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![Copulins. Copulins are chemicals secreted by a female's vagina. Chemically copulins are volatile C 2-C 5 aliphatic acids [40]. Huggins and Preti et al. 1976 [41] studied the chemical composition of copulins in 12 patients for 44 ovulatory cycles by means of gas chromatography tandem with mass spectroscopy to identify organic volatile components. These vaginal secretions contain mixture of aliphatic acids, alcohol, hydroxy ketones and aromatic compounds. Research since the mid to late 90 s has proven that copulins can affect and even control a male's brain. They have been shown to increase testosterone levels in men by 150% (Astrid Jutte study). This increase in testosterone may cause feelings of arousal in men if a woman is present. It is said that once a man smells copulins on a woman she is deemed to be more attractive. Whether or not human vaginal secretions contain a kind of sex pheromone (copulin) influencing male perception of females and inducing hormonal changes in males, is still](profile/Ratendra-Kumar-2/publication/259173487/figure/fig5/AS:668430931853319@1536377761859/Copulins-Copulins-are-chemicals-secreted-by-a-females-vagina-Chemically-copulins-are.png)
Copulins. Copulins are chemicals secreted by a female's vagina. Chemically copulins are volatile C 2-C 5 aliphatic acids [40]. Huggins and Preti et al. 1976 [41] studied the chemical composition of copulins in 12 patients for 44 ovulatory cycles by means of gas chromatography tandem with mass spectroscopy to identify organic volatile components. These vaginal secretions contain mixture of aliphatic acids, alcohol, hydroxy ketones and aromatic compounds. Research since the mid to late 90 s has proven that copulins can affect and even control a male's brain. They have been shown to increase testosterone levels in men by 150% (Astrid Jutte study). This increase in testosterone may cause feelings of arousal in men if a woman is present. It is said that once a man smells copulins on a woman she is deemed to be more attractive. Whether or not human vaginal secretions contain a kind of sex pheromone (copulin) influencing male perception of females and inducing hormonal changes in males, is still
Source publication
Since the beginning of the human existence on the earth reproductive biology remained a main concern of research because of its importance. It is widely recognized and demonstrated that odors play an important role in mammalian reproduction. A large number of studies have been carried out in humans, in order to investigate possible pheromones, thei...
Citations
... Studies have documented various aphrodisiac scents (local or refined) used to attract a potential sexual partner and to increase desire, pleasure, and performance. 21,22 Pheromones, produced in the human genital region, might stimulate the opposite sex, that is, with the capability to trigger physiological and behavioural responses. 22 Such pheromones are ectohormones, a kind of chemical messengers which could account for instant pleasant or unpleasant impressions at first social contact. ...
... 21,22 Pheromones, produced in the human genital region, might stimulate the opposite sex, that is, with the capability to trigger physiological and behavioural responses. 22 Such pheromones are ectohormones, a kind of chemical messengers which could account for instant pleasant or unpleasant impressions at first social contact. 22 The implication is that chemosignals in body smells carry some vital information. ...
... 22 Such pheromones are ectohormones, a kind of chemical messengers which could account for instant pleasant or unpleasant impressions at first social contact. 22 The implication is that chemosignals in body smells carry some vital information. Whether consciously or unconsciously, humans could be influenced by information sent through such chemosignals. ...
Introduction
Vabbing, also known as vaginal dabbing, is a known behaviour gaining ground in modern society. Vabbing is the act of dabbing vaginal secretions as body perfume droplets to sexually attract others. This study aims to conduct a scoping review (ScR) of empirical studies on vaginal dabbing.
Methodology
This review, informed by the Joanna Brigg's Institute's guidelines for ScRs, was reported based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Metanalysis for ScRs. Eight databases—PubMed, SCOPUS, AMED—Allied and Complementary Medicine, CINAHL Complete, CINAHL Ultimate, APA PsycArticles, APA PsycInfo and Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection—were searched for relevant literature on vaginal dabbing. The retrieved literature were extracted, deduplicated and screened with the aid of Endnote and Rayyan software, respectively, to identify eligible studies for data collation, charting, and summarisation.
