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Cooperative spectrum monitoring using the centralized version of the radio channels utility evaluation algorithm.
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This paper presents a solution for building awareness of the electromagnetic situation in cognitive mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) using the cooperative spectrum sensing method. Signal detection is performed using energy detectors with noise level estimation. Based on the evidence theory, the fusion center decides on the particular channel occupanc...
Citations
... The USRP B200mini model from Ettus Research [20] was used to implement the SDF method on a UAS. This is a SDR that can use so-called Cognitive Radio (CR) in the application [21][22][23][24][25]. When these two technologies are combined, such a device is sometimes called a cognitive programmable radio. ...
The article presents the first implementation of the Signal Doppler Frequency (SDF) location method on an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) named Autonomous System of Location radio EmmiteRs (ASLER), employing a DJI Matrice UAV as its mobile platform for the radio sensor. The system is used for position estimation, i.e., determining the location coordinates of localized radio emitters. Such functionality is the basis of radio reconnaissance, electronic warfare, or combat systems, and many radio navigation systems. The ASLER localization procedure is based on the Doppler localization method, also known as the SDF. Its distinctive feature is the use of a single moving platform for localization. In addition, the SDF allows simultaneous localization of multiple emission sources, which is an innovative distinction compared to other solutions of this class. ASLER is the first autonomous implementation of the SDF method on a flying platform. This paper illustrates the hardware and software implementation of location sensor, and results of the first empirical studies.
... As stated by [19], in this current age of mobile networks that have become the source of many forms of information, the efficient organisation and rapid dissemination of this type of information are becoming critical factors for the success of these networks. As stated in [13], self-organising MANETs are modern and flexible solutions that work without any infrastructures that control the behaviour of the network or the dissemination of information. The authors further state that, usually, in MANETs, all nodes have the same rights and privileges with respect to the use of the network spectrum; hence, all nodes compete for the bandwidth resource. ...
... As shown in Figs. 8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15, as the size of the network increased, the network performance proportionally increased. ...
Infrastructureless social networks (ISNs) are created by the interconnection of spectral-constrained mobile devices. One such type of ISN are the mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). One of the issues that consumers of content on ISNs face is the inability to detect fake news in messages sent through the network. To address the fake news detection issue in ISNs, the ensemble-based veracity architecture, an ensemble-based computational social system for fake news detection in infrastructureless social networks, has been proposed. Ensemble-based Veracity detects fake news using both the publisher’s credibility and the content of the news. To understand the effect that ensemble-based Veracity has on network performance, this work investigates the network performance of the ensemble-based Veracity architecture. Ensemble-based Veracity is fully evaluated using a MANET-based experimental design and simulation environment. The network performance results of the experiments on ensemble-based Veracity are thoroughly analysed, and all the observations are noted. According to the experimental results, the throughputs were 2,445,528 bps, 2,391,905 bps and 2,236,778 bps for 20, 50 and 100 nodes, respectively. The experimental results show that ensemble-based Veracity negligibly affects the throughput, queuing time, queue length and number of packets passed to the upper layers of the network and the network performance.
... Currently, joint sensing (or radar) and communications Zhou et al., 2022), called also integrated sensing and communications (ISAC), and dynamic spectrum management (DSM) (Skokowski et al., 2022;Lie et al., 2023) are new trends used in emerging communication systems due to the need to effectively use increasingly scarce spectral resources. These new technologies are also becoming crucial in FANET. ...
The paper presents the concept of determining the flight trajectory of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm that forms a flying ad-hoc network (FANET) for communication with each other. The FANET allows the swarm to follow a predetermined route between the starting and ending areas performing the reconnaissance task of the most significant area during the flight. The primary limitations of the FANET, which is used by the UAV swarm, are discussed. The radio link range between FANET nodes is based on a power budget and various propagation models. Whereas, for determining the UAV flight trajectories, we propose to use a heuristic algorithm based on the modified Rapidly-exploring Random Tree (RRT). This modification of the base RRT algorithm allows for planning the flight of several UAVs with meeting indicated restrictions, e.g., the minimum distance between individual UAVs ensuring communication between them at any time of the flight. Simulation tests are carried out for a swarm composed of several UAVs in environments with a random number of obstacles, corresponding to a real scenario for search and rescue operations.
... Radiomonitoring sensor will be used for spectrum situation awareness building [18], [19], [20]. It is a dedicated device, which means a receiver for spectrum monitoring placed on a soldier or platform, e.g., an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) or Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV). ...
