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Tires play an extremely important role in the operation of a vehicle as they transmit forces between the ground and the vehicle. Consistent efforts have been made over the years towards modeling and simulation of tires and more recently, there has been an increasing need to understand the transient response of tires to various high-frequency events...
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... two primary functions of a braking system are to retain control of the vehicle at a steep inclination or a declination and to bring the vehicle to a complete stop in the shortest distance possible. Conventionally, braking is accomplished in automobiles using a hydraulic circuit. When the driver presses the brake pedal, it pushes fluid through the master cylinder into the hydraulic circuit. This eventually translates into a pressure which would push the brake shoes against the wheel and generate braking torque through friction. Initial systems were based on drum brakes on all four wheels where the drum is mounted on the wheel with brake shoes positioned inside the drum. The hydraulic actuators press the brake shoes against the drum and this would cause braking due to frictional force. Currently, vehicles are equipped with disc brakes since they were more efficient during braking and had a better heat dissipating mechanism. In this, a caliper is mounted on a wheel solid disc which is attached to the wheel. The calipers are actuated through hydraulics and generate braking force by clamping the disc through brake pads. A detailed diagram of a vehicle braking system with disc brakes on the front and drum brakes on the rear is shown in Figure 2.6
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Citations
... The outcomes demonstrate that the suggested non-linear controller performs better than the conventional one [9]. To create an accurate tire model that is appropriate for ABS simulations, [10] developed a discrete tire modeling approach for ABS simulations. This algorithm provides a complete examination of tire-road interaction. ...
The anti-lock brake system (ABS) is a safety feature for automobiles that regulates brake pressure and delivers predictable braking in the majority of circumstances by monitoring wheel lock-up. It necessitates the creation of a robust control system due to the unknown uncertainties on the braking system induced by altering the vehicle model dynamics and road conditions. To progressively decrease the automobile accidents caused by abrupt braking and will achieve the best brake performance. The mathematical model was developed considering vehicle speed, and slip ratio between the tire and the road conditions and simulation was done for Super Urban Vehicle of the ABS using Fuzzy logic controller and CarSim software in MATLAB/Simulink are the main objectives of this study. With the assistance of the fuzzy logic control approach and the MATLAB/Simulink software, a quarter-vehicle dynamic model was developed to simulate under a variety of road circumstances, such as wet and dry conditions, and at different speeds. Finally, it was determined that the braking distance was decreased and the vehicle stability was maintained during the simulation process by comparing the results of the simulation performed using the CarSim software connected to MATLAB/Simulink and the performance of the built controller.
... The SWIFT-Tyre model is a rigid-ring model and consists of a rigid rim and a rigid ring, which are connected with springs and dampers in vertical, longitudinal and torsional directions [22,23]. The model is shown in Figure 5, where k b and c b are the corresponding rotational sidewall stiffness and damping, k bz and c bz are vertical sidewall stiffness and damping, k bx and c bx are longitudinal sidewall stiffness and damping respectively. ...
When a four in-wheel motors drive electric vehicle with a specific wheels mass is running on an uneven road and transient steering occurs in the meantime, the joint action of the large unsprung dynamic load and the centrifugal force may cause the vehicle to rollover. To avoid the above accident, a rollover prevention control method based on active distribution of the in-wheel motors driving torques is investigated. First, the rollover evolution process of the four in-wheel motors drive electric vehicle under the described operating condition is analyzed. Next, a multiple degrees of freedom vehicle dynamics model including an uneven road tyre model is established, and the rollover warning threshold is determined according to the load transfer ratio. Then, the hypothesis of the effects of unsprung mass on the vehicle roll stability on a plat road and on an uneven road is verified respectively. Finally, a rollover prevention controller is designed based on the distribution of the four wheels driving torques with sliding mode control, and the control effect is verified by simulations. The conclusion shows that, once the wheels mass does not match road conditions, the large unsprung mass may play a detrimental role on the vehicle roll stability on an uneven road, which is different from the beneficial role of large unsprung mass on the vehicle roll stability on a plat road. With the aforementioned rollover prevention controller, the vehicle rollover, which is caused by the coupling effect between large unsprung dynamic load and suspension potential energy on an uneven road, can be avoided effectively.
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The goal of this study is twofold, first, to understand the transient and nonlinear effects of anti-lock braking systems (ABS), road undulations and driving dynamics on lateral performance of tyre and second, to develop objective handling manoeuvres and respective metrics to characterise these effects on vehicle behaviour. For studying the transient and nonlinear handling performance of the vehicle, the variations of relaxation length of tyre and tyre inertial properties play significant roles [Pacejka HB. Tire and vehicle dynamics. 3rd ed. Butterworth-Heinemann; 2012]. To accurately simulate these nonlinear effects during high-frequency vehicle dynamic manoeuvres, requires a high-frequency dynamic tyre model (
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Automotive and tire companies have to spend extensive amounts of time and money to tune their products through prototype testing at dedicated test facilities. This is mainly because of the limitations in the simulation capabilities that exist today. With greater competence in simulation comes more control over designs in the initial stages, which in turn lowers the demand for the expensive stage of tuning. This article aims at taking today's simulation capabilities a step forward by integrating models that are best developed in different software interfaces. An in-plane rigid ring tire model has been developed to understand the transient response of tires to various high-frequency events such as antilock braking and short-wavelength road disturbances. A rule-based antilock braking systems (ABS) model performed the high-frequency braking operation. The tire and ABS models were created in the Matlab-Simulink environment. A vehicle model was developed in CarSim. The models developed in Simulink were integrated with the vehicle model in CarSim, in the form of a design tool that can be used by tire as well as car designers for further tuning of the vehicle functional performances, as they relate to handling and braking maneuvers. The straight-line ABS performance was predicted using these models for a sample vehicle, and the results were substantiated through physical outdoor tests on the same vehicle to validate the developed integration package. The tool development, simulation results, and the objective test will be discussed.
The braking system is the most important element in the automotive industry because it reduces the speed through the friction between the brake disc and the pad, transforming the kinetic energy into thermal due to the wear generated on both surfaces during motion. This works aims to design a tribological machine for Francisco de Paula Santander Ocaña University, applying the design theories to obtain a device with the customer's engineering requirements. Also, Solidworks software was used to obtain a conceptual model and structural analysis of the main components of the machine to guarantee the correct behavior during operation. The results exposed that the structure and calypter holder elaborated of ASTM A36 steel support stresses less than 1.0 MPa considering a good material selection, geometrical design, and conceptual model selected of the machine operation, with high levels of the security factor (more than 10).