Results
This is an empty review with no included eligible article; thus, indicating a limited research and knowledge gap concerning the practice of vabbing. While the issue of odour in sexual communication has been significantly researched, the specific use of vaginal fluids as perfume or bodywear has not attracted scientific investigations. Therefore, a limited research base cannot provide evidence‐based support for the practice, and related sexual attraction choices.
Conclusion
Due to social media, vabbing is gaining more popularity. Since there is no definite evidence to support the efficacy of the practice, there is a need for scientific investigation on whether humans are sexually sensitive to vaginal fluids worn as perfume.
... These small fragrances of pheromones were extracted and their activities were identified which revealed that the small volume of pheromones can stimulate millions of moths. Pheromones are categorized in to four distinct classes: (1) releaser pheromones that initiate the instant behavioural responses in the receiver; (2) the primer pheromones that elicit the physiological alterations and ultimately result in a behaviour response; (3) the modulator pheromones are chemosensory signals that modify the effect on other species; and (4) the signaler pheromones provide a variety of information in the form of reproductive status, sex of the sender, age, and dominance to the receiver (Semwal et al., 2013). Various alarming pheromones of different insects have been identified, among these (E)-betafarnesene is best studied which is released by most of the aphids for signalling member of the same family to stop feeding, predation, and dispersion (Joachim et al., 2013). ...
Evidence is raised daily of the varying climate and its impression on both plants and animals. Climatic changes influence all agriculture factors, which can potentially adversely affect their productivity. Plant activities are intimately associated with climate and concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Climate Change and Plants: Biodiversity, Growth and Interactions examines how plant growth characters influence and is influenced by climate change both in past and present scenarios. This book covers cutting-edge research of key determinants of plant growth in response to atmospheric CO2 enhancement and global warming.
Features
Discourses numerous areas of sustainable development goals projected by the UN as part of the 2030 agenda
Highlights appropriate approaches for maintaining better plant growth under changing climatic conditions
Presents diversity of techniques used across plant science
Is designed to cater to the needs of researchers, technologists, policymakers and undergraduate and postgraduate students studying sustainable crop production and protection
Addresses plant responses to atmospheric CO2 increases
... These small fragrances of pheromones were extracted and their activities were identified which revealed that the small volume of pheromones can stimulate millions of moths. Pheromones are categorized in to four distinct classes: (1) releaser pheromones that initiate the instant behavioural responses in the receiver; (2) the primer pheromones that elicit the physiological alterations and ultimately result in a behaviour response; (3) the modulator pheromones are chemosensory signals that modify the effect on other species; and (4) the signaler pheromones provide a variety of information in the form of reproductive status, sex of the sender, age, and dominance to the receiver (Semwal et al., 2013). Various alarming pheromones of different insects have been identified, among these (E)-betafarnesene is best studied which is released by most of the aphids for signalling member of the same family to stop feeding, predation, and dispersion (Joachim et al., 2013). ...
... Les phéromones sont des substances chimiques volatiles, strictement identiques au sein de la même espèce (Simard, 2014), qui induisent, chez les animaux, des modifications tant au niveau physiologique que comportemental (Semwal et al., 2013). Des études ont tenté de répliquer ces résultats au fonctionnement humain afin d'observer dans quelle mesure les phéromones jouaient un rôle dans l'attirance entre les hommes et les femmes. ...
... Les phéromones sont également captés par l'organe voméronasal qui serait inactif chez l'être humain (Simard, 2014 ;Trotier, 2011). Bien que la littérature sur les phéromones soit abondante (Mostafa et al., 2012 ;Semwal et al., 2013), leur rôle ainsi que celui des hormones dans le processus de séduction restent à l'heure actuelle assez controversés et fortement soumis aux modifications environnementales (e.g. pollution, pesticides). ...
Résumé
Contexte
Outre le fait que la solitude soit un facteur de risque pour la santé de l’individu, de nombreux patients expriment leur difficulté à engager une relation amoureuse. La création d’un lien affectif passe nécessairement par une phase de séduction. Cet article a donc pour objectif de présenter un état des lieux des recherches menées sur la séduction afin de relever les habiletés qui peuvent être travaillées et ainsi améliorer les interventions thérapeutiques des professionnels.
