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Present study examines the current situation of food insecurity in Banda district of Bundelkhand region on the basis of measures of food quality and food quantity. Coping strategy index (CSI) and dietary diversity index has been used as qualitative and subjective measures to capture the dimensions of food accessibility and food vulnerability. Dieta...
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Context 1
... 'swapped consumption to less preferred and cheaper food' was the most prevalent first ranking coping strategy among the households during the period of food insufficiency with a score of 200.83 (Table 5). About four-fifth (88.75%) of the households reported to swap consumption to foods that were less preferred and cheaper at least more than once per week as a means of dealing with food shortage (Table 6). ...Context 2
... fruits and vegetables (some specific) are the items of luxury and the situation further worsened because of inflation and rising prices. The second most common coping strategy opted by the households of the study area was the reduction in the number of meals per day with a score of 165.83 followed very closely by third coping strategy which was reduction in the size of meals with a score of 152.92 (Table 5). The study shows that 89.16% of the households reported reduction in the number of meals followed by 87.91% of the households reporting reduction in the size of meals at least more than once per week (Table 6). ...Context 3
... number four and five was 'purchased food on credit' and 'borrow food from relative and friends' and sometimes even money in place of food ( Table 5). 80% of the households reported to have purchased food on credit and 75.42 of the households reported to have been borrowing food from friends/relatives so as to improve their food availability (Table 6). ...Similar publications
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Citations
... Along with the adverse physical, mental, and nutritional outcomes, food insecure caregiver, especially mothers, usually adopt several coping mechanisms to attenuate the drawbacks of household food insecurity (HFI), [14,15]. The most common reported coping behaviors among HFI are purchasing food on credit and prioritizing children's consumption over adults [16]. ...
... It has high reliability and validity in measuring two types of HFI in rural Lebanon: compromised food quality and compromised food quantity [31] The responses to HFIAS determined the degree of severity of insecure food access in the household [32]. The total score ranged from 0 to 27, and the scores were analyzed as categorical variables based on the following cut-off points: (0) food secure, mildly food insecure (1-9), moderately food insecure (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18), and severely food insecure (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27). For the current analysis, HFIAS was dichotomized to indicate either the presence or absence of HFI. ...
Background: Household food insecurity (HFI) is a serious public health concern in Lebanon. Adverse mental health issues have been reported among food insecure households in addition to physical and nutritional complications. Caregivers in food insecure families tend to adopt different coping mechanisms to mitigate the effects of food insecurity (FI) on their children. Objective: This cross-sectional observational study aimed to explore the relationship between FI, maternal depression, child malnutrition, and differential coping mechanisms adopted by mothers. Methods: A total of 219 women were enrolled in this study; FI was assessed using the household food insecurity assessment (HFIAS), maternal depression using the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9), and their children’s nutritional status through recall of anthropometric measurements. Pearson’s correlations and logistic regressions were performed to evaluate the associations between HFI, maternal depression, and children’s nutritional status. Results: A strong positive correlation between HFI and maternal depression (p = 0.001) and children’s nutritional status (p = 0.008) was shown. Logistic regressions revealed that being food secure decreased the risk of maternal depression (OR = 0.328, 95% CI 0.125–0.863, p = 0.024), while it did not predict children’s nutritional status. Eight main themes related to coping mechanisms were identified. Conclusions: This study highlights the understudied relationship between food insecurity and maternal depression, showing an increased prevalence of HFI among residents in Lebanon with a positive correlation with increased maternal depression. Further investigation is warranted to better explore how to mitigate the negative impact of food insecurity on mental health, maternal nutritional needs, and Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices in Lebanon.