Situational awareness of armed forces acting in an urban environment is a key factor determining the success of military operations. In 2021 the European Defence Agency established the project on Wireless Sensor Networks for Urban Local Areas Surveillance. The main goal of the project is to assess how the situational awareness in an urban environment can be enhanced with the application of heterogeneous, autonomous and reconfigurable sensors. The paper presents a novel comprehensive approach that takes into account modelling and management of heterogeneous sensors, energy harvesting techniques, planning and management of the communication backbone, network security for data transfer and authorization for secure information exchange. The architecture of the system and the information flow are presented. The topology aspects are discussed and the sensing part is described. The paper finally highlights new essential enhancements of C2 with particular emphasis on mission planning, data fusion and threat prediction.
... Moreover, the creators have likewise validated the discovery execution of ED with ideal CSI with a different distance of client by considering a metropolitan organization model. However, ideal CSI isn't practically accessible and hence, detecting execution with defective CSI ought to be assessed [11][12][13][14]. The few works on modified threshold have been presented in the literature with an uncorrelated and limited number of users as [15][16][17][18][19]. ...
p>An Improved Energy Detector (IED) based on Nakagami-m fading channel and Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) is presented in this paper. With the MRC, the IED is used uniformly, exponentially, and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO). An optimization problem involving 𝑁 secondary users (SU) and one primary user (PU) is the subject of our research. Using Kummer’s solution for Cognitive Radio (CR), we can derive the expression for the likelihood of miss detection using p-based Energy Detection (ED). In order to enhance the detection performance, we perform threshold operations such as addition, subtraction, mean, and median. The error rate is also evaluated in terms of how well it performs. The generated expressions are tested for validity and accuracy using simulations. Combined correlated fading and static distance have a significant effect on detection performance over faulty CSI is also demonstrated in this study. Further, the impact of correlation coefficient is also examine through the simulation. We see that the antennas connected in an exponential manner perform much better than antennas connected in a uniform manner.</p
... Moreover, the creators have likewise validated the discovery execution of ED with ideal CSI with a different distance of client by considering a metropolitan organization model. However, ideal CSI isn't practically accessible and hence, detecting execution with defective CSI ought to be assessed [11][12][13][14]. The few works on modified threshold have been presented in the literature with an uncorrelated and limited number of users as [15][16][17][18][19]. ...
p>An Improved Energy Detector (IED) based on Nakagami-m fading channel and Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) is presented in this paper. With the MRC, the IED is used uniformly, exponentially, and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO). An optimization problem involving 𝑁 secondary users (SU) and one primary user (PU) is the subject of our research. Using Kummer’s solution for Cognitive Radio (CR), we can derive the expression for the likelihood of miss detection using p-based Energy Detection (ED). In order to enhance the detection performance, we perform threshold operations such as addition, subtraction, mean, and median. The error rate is also evaluated in terms of how well it performs. The generated expressions are tested for validity and accuracy using simulations. Combined correlated fading and static distance have a significant effect on detection performance over faulty CSI is also demonstrated in this study. Further, the impact of correlation coefficient is also examine through the simulation. We see that the antennas connected in an exponential manner perform much better than antennas connected in a uniform manner.</p
... Smart sensor networks play a substantial role in IoT. Their components include sensing, data collection, heterogeneous connectivity, data processing, etc. [3][4][5]. ...
... Let us have four possible data transmission routes (Figure 6), each of which has two nodes, with Pr node = 0.99. We use a suitable RRNS configuration (3,4) with three working and one redundant modulo. The number of possible permutations of 8 nodes taken 3 intercepted at a time that leads to loss of secret (we denote this value by 3 ), multiplied by the probability of intercepting exactly three nodes, gives the probability Pr 3 of intercepting data when intercepting any three nodes: If exactly four nodes were intercepted, then there are also two options: • An attacker will be able to recover the original data, for example, if the intercepted nodes are node 11 , node 12 , node 21 , node 42 ; • The attacker will not be able to recover the original data, for example, if the intercepted nodes are node 11 , node 12 , node 21 , node 22 . ...
A smart city has a complex hierarchical communication system with various components. It must meet the requirements of fast connection, reliability, and security without data compromise. Internet of Things technology is widely used to provide connectivity and control solutions for smart sensors and other devices using heterogeneous networking technologies. In this paper, we propose a routing solution for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANET) with increasing speed, reliability, and sufficient security. Many routing protocols have been proposed for WSNs and MANETs. We combine the Secret Sharing Schemes (SSS) and Redundant Residual Number Systems (RRNS) to provide an efficient mechanism for a Distributed dynamic heterogeneous network Transmission (DT) with new security and reliability routing protocol (DT-RRNS). We analyze the concept of data transmission based on RRNS that divides data into smaller encoded shares and transmits them in parallel, protecting them from attacks on routes by adaptive multipath secured transmission and providing self-correcting properties that improve the reliability and fault tolerance of the entire system.