Matériel et méthode
Analyse de la littérature de 1967 et 2017 dans les bases de données Scopus, PsycInfo et SciencesDirect en utilisant les mots clefs suivants : seduction, human, courtship, female, male et pheromone.
Résultats
La séduction est composée d’aspects physiologiques, a priori immuables, mais également d’aspects psychologiques sur lesquelles il est possible d’agir. Cependant, si les premiers aspects font l’objet d’une littérature abondante, les seconds sont quant à eux encore peu approfondis.
Conclusion
Actuellement, il existe encore peu d’article portant sur le versant psychologique et modulable de la séduction. Malgré tout, la littérature existante nous offre des pistes intéressantes sur les habiletés de séduction qui peuvent être travaillées afin de favoriser la rencontre amoureuse.
... Women might also react more positively on androstenone when they ovulate [37]. Androstenone is said to improve female mood, dampening nervousness and anxiety [38]. ...
... Pheromones in humans are mainly produced by apocrine glands and they can induce a behavioural response or physiological change [2,6,7]. Some of the most important human pheromones are androstenone, androstadienone, androstenol, androsterone, and estratetraenol [12]. In the majority of the studies synthetic human pheromones are used because of their accessibility. ...
... It was present in a higher concentration in sample 1w for women compared to sample 1m for men commercialized by the same manufacturer. The unbalanced use of this pheromone considering the target consumer's gender might be correlated with previous experimental findings, which accounted for the so called "beneficial effects" mostly in case of women, such as increase in heart rate, reduction of respiratory rate and a positive influence on their mood [12]. Moreover, in women exposed to vapours of androstadienone, an activation of hypothalamus is observed, which in case of males could not be recorded [8][9][10]. ...
Currently there are many pheromone containing perfumes aggressively promoted by various websites. Because these products usually elude the control of any national or international authorities or regulating bodies they expose consumers to many potential frauds, and more importantly, to various health associated risks. The aim of the present study was to confirm the presence of pheromones, identify their nature and assess their relative concentration. Twelve commercially available perfumes claiming to contain human pheromones have been evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Synthetic human pheromones were identified only in seven perfume samples. Considering the obtained results and taking into account the numerous knowledge gaps regarding the effects of synthetic pheromones on human behaviour, potential gender-based effects and the absence of any quantitative study correlating hormone exposure and observed effect, the perfume manufacturers do not seem to follow any scientific protocol in the design and fabrication of these products.
... Androstenone Detected in June in stem of Daucus carota (Simons & Grinwich, 1989) One of the most important human pheromones, found in male and female urine and sweat (Semwal, Kumar, Teotia, & Singh, 2013) Apigenin Coriandrum sativum (Rajeshwari & Andallu, 2011) Improved steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression and steroidogenic sensitivity of ageing Leydig cells in vitro (Li et al., 2011) Portulaca oleracea (Xu, Yu, & Chen, 2006) Inhibited oestrogen synthetase (aromatase) in vitro (Kellis & Vickery, 1984) Isolated from the acidic hydrolysate of an alcoholic extract of the fruits of D. carota L. (El-Moghazi, Ross, Halim, & Abou-Rayya, 1980) Produced adverse effect on spermatogenesis in adult male mice (Li et al., 2010) Apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (cosmosiin) was isolated from Achillea santolina (Urmanova & Komilov, 1999) Strongly inhibited the hyaluronidase activity extracted from cynomolgus monkey spermatozoa (Li et al., 1997) Benzyl isothiocyanate ...
Male sexual dysfunction is a serious problem which has an impact on the quality of life. In Jordanian folk medicine, 56 plant species were reported to be used by males to improve sexual potency and as aphrodisiacs. The aim of this study was to search for scientific evidence justifying their folk use. Of the 15 studied plants, only five were found to enhance spermatogenesis. The other 10 were reported to decrease spermatogenesis at least by one study. The majority of the studied plants possessed a protective effect on testis in different in vivo models as well as antioxidant activities. The effect of these plants on steroidogenesis and the hypothalamic-gonadal axis was also reviewed. The effect of only five plants was studied on sexual behaviour enhancement and three of them were active. Three of the four studied plants enhanced erection. The mechanism of action of active constituents isolated from the studied plants was also investigated. In conclusion, many plants used in Jordanian folk medicine decreased or had no effect on spermatogenesis in animal models. These plants have antioxidant and/or adaptogenic effects, and this may result in a beneficial action on male reproductive system.