... As Ram Kumar's family experiences improved economic stability, they also enjoy greater happiness and well-being than in their previous circumstances. His story reflects the personal journey of a farmer seeking better prospects and a Causes of Migration Drought , (Sarkar et al., 2022), ) Discrimination (Hasan, 2022), (Zani, 2018) Debt (Yadav, 2020), (Kandikuppa, 2021) Destitution (Bhattacharjee, 2021), (Mishra, 2020) Desire (Wittmer, 2022), (Thompson, 2017) Agricultural failures (Sarkar et al., 2022), (Mishra, 2020) Water Scarcity (Sah et al., 2021), (Bhardwaj et al., 2020), (Sam et al., 2018) Unemployment (Behera et al., 2022), (Kumar et al., 2021), (Bijwaard & Wahba, 2022) Environment Degradation (Raihan & Tuspekova, 2022), (Green et al., 2018) Food Insecurity (Shakeel, 2018), (Shakeel, 2021), (Shakeel & Shazli, 2021), (Kakota et al., 2011) GeoJournal (2025) 90:15 Page 9 of 20 15 more comprehensive narrative observed in Nayagaon and similar villages, where migration is increasingly seen as a viable strategy for economic improvement. This phenomenon underscores the complex interplay of local challenges and urban opportunities driving people from rural areas to cities in search of a better life. ...
The Bundelkhand region is well-known for its caste and class disparities, drought, poverty, farmer suicides due to crop failure, and depopulation brought on by a lack of possibilities for sustainable livelihood. This study examined the causes of migration, the distances migrants cover, their destination, and the effects of migration. We employed a mixed-methods approach that included narrative accounts, exploratory analysis, household survey, and statistical analysis. The result shows that over 85% of migration is interstate, and over 60% of migrants are young men from marginal, small-scale farming and landless origins. More than half of all migrants from the region go to Delhi and Punjab, which are metropolitan areas and the main destinations for migrants. This study finds the leading causes of migration, including a weak industrial foundation, a lack of employment possibilities, and agricultural failures brought on by climate change. These problems indicate that the Lifeline Migration paradigm is outdated and should be abandoned. In the Bundelkhand Region of India, there is a strong need for development-related interventions and policy changes to augment migration, livelihood, livelihood security, and human dignity for rural households.
... The CSI was initially developed to understand how individuals respond behaviorally to food insecurity within a specific setting and measures the various CS that people employ when they cannot access enough food (Shakeel & Shazli, 2020). The behaviors exhibited by individuals are likely to be unique to their specific context, and the severity of these behaviors can vary greatly depending on T A B L E 1 Summary of the chosen sample towns, Kebeles, and total ample size. ...
... The internal consistency of the 14 CS items was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha, which yielded a coefficient of 0.788, indicating acceptable reliability among the items (CS) employed by respondents (Appendix A). Furthermore, the index was assessed by several comparable studies (CARE/WFP, 2003;Msaki, 2010;Shakeel & Shazli, 2020). The feasible number of CS ranges between 12 and 15 at most. ...
... Each CS was given a numerical value (0, 1, …, 4). Responses regarding the frequency of utilizing a specific CS were classified as "often" as 3, "sometimes" as 2, "rarely" as 1, and "never" as 0. Based on these categories, a higher total indicates increased food insecurity within the household, as suggested by Heppner et al. (2006), Shakeel and Shazli (2020), and Babicka-Wirkus et al. (2021). ...
Introduction
Food security has become a major global concern, particularly in urban areas where households are struggling to address the issue of basic necessities mainly food that crucially dictates human health. Overcoming these challenges will require effective management mechanisms to inform policy interventions and enhance resilience at both local and global levels.
Objectives
This study aimed to explore the coping strategies (CS) pursued by urban households in the Southern Ethiopia. Furthermore, the focus is on how households to cope with food insecurity and how using these strategies varies within households.
Methods
A household survey questionnaire was conducted using a cross‐sectional design, combining both qualitative and quantitative methods to collect data. A total of 310 household heads were targeted for the required data acquisition with: The coping strategy index (CSI) to capture how people perceive and cope with food insecurity that threatens human health.
Results
The results indicate that households used the top seven CS to address the problem of food insecurity: limiting the size of portions at mealtimes (83.9%), depending on less expensive or seasonal foods (68.1%), reducing adult consumption (66.1%), reducing the amount of food consumed (65.8%), purchasing food on credit (60.3%), renting household assets (54.8%), and migrating household members for wage labor (53.5%).
