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Coronavirus and influenza virus (A and B combined) detection frequencies by month over the 3 years of the study.
Source publication
Four human coronaviruses (HCoV-229E, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-OC43) are associated with a range of respiratory outcomes, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Their epidemiologies and clinical characteristics are poorly described and are often reliant on case reports. To address these problems, we conducted a large-scale comprehensive screen...
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The Coronaviridae family, an enveloped RNA virus family, and, more particularly, human coronaviruses (HCoV), were historically known to be responsible for a large portion of common colds and other upper respiratory tract infections. HCoV are now known to be involved in more serious respiratory diseases, i.e. bronchitis, bronchiolitis or pneumonia,...
Background
Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are associated with upper respiratory tract infections. Although studies have analyzed the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of HCoV-associated infections, no multi-center studies have been conducted in Korean children. We aimed to describe the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of HCoV-assoc...
Purpose
During the late autumn to winter season (October to December) in the Republic of Korea, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common pathogen causing lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). Interestingly, in 2014, human coronavirus (HCoV) caused not only upper respiratory infections but also LRTIs more commonly than in other yea...
SARS – CoV – 2 is a deadly infectious virus which targets the respiratory system and leads to a disorder known as COVID 19. It is easily communicable between human beings. MERS –Corona Virus, SARS-Corona Virus, and SARS- Corona Virus -2 can leads to severe illness, whereas; novel coronavirus which related with several species which includes HKU1 (H...
The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of viral mixed detection in hospitalized patients with respiratory tract infections and to evaluate the correlation between viral mixed detection and clinical severity. Hospitalized patients with respiratory tract infections (RTI) were investigated for 15 respiratory viruses by using sensitive mo...
Citations
... Seasonal human coronavirus (HCoV)-OC43 causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections (URTI and LRTI, respectively) (1-4) and pneumonia (2,4,5) and exacerbates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (6,7) and bronchial asthma (8). ...
... A variety of methods for detecting HCoV-OC43 have also been reported, including real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) methods (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8), enzyme immunoassays using serum (8), and metagenomic assays (6) using clinical samples, such as nasopharyngeal swab specimens. Visualization of HCoV-OC43 in inoculated-cells may provide important evidence demonstrating the presence of the virus in specimens. ...
Immunofluorescence methods to detect seasonal human coronavirus (HCoV)-OC43 in nasopharyngeal swab specimens using cell lines have not yet been established. A human rectal adenocarcinoma cell line (HRT-18) was exposed to the specimens obtained from patients with upper respiratory tract infections. Immunofluorescence staining was conducted with the combination of human serum containing the HCoV-OC43 anti-spike protein antibody and a fluorescence-labeled anti-human antibody. Positive staining in HRT-18 cells was detected after exposure to specimens obtained from nine of the eleven patients in which HCoV-OC43 RNA was detected using the FilmArray method. Increased supernatant viral RNA levels were also detected in HRT-18 cells exposed to specimens obtained from four of five patients. In contrast, positive staining was not detected in HRT-18 cells exposed to six patient specimens that tested negative for RNA from seventeen types and subtypes of respiratory viruses, including HCoV-OC43. The cells inoculated with the established strain HCoV-OC43 (ATCC VR-759) also showed positive staining. These findings suggest that the replication-competent HCoV-OC43 in the specimens could be detected via immunofluorescence staining of HRT-18 cells with human serum. It may be possible to obtain positive staining for viruses other than HCoV-OC43 using this method.
... However, in high-risk groups, they are associated with a range of respiratory complications, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia [2]. These viruses have a distinct winter seasonality between December and April, and they are not diagnosed during the summer months [3]. Human adenovirus 5 (Adenoviridae, DNA virus) is one of the adenovirus serotypes that can infect humans. ...