... Wzrost liczby urządzeń wykorzystujących fale elektromagnetyczne, a także implementacje nowych technologii powodują, że nawet najlepszy detektor bazujący na danych z pojedynczego sensora może być niewystarczający. Konieczne staje się zbieranie danych z wielu źródeł i prowadzenie kooperacyjnego sensingu widma [4]. Pozwala to na akwizycję próbek sygnałów z odbiorników radiowych rozmieszczonych w przestrzeni. ...
The development of technology is progressing in every area of our lives. Each of us has anelectronic device that emits electromagnetic energy. Radiation of radio signals is an essential element ofwireless communication, satellite navigation or real-time monitoring. Modern armies have technologicalsolutions based on wireless technologies that improve operational efficiency, increase situationalawareness and allow us for faster decision making, but at the same time, in the electromagneticspectrum, equipment using electromagnetic energy can be compared to a flashlight ‒ the enemycan observe “glowing” points on the spectrograms and frequency domain images. This enables us toeasy detect and localise the target and then to eliminate it. This is a domain where radio-electronicreconnaissance techniques work well ‒ a type of military reconnaissance that uses the electromagneticspectrum to gather information about the enemy. One of the methods is spectrum sensing, based onthe analysis of received radio signals. Currently, there is a tendency in which information from onesensor is not enough. It is necessary to collect reconnaissance products from many devices, and thento make effective data fusion. DF (Data Fusion) algorithms allow us for cooperative sensing of theelectromagnetic spectrum, which translates into a higher probability of signal detection. It is worthconsidering the introduction of software-defined radio and unmanned aerial vehicle solutions in orderto miniaturise reconnaissance systems and to increase a range through the use of flying platforms.Implementations of unmanned systems and artificial intelligence algorithms, capable of making quickand accurate decisions will help to avoid human losses.Keywords: signal intelligence, unmanned aerial vehicle, software defined radio, data fusion, artificialintelligence
... Establishing electromagnetic situation awareness by employing a distributed spectrum monitoring system can offer greater area coverage than a single sensor unit in this case [20]. A powerful data fusion centre that can analyse both ambiguous and fragmented input data might be part of the infrastructure, in addition to a potentially unlimited number of simpler sensing elements [21]. Furthermore, the possibility of a more flexible zone coverage configuration will be advantageous if external highpower transmitters affecting the sensor's dynamic range are present within the detection range. ...
... The optimal threshold is determined by the value that minimises (21), which can be presented as: ...
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), sometimes known as drones, evolved from military to civilian applications, opening up novel perspectives in a variety of everyday services. The rapidly growing consumer interest in amateur drones equipped with high-end cameras compromises the everyday safety and privacy of people. In the literature, a variety of sensing techniques based on different physical phenomena have been proposed for drone detection. Among acoustic, optical, or radar detection systems, passive radiofrequency sensing is the only one that can identify a drone even before it takes off and additionally indicate the operator’s location. A spectrogram-based method is developed and optimised in terms of computing location, resulting in the possibility of sensor grid deployment over a standard Ethernet network. The detection phase involves hardware-accelerated energy sensing to extract the data frames from the background noise. Drone presence is then identified using machine learning based solely on preamble pattern recognition, which reduces the computational effort. The presented procedure is evaluated in an isolated setting employing an open-source dataset and tuned across multiple neural network architectures. Next, the complete sensor processing chain is examined in a real-life scenario. The analytical energy detector stage reaches a margin of roughly -8.7 dB in the signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio. With 1.1 M parameters, the proposed neural network achieves 99.93% simulation accuracy in up to -9.5 dB SNR range. Even after quantization for embedded platform implementation, the device can be used as a stand-alone early intrusion detector or as part of a distributed sensor grid.
... Monitoring widma zapewnia tzw. budowanie świadomości sytuacyjnej w obszarze widma elektromagnetycznego [3][4][5][6], które jest podstawą dynamicznego dostępu do widma DSA (dynamic spectrum access). W niedalekiej przyszłości, systemy radiowe zarówno wojskowe jak i cywilne, będą bazować na DSA [7][8][9][10][11]. ...