Conclusion
Moreover, the finding shows that the frequency of CS used by urban households in response to food insecurity is rated differently as never, rarely, sometimes, and more than 4 times per week. Therefore, targeted support programs for vulnerable groups should be implemented to ensure they receive adequate food during times of food insecurity wherein the victims' health status is imperatively to be bettered.
... Simultaneously, climate instabilities in food supplies increase market prices as availability decreases, curtailing food affordability and consumption, particularly among poor populations. During climate shocks like droughts or floods, affected communities are forced to adopt negative coping strategies to survive, including consuming low-quality seed stock, skipping meals, or reducing portion sizes, pulling children from school to work for income, selling productive assets like livestock or equipment, and migration -all of which further entrench nutritional insecurity (Shakeel & Shazli, 2020). ...
Life-threatening climate change, and burgeoning nutrition insecurity compounded by a steady rise in chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the defining issues of our time. This study is an exploration of the nexus between climate change and nutrition and the impact of this relationship on diet related NCDs. Quantitative methodologies, utilizing a descriptive cross-sectional study design was adopted. The study was carried out across Kenya, informed by the devastating climate changes and NCD cases the country has experienced recently. To recruit the study participants, a random sampling technique was adopted to select a sample size of 190. The study utilized an online questionnaire uploaded on KoboCollect and the link to the questionnaire was shared via WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and email. The quantitative data was downloaded and synchronized with Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 26.0) which was used to analyse the data. The study found that an increase in the price of basic food commodities, reduced amount of reliable agricultural output, destruction of crops, and change in the nutritional content and food composition are some of the major effects of climate change on nutrition security. Moreover, the study found that depletion of nutrition sources leads to diet-related NCDs (diabetes and hypertension) through increased consumption of unhealthy foods (calory and fat-dense diets), reduced access to recommended food for those living with diabetes and hypertension, and lack of food diversification. The study also found that increased demand for healthy foods has both positive and negative implications. Positive impacts reported include increased agricultural activities and innovations to address the growing demand for healthier. Negative impacts reported include strain on food production capacity and unsustainable agriculture practices that have long-term health effects. Policymakers are called upon to formulate policies that guarantee public health even amid the evolution of innovations that promise to address shortfalls in food availability, accessibility, reliability, and utilization
... Therefore, households use a variety of coping mechanisms to reduce the risk and impact of HFI. Numerous studies have been conducted to date at the international level to understand the knowledge of families affected by FI (Webb et al. 2006;Idrisa et al., 2008;Pérez-Escamilla et al., 2012;Hadley & Crooks, 2012;Frongillo & Nanama, 2012;Kirkland et al., 2016;Mardiharini et al., 2005 (Bushamuka et al., 2005;Mishra, 2007;Banik, 2009;Thorne-Lyman et al., 2010;Keatinge et al., 2011;Khush et al., 2012;Shakeel & Shazli, 2020). ...
... During times of food scarcity or instability, households may resort to repeated diets, selling household possessions, consuming less-preferred or less-expensive items, reducing meal size and frequency per day, and other tactics (Gundersen, 2008;Gundersen and Ziliak 2014;Gupta et al. 2015). On the other side, the main nonfood-based options used by households for alleviating food scarcity include postponing special holidays, selling items like agricultural equipment and milking cows, migrating, begging, etc., (Quaye, 2008;Amendah et al., 2014;Berlie, 2015;Shakeel & Shazli, 2020). The three distinct categories of household coping behavior identified by Cutler (1986) are as follows. ...
... Others include labor migration, selfemployment, and credit utilization. Household asset sales are the second factor, followed by the movement of people (Browning & Lusardi, 1996;Snel & Staring, 2001;Dercon, 2002;Edward et al., 2006;Hillbruner & Egan, 2008;Lekprichakul, 2009;Kyaw, 2009;Cervantes-Godoy et al., 2013;Shakeel & Shazli, 2020). Additionally, the socioeconomic situations of those who are from the lower and more backward classes are poor; they lack access to a variety of key household resources and services, which either directly or indirectly contributes to household food insecurity. ...