Citation: Bażanów, B.; Michalczyk, K.; Kafel, A.; Chełmecka, E.; Skrzep-Poloczek, B.; Chwirot, A.; Nikiel, K.; Olejnik, A.; Suchocka, A.; Kukla, M.; et al. The Effects of Different Respiratory Viruses on the Oxidative Stress Marker Levels in an In Vitro Model: A Pilot Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 12088. https://doi. Abstract: Respiratory viruses are among the most common causes of human infections. Examining pathological processes linked to respiratory viral infections is essential for diagnosis, treatment strategies, and developing novel therapeutics. Alterations in oxidative stress levels and homeostasis are significant processes associated with respiratory viral infections. The study aimed to compare selected oxidative stress markers: total oxidative status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and the oxidative stress index (OSI) levels and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities in normal (MRC5 cell line) and tumor (A549 cell line) lung cells infected with human coronaviruses (HCoV) OC43 and 229E, human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV5), or human rhinovirus A (HRV A). We observed that a respiratory viral infection more significantly affected non-enzymatic oxidative stress markers in a lung adenocarcinoma model (A549 cells), while human lung fibroblasts (MRC-5 cell line) presented changes in enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidative stress markers. We suggest that further detailed research is required to analyze this phenomenon.
... The fact that a significant share of circulating viruses eludes detection is consistent with the relatively mild nature of their infections, which attracts limited scientific inquiry. However, as research on subtypes of HRV or endemic coronaviruses was detailed enough to detect differences in virality between their major subgroups [6,27], it suggests that the undetected viruses likely share characteristics making their detection more challenging, such as high heterogeneity or an even higher prevalence of asymptomatic cases, introducing ambiguity in discerning their pathogenic nature. ...
Objective
The aim of the study is to analyze the annual cycle of pediatric medically attended respiratory illnesses.
Study Design
Data on 141 million pediatric respiratory visits from the years 2010–2019 were obtained from the Polish National Healthcare Fund. To identify underlying patterns and trends within the aggregated data, techniques like seasonal‐trend decomposition using LOESS (STL) and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied.
Results
A strongly recurring pattern was observed. Following the annual minimum in late summer, there was a sudden surge in upper respiratory infections in early September. Subsequently, overall visits declined gradually, while the share of lower respiratory infections increased, particularly during the influenza peaks from January to March. Afterwards, visits declined steadily, with an additional peak of tonsillopharyngitis noted in midsummer. Dimensionality reduction of diagnoses implied the existence of two major groups of co‐occurring diagnoses, the proportions of which change over the year: one smaller but more severe, peaking during the influenza season, and the second dominating with lower severity. Age differences in diagnoses were observed, with babies showing upper respiratory infections likely diagnosed with the common cold rather than a more specific upper respiratory infection.
Conclusion
While enhancing surveillance strategies is indeed a desirable long‐term goal, it is worth noting that despite the variability observed in the onset of the influenza season, the infection cycles generally follow a relatively fixed pattern. This consistency provides a foundation for effective planning and underscores the potential for proactive measures to mitigate the impact of seasonal outbreaks.
... Another important factor for the diagnosis of patients with severe veterinary CoV-induced diseases, such as PEDV and IBV, is controlling the pathogen and protecting against different food supplies. The method that has been adapted is RT-PCR, which has generally become the method of choice for the diagnosis of human CoV, as multiplex real-time RT-PCR assays have been developed that are able to detect all four respiratory HCoVs and could be further adapted to novel CoVs (Gaunt et al., 2010). Serologic assays are important for epidemiological studies in cases where RNA is difficult to isolate or is no longer present. ...