Androgens are an important and diverse group of steroid hormone molecular species. They play varied functional roles, such as the control of metabolic energy fate and partition, the maintenance of skeletal and body protein and integrity and the development of brain capabilities and behavioral setup (including those factors defining maleness). In addition, androgens are the precursors of estrogens, with which they share an extensive control of the reproductive mechanisms (in both sexes). In this review, the types of androgens, their functions and signaling are tabulated and described, including some less-known functions. The close interrelationship between corticosteroids and androgens is also analyzed, centered in the adrenal cortex, together with the main feedback control systems of the hypothalamic–hypophysis–gonads axis, and its modulation by the metabolic environment, sex, age and health. Testosterone (T) is singled out because of its high synthesis rate and turnover, but also because age-related hypogonadism is a key signal for the biologically planned early obsolescence of men, and the delayed onset of a faster rate of functional losses in women after menopause. The close collaboration of T with estradiol (E2) active in the maintenance of body metabolic systems is also presented Their parallel insufficiency has been directly related to the ravages of senescence and the metabolic syndrome constellation of disorders. The clinical use of T to correct hypoandrogenism helps maintain the functionality of core metabolism, limiting excess fat deposition, sarcopenia and cognoscitive frailty (part of these effects are due to the E2 generated from T). The effectiveness of using lipophilic T esters for T replacement treatments is analyzed in depth, and the main problems derived from their application are discussed.
Although chemistry is a well-known, sought-after interpersonal phenomenon, it has remained relatively unexplored in the psychological literature. The purpose of this article is to begin articulating a theoretically grounded and precise definition of interpersonal chemistry. To that end, we propose a conceptual model of interpersonal chemistry centered around the notion that when two or more individuals experience chemistry with one another, they experience their interaction as something more than the sum of their separate contributions. Our model stipulates that chemistry encompasses both behavior (i.e., what chemistry "looks like") and its perception (i.e., what it "feels like"). The behavior involves interaction sequences in which synchronicity is high and in which people's goals are expressed and responded to in supportive and encouraging ways. The perception of chemistry includes cognitive (i.e., perception of shared identity), affective (i.e., positive affect and attraction), and behavioral (i.e., perceived goal-relevant coordination) components. We review existing research on chemistry as well as supporting evidence from relevant topics (e.g., attraction, similarity, perceived partner responsiveness, synchrony) that inform and support this model. We hope that this conceptual model stimulates research to identify the circumstances in which chemistry arises and the processes by which it affects individuals, their interactions, and their relationships.
The existence of pheromones in humans is controversial, partly because of definitional difficulties and partly because of the question of possible chemical substances. The synthetic compound Methyl dihydrojasmonate (Hedione) is potent to bind to vomeronasal-type 1 receptors (VN1R1s) and activate limbic areas of the brain in a sex-specific manner. However, one of the most important definitional points for a human pheromone effect has not yet been investigated, i.e., whether smelling Hedione, a model of pheromone, has a behavioral effect.
We tested in females whether Hedione leads to altered perception of male social stimuli. Each of the included women were sensitive to Hedione and were tested around the time of ovulation in three consecutive sessions, during each they were exposed to either Hedione or Phenylethyl alcohol or Odorless air. We measured the speed of male face recognition (implicit priming task) and collected ratings of facial attractiveness and likeability of men (explicit task).
Only about half of the women tested were sensitive to Hedione. Those women did not show any effect of Hedione exposure in the implicit priming task and moderate, but non-significant effects in the explicit task. We therefore assume that Hedione is not a potent model of pheromone in humans and this observation may be due to the fact that the artificially produced substance is not suited for signaling the proximity of other humans. Furthermore, the high rate of Hedione-specific anosmia leads to the hypothesis that a substantial proportion of individuals has a poor V1NR1 receptor expression.