The goal of the current study is to analyze urban poor’s' food insecurity and coping mechanisms. As a result, both primary and secondary data are used to support the current research. A well-structured questionnaire was used in a field survey to gather the primary data. The secondary sources include studies, journals, business publications, and published literature. For the current effort, FGD have also been conducted to gather further details. The data collecting method has been stratified random sampling. A sophisticated statistical method was used to determine the sampling size for the current investigation (i.e., the Yamane formula, 1967). Furthermore, 396 houses have been chosen based on the sampling size calculation in order to conduct in-person interviews to gather responses. Simple descriptive statistics, such as frequency, percentage, and mean, as well as the coping strategy index (CSI) and FGT food insecurity index have all been employed in the study of the data. As a result, households experience food insecurity 77.35% of the time, with a depth and severity of food insecurity of 21.45% and 9.42%, respectively. Additionally, food insecure households consume an average of 1222.93 kcal per day, with a maximum and minimum intake of 1948.15 kcal and 497.70 kcal, respectively. Furthermore, the findings show that the top five coping strategies used by the households to combat food insecurity and food shortages were reliance on less preferred or less expensive foods, reduction in meal frequency and size per day, food purchases made on credit, and food obtained from family and friends.
... Along with the adverse physical, mental, and nutritional outcomes, food insecure caregiver, especially mothers, usually adopt several coping mechanisms to attenuate the drawbacks of household food insecurity (HFI), [14,15]. The most common reported coping behaviors among HFI are purchasing food on credit and prioritizing children's consumption over adults [16]. ...
... It has high reliability and validity in measuring two types of HFI in rural Lebanon: compromised food quality and compromised food quantity [31] The responses to HFIAS determined the degree of severity of insecure food access in the household [32]. The total score ranged from 0 to 27, and the scores were analyzed as categorical variables based on the following cut-off points: (0) food secure, mildly food insecure (1-9), moderately food insecure (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18), and severely food insecure (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27). For the current analysis, HFIAS was dichotomized to indicate either the presence or absence of HFI. ...
... In Sub-Sahara the most frequently used indicators to measure households food security are focused on household food insecurity access scale [29,30], household hunger scale [31], household food security survey module [32], household pulse survey [33], household dietary diversity scores [34], household consumption and expenditure surveys [24,35], months of adequate food provisioning [36], food adequacy questionnaire [37], food consumption score [33,38,39], food insecurity experience scale [40], measures the severity of food insecurity in population [31], household dietary diversity score [41], calorie adequacy indicator [27], coping strategy index [38,32], food consumption score [42], food security index [43,44]. In previous studies, indicators are jointly used taking into account not only their advantages and weakness but also food security multi-dimensions [36,45,46,47,48]. ...
... In Sub-Sahara the most frequently used indicators to measure households food security are focused on household food insecurity access scale [29,30], household hunger scale [31], household food security survey module [32], household pulse survey [33], household dietary diversity scores [34], household consumption and expenditure surveys [24,35], months of adequate food provisioning [36], food adequacy questionnaire [37], food consumption score [33,38,39], food insecurity experience scale [40], measures the severity of food insecurity in population [31], household dietary diversity score [41], calorie adequacy indicator [27], coping strategy index [38,32], food consumption score [42], food security index [43,44]. In previous studies, indicators are jointly used taking into account not only their advantages and weakness but also food security multi-dimensions [36,45,46,47,48]. For example, [49] applied the household food Insecurity access scale, Dietary diversity score (DDS), and Coping strategies index [50] to measure household food security in Taraba State, Nigeria. ...