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, has continuously evolved since its emergence. Among its variants, the Omicron lineage has become globally dominant, displaying a diverse range of sublineages. Two significant sub lineages within Omicron are EG.5 and BA.2.8, which have gained attention due to their unique characteristics and potential implications. EG.5 is characterized by a constellation of mutations, including N501Y, L452R, and D614G. Similarly, BA.2.8 carries the L452Q and P681R mutations, which enhance its ability to evade antibodies elicited by prior infection or vaccination. Similar to those in the EG.5, the clinical severity and impact of BA.2.8 on public health measures are still being assessed. These sublineages, with their unique genetic profiles and transmissibility characteristics, pose challenges to virulence response efforts. Continued surveillance, genomic sequencing, and research are essential to understand their behavior, assess their impact, and inform public health strategies accordingly. By a comprehensive synthesis of the literature, genomic data, and epidemiological insights, this study provides an analysis of Omicron mutations’ transmission dynamics, and clinical implications associated with these variants. The significance of variant surveillance in informing public health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic is underscored, highlighting the critical role of genomic sequencing in tracking viral evolution and guiding interventions. This manuscript aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying variant emergence, assess vaccine effectiveness against emerging strains, and explore the broader implications for global public health. This study provides insights into vaccine-induced immunity and the potential impact of variants on vaccine efficacy. Overall, this communication aims to inform public health practitioners, policymakers, and researchers engaged in the battle against COVID-19, offering actionable insights to mitigate the spread of the virus and improve pandemic response strategies.
... Acute respiratory infections caused by HCoV represent approximately 15% of common flu in adults, depending mainly on the geographical area, the type of population, and the viral detection techniques (11). They are also characterized by a marked seasonality with high rates in the winter months (11,12) and frequently detected in coinfection with other respiratory viruses (13), especially affecting young children, older adults, and immunocompromised patients (5). Several epidemiological studies addressing acute HCoV infections have been conducted worldwide (14)(15)(16)(17)(18). Cross-reactivity has been detected between conserved antigenic domains, including the S2 subunit of the spike protein -the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2-and other HCoV (19)(20)(21)(22). ...
Introduction.
Due to the cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and common human coronaviruses, previous infections with these viruses could contribute to serological or cellular cross-protection against severe COVID-19. However, protective immunity may not develop, or pre-existing immunity could increase COVID-19 severity.
Objective.
To determine the seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 and correlate previous exposure with COVID-19 signs in patients from Villavicencio.
Materials and methods.
A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted. ELISA technique was used to search for IgG antibodies against HCoV-NL3 and HCoV-HKU1 in patients with positive RT-qPCR results for SARS-CoV-2. Patients were grouped according to COVID-19 clinical characteristics in four groups: group 1: asymptomatic (n = 23); group 2: hospitalized (n = 24); group 3: intensive care units (n = 24), and group 4: dead (n = 22).
Results.
The overall seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against HCoV was 74.2% (n = 69; 95% CI: 65.3-83.1), with 66.7% of HCoV-NL63 (n = 62; 95% CI: 57,1-76,2), and 25.8% of HCoV-HKU1 (n = 24; 95% CI: 16,9-34,7). Based on crosstab analysis, prior exposure to HCoV-NL63 was associated with protection against severe COVID-19 (p = 0.042; adjusted OR = 0.159; 95% CI: 0.027-0.938), and previous coinfection of HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 was considered a positive association to severe COVID-19 (p = 0.048; adjusted OR = 16.704; 95% CI: 1.020 - 273.670).
Conclusion.
To our knowledge, this is the first study addressing seroprevalence of HCoV IgG antibodies in Colombia and Latin America. Previous exposure to HCoV-NL63 could protect against severe COVID-19, whereas patients with underlying HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 coinfection could be hospitalized with severe signs of COVID-19.
... Another important factor for the diagnosis of patients with severe veterinary CoV-induced diseases, such as PEDV and IBV, is controlling the pathogen and protecting against different food supplies. The method that has been adapted is RT-PCR, which has generally become the method of choice for the diagnosis of human CoV, as multiplex real-time RT-PCR assays have been developed that are able to detect all four respiratory HCoVs and could be further adapted to novel CoVs (Gaunt et al., 2010). Serologic assays are important for epidemiological studies in cases where RNA is difficult to isolate or is no longer present. ...
