule) and Serbia—which had previously been linked to international trade by southern Adriatic harbours (Dubrovnik and Split).