Inland fisheries play an important role in economic growth and food security in developing landlocked countries. In Mali, fishing from the Niger River contributes to national food security and nutrition but the food status of fishermen remains a research question to be explored. The objective of this study is to analyze the security status and coping strategies of fishermen households' in Pelengana municipality located along the Niger River in the Segou region. The adopted methodology is based on the food security index (FSI) which is a composite indicator based on Food consumption score (FCS), Economic vulnerability (EV), and Coping strategy index (CSI). The collection of data by survey concerned 204 households of fishermen in the municipality. The results of the FSI analysis indicate all fishermen's households are food secure. According to the FCS, EV, and CSI analysis, 1.3%, 6.9% and, 8.3% are food insecure. The households sell the fish and buy 98% of their food at the market. In conclusion, fishing allows fishermen to ensure their food security through the generated income for purchasing food at the market. The study encourages development partners and the government of Mali to invest in the development of the fish value chain to improve incomes and strengthen the food security of stakeholders, especially fishermen. For further research, an in-depth analysis of the impact of fish chain development on national food security is needed.
... Food insecurity is a critical global public health issue related to poverty, mainly in developing countries (Abafita & Kim, 2014;Mazenda et al., 2022;Shakeel & Shazli, 2021). It is the condition of not having access to sufficient or adequate quality food to meet one's basic needs. ...
Food security is one of the major concerns in the Philippines. Although livestock and poultry production accounts for a significant proportion of the country’s agricultural output, smallholder households are still vulnerable to food insecurity. The current study aims to examine how livestock production and selling difficulties affect smallholder households’ food-insecure conditions. For this objective, Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) analytics was employed on a dataset of the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Data in Emergencies Monitoring (DIEM) system. We found that production and selling difficulties significantly adversely affect food insecurity in the Philippines. However, their effects vary according to the severity of food insecurity. In particular, production and selling difficulties affect the households’ likelihood of eating less healthy and nutritious food equally. However, the production difficulties have more negligible impacts on the possibility of skipping meals and even ambiguous impacts on the likelihood of not eating for a whole day compared to the effects of selling difficulties. Moreover, we also found that the market plays a crucial role in facilitating not only livestock trading but also livestock production (e.g., purchase of feed and medicines). Based on these findings, we suggest that the livestock market needs to be expanded and regulated to maintain the balancing prices between livestock products and products and services used for livestock production, and facilitate the product-exchanging mechanism.
... Several studies have shown a positive correlation between food coping strategies and the intensity of a household's virgin food. The increasing degree of food virility is increasingly extreme, and coping strategies are being implemented (Farzana et al., 2017;Shakeel & Shazli, 2021). ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted life sectors, including food access. It drives people to make some responses called food coping strategies to adapt to the current situation to fulfill their food access. This study aimed to analyze some of the food coping strategies done by households in Padang City during the pandemic. It was a descriptive study involving 87 households in Padang City located in the working areas of Anak Air, Lubuk Buaya, and Seberang Padang Health Center. Data on household characteristics and food coping strategies were collected through direct interviews. Data analysis showed a decrease in the household economic situation, shown by a 7,7% decrease in total expenditure per capita in a group below 40% compared to last year. 65,5% of the households did a tingkat two food coping strategy, and 14,9% even had to do the most extreme. Most of the households did food coping strategies by changing their food habits. We hope that government can evaluate the current policy so that no household has to do the most extreme coping strategies.
... Researchers have vividly discussed how the urban poor cut down on food intake or borrowing in order to buy food when times are hard (Shakeel and Shazli 2020;Tacoli et al. 2013;Compton et al. 2010). However, adaptive strategies such as obtaining grains from family farms in a worker's native village, purchasing food grains at low cost at harvest times, and bulk buying for careful grain storage have received less attention (but see Mackay 2019 for an example from Uganda). ...
In this working paper, we report on the complex risks, challenges, adaptations and aspirations of informal workers and settlement dwellers in Indore, the economic capital of Madhya Pradesh. India’s economic growth is concentrating in urban areas, where informal employment plays a huge role. Yet informal workers remain marginalised including in their health, living conditions and economic prospects. We present measures to enhance informal workers’ resilience to climate change and other risks, which could be adopted in India and in other developing countries. These interventions can advance several Sustainable Development Goals, notably SDG 11 on cities, SDG 13 on climate action, and SDG 8 on economic growth.