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, has continuously evolved since its emergence. Among its variants, the Omicron lineage has become globally dominant, displaying a diverse range of sublineages. Two significant sub lineages within Omicron are EG.5 and BA.2.8, which have gained attention due to their unique characteristics and potential implications. EG.5 is characterized by a constellation of mutations, including N501Y, L452R, and D614G. Similarly, BA.2.8 carries the L452Q and P681R mutations, which enhance its ability to evade antibodies elicited by prior infection or vaccination. Similar to those in the EG.5, the clinical severity and impact of BA.2.8 on public health measures are still being assessed. These sublineages, with their unique genetic profiles and transmissibility characteristics, pose challenges to virulence response efforts. Continued surveillance, genomic sequencing, and research are essential to understand their behavior, assess their impact, and inform public health strategies accordingly. By a comprehensive synthesis of the literature, genomic data, and epidemiological insights, this study provides an analysis of Omicron mutations’ transmission dynamics, and clinical implications associated with these variants. The significance of variant surveillance in informing public health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic is underscored, highlighting the critical role of genomic sequencing in tracking viral evolution and guiding interventions. This manuscript aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying variant emergence, assess vaccine effectiveness against emerging strains, and explore the broader implications for global public health. This study provides insights into vaccine-induced immunity and the potential impact of variants on vaccine efficacy. Overall, this communication aims to inform public health practitioners, policymakers, and researchers engaged in the battle against COVID-19, offering actionable insights to mitigate the spread of the virus and improve pandemic response strategies.
... Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a positivestranded ssRNA(+) virus that has led to the severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) pandemic that claimed more than seven million lives worldwide [1]. In Chile, a total of 62,249 deaths including confirmed, suspected, and probable cases have been reported, nearly all among adults [2]. ...
... Pediatric individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection generally exhibit higher titers of antibodies against the viral spike glycoprotein than adults [16,17]. Additionally, children under 5 years of age are found to have a great incidence of infection with the betacoronavirus HCoV-OC43, which is the common cold coronavirus that is most closely related to SARS-CoV-2, which may in part explain the high number of asymptomatic cases [15,18,19]. ...
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and its sublineages continue to cause COVID-19-associated pediatric hospitalizations, severe disease, and death globally. BNT162b2 and CoronaVac are the main vaccines used in Chile. Much less is known about the Wuhan-Hu-1 strain-based vaccines in the pediatric population compared to adults. Given the worldwide need for booster vaccinations to stimulate the immune response against new Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2, we characterized the humoral and cellular immune response against Omicron variant BA.1 in a pediatric cohort aged 10 to 16 years who received heterologous vaccination based on two doses of CoronaVac, two doses of CoronaVac (2x) plus one booster dose of BNT162b2 [CoronaVac(2x) + BNT162b2 (1x)], two doses of CoronaVac plus two booster doses of BNT162b2 [CoronaVac(2x) + BNT162b2 (2x)], and three doses of BNT162b2. We observed that the [CoronaVac(2x) + BNT162b2 (2x)] vaccination showed higher anti-S1 and neutralizing antibody titers and CD4 and CD8 T cell immunity specific to the Omicron variant compared to immunization with two doses of CoronaVac alone. Furthermore, from all groups tested, immunity against Omicron was highest in individuals who received three doses of BNT162b2. We conclude that booster vaccination with BNT162b2, compared to two doses of CoronaVac alone, induces a greater protective immunity.
... Infections were classified using the following hierarchal ranking system from highest to lowest expected prevalence: OC43 > NL63 > HKU1 > 229E. [23][24][25][26] ...
Background
Epidemiological data on seasonal coronaviruses (sCoVs) may provide insight on transmission patterns and demographic factors that favor coronaviruses (CoVs) with greater disease severity. This study describes the incidence of CoVs in several high‐risk groups in Ottawa, Canada, from October 2020 to March 2022.
Methods
Serological assays quantified IgG and IgM antibodies to SARS‐CoV‐2, HCoV‐OC43, HCoV‐NL63, HCoV‐HKU1, and HCoV‐229E. Incident infections were compared between four population groups: individuals exposed to children, transit users, immunocompromised, and controls. Associations between antibody prevalence indicative of natural infection and demographic variables were assessed using regression analyses.
Results
Transit users and those exposed to children were at no greater risk of infection compared to the control group. Fewer infections were detected in the immunocompromised group (p = .03). SARS‐CoV‐2 seroprevalence was greater in individuals with low income and within ethnic minorities.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that nonpharmaceutical interventions intended to reduce SAR‐CoV‐2 transmission protected populations at high risk of exposure. The re‐emergence of sCoVs and other common respiratory viruses alongside SARS‐CoV‐2 may alter infection patterns and increase the risk in vulnerable populations.
... Through direct effects on virus viability, and indirect (behavioral) effects such as indoor crowding during bad weather, factors like ambient temperature also influence the epidemiology of their associated diseases (3). The influence of meteorological factors is likely to play a role in shaping the observed seasonality of these diseases in temperate climates (4,5). ...
... Seasonality is often observed for viral (respiratory) infectious diseases, and studies on human coronaviruses present an opportunity to close knowledge gaps in underlying connections between virus dynamics and weather. Other respiratory infectious diseases such as influenza and diseases caused by other human coronaviruses show seasonal patterns as well (1,2,5). SARS-CoV, MERS and other respiratory viruses with pandemic potential were previously shown to be climate sensitive. ...
Background
Many respiratory viruses and their associated diseases are sensitive to meteorological factors. For SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, evidence on this sensitivity is inconsistent. Understanding the influence of meteorological factors on SARS-CoV-2 transmission and COVID-19 epidemiology can help to improve pandemic preparedness.
Objectives
This review aimed to examine the recent evidence about the relation between meteorological factors and SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19.
Methods
We conducted a global scoping review of peer-reviewed studies published from January 2020 up to January 2023 about the associations between temperature, solar radiation, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure and SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19.
Results
From 9,156 initial records, we included 474 relevant studies. Experimental studies on SARS-CoV-2 provided consistent evidence that higher temperatures and solar radiation negatively affect virus viability. Studies on COVID-19 (epidemiology) were mostly observational and provided less consistent evidence. Several studies considered interactions between meteorological factors or other variables such as demographics or air pollution. None of the publications included all determinants holistically.
Discussion
The association between short-term meteorological factors and SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 dynamics is complex. Interactions between environmental and social components need further consideration. A more integrated research approach can provide valuable insights to predict the dynamics of respiratory viruses with pandemic potential.
... To address this problem, we replaced the S gene of the human CoV OC43 with the SARS-CoV-2 S gene to develop a replication-competent recombinant coronavirus (rOC43-CoV2 S) that can be safely used at BSL-2. Due to its low human pathogenicity, OC43 is a BSL-2 agent (12,13). OC43 S, unlike the ACE2-binding SARS-CoV-2 S, binds terminal 9-O-Ac-sialic acid residues which alters its tissue tropism. ...
We generated a replication-competent OC43 human seasonal coronavirus (CoV) expressing the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike in place of the native spike (rOC43-CoV2 S). This virus is highly attenuated relative to OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 in cultured cells and animals and is classified as a biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) agent by the NIH biosafety committee. Neutralization of rOC43-CoV2 S and SARS-CoV-2 by S-specific monoclonal antibodies and human sera is highly correlated, unlike recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-CoV2 S. Single-dose immunization with rOC43-CoV2 S generates high levels of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and fully protects human ACE2 transgenic mice from SARS-CoV-2 lethal challenge, despite nondetectable replication in respiratory and nonrespiratory organs. rOC43-CoV2 S induces S-specific serum and airway mucosal immunoglobulin A and IgG responses in rhesus macaques. rOC43-CoV2 S has enormous value as a BSL-2 agent to measure S-specific antibodies in the context of a bona fide CoV and is a candidate live attenuated SARS-CoV-2 mucosal vaccine that preferentially replicates in the upper airway.
