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Today, electricity & heat generation, transportation, and industrial sectors together produce more than 80% of energy-related CO2 emissions. Hydrogen may be used as an energy carrier and an alternative fuel in the industrial, residential, and transportation sectors for either heating, energy production from fuel cells, or direct fueling of vehicles...
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... has developed into specifically tailored processes, consisting of a conventional reformer followed by two water-gas shift (WGS) reactors (i.e., high temperature shift (HTS) and low temperature shift (LTS)) and equipment for H 2 separation and purification, with PSA being the dominant technique. Figure 4 shows a schematic of the entire process. ...
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Citations
... Palladium-based membranes offer superior separation efficiency over a broad temperature range. However, they are of a high cost and are difficult to process on a large scale [48]. Over time, various polymeric membranes have been developed to overcome the limitations of conventional membranes. ...
... Also, Pd is a noble metal with a high resistance to oxidation and high hydrogen solubility at room temperature. However, a pure Pd membrane is still somewhat prone to structural deformation due to lattice expansion from hydrogen absorption, which can cause cracks and pinholes [48,63]. And the Pd membrane catalytic surface is easily poisoned by impurities such as CO, H2S, Hg, NH3, and CO2. ...
The global energy market is shifting toward renewable, sustainable, and low-carbon hydrogen energy due to global environmental issues, such as rising carbon dioxide emissions, climate change, and global warming. Currently, a majority of hydrogen demands are achieved by steam methane reforming and other conventional processes, which, again, are very carbon-intensive methods, and the hydrogen produced by them needs to be purified prior to their application. Hence, researchers are continuously endeavoring to develop sustainable and efficient methods for hydrogen generation and purification. Membrane-based gas-separation technologies were proven to be more efficient than conventional technologies. This review explores the transition from conventional separation techniques, such as pressure swing adsorption and cryogenic distillation, to advanced membrane-based technologies with high selectivity and efficiency for hydrogen purification. Major emphasis is placed on various membrane materials and their corresponding membrane performance. First, we discuss various metal membranes, including dense, alloyed, and amorphous metal membranes, which exhibit high hydrogen solubility and selectivity. Further, various inorganic membranes, such as zeolites, silica, and CMSMs, are also discussed. Major emphasis is placed on the development of polymeric materials and membranes for the selective separation of hydrogen from CH4, CO2, and N2. In addition, cutting-edge mixed-matrix membranes are also delineated, which involve the incorporation of inorganic fillers to improve performance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of advancements in gas-separation membranes and membrane materials in terms of hydrogen selectivity, permeability, and durability in practical applications. By analyzing various conventional and advanced technologies, this review provides a comprehensive material perspective on hydrogen separation membranes, thereby endorsing hydrogen energy for a sustainable future.
... As a result, in order to exploit the properties of the vanadide group metals, symmetric composite membranes were created in which a thin layer of palladium is deposited on top of the vanadium layer. This solution allowed the palladium membrane to combine its ability to adsorb and dissociate hydrogen with the very good hydrogen permeation capacity of the vanadium group metals and thus reduced the overall cost of the membrane [23,[115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122]. ...
This publication explores current and prospective methods for hydrogen production and purification, with a strong emphasis on membrane-based technologies for purification and separation. This focus is justified by the ongoing shift towards renewable energy sources (RESs) in electricity generation, necessitating strategic changes to increase hydrogen utilization, particularly in the automotive, heavy road, and rail sectors, by 2025–2030. The adoption of hydrogen from RESs in the construction, energy, and industrial sectors (e.g., for process heat or fertilizer production) is also under consideration, driving the need for innovative production, separation, and purification methods. Historically, industrial-scale hydrogen has been predominantly derived from fossil fuels, but renewable sources such as electrolysis, biological, and thermal processes now offer alternatives with varying production efficiencies (0.06–80%) and gas compositions. Therefore, selecting appropriate separation and purification methods is critical based on specific usage requirements and the gas composition. Industrial-scale hydrogen purification commonly employs pressure swing adsorption (PSA) technologies, capable of achieving up to 99.99% purity. Cryogenic distillation is suitable for applications needing up to 95% purity. Membrane technologies, including polymer, metallic, and electrolytic membranes, have traditionally been limited to moderate volumes of pure gas production but are crucial for hydrogen purification and separation. This publication critically evaluates the potential of membrane technology for hydrogen separation, particularly in response to the anticipated rise in demand for RES-derived hydrogen, including from renewable feedstocks.
... The water-gas shift (WGS) reaction is essential for converting CO into CO2 and producing additional hydrogen from syngas generated from reforming or gasification [1][2]. WGS is especially critical in blue H2 production technologies, where the produced CO2 is captured and sequestrated downstream [3]. ...
... Incorporating a membrane within a water gas shift reactor enhances H2 production [2,[6][7]. H2-selective membranes (e.g., dense metallic membranes, polymer membranes, and other inorganic membranes) have been previously used for this purpose [7][8]. Particularly, Pdbased membranes are promising for H2 separation due to their ultra-high H2-selectivity [2,9]. ...
... H2-selective membranes (e.g., dense metallic membranes, polymer membranes, and other inorganic membranes) have been previously used for this purpose [7][8]. Particularly, Pdbased membranes are promising for H2 separation due to their ultra-high H2-selectivity [2,9]. One major challenge with Pd-based membranes is inadequate thermal stability/chemical tolerance in these harsh operating conditions, which can be mitigated by alloying Pd with other elements [2,10]. ...
Water-gas shift membrane reactors (WGS-MRs) offer a pathway to affordable blue H2 genera-tion/purification from gasified feedstock or reformed fuels. To exploit their cost benefits for blue hydrogen production, WGS-MRs' performance needs to be optimized, which includes navigating the multidimensional design space (e.g., temperature, feed pressures, space velocity, membrane permeance and selectivity, catalytic performance). This work describes an equation-oriented modeling framework for WGS-MRs in the Pyomo ecosystem, with an emphasis on model scaling and multi-start initialization strategies to facilitate reliable convergence with nonlinear optimization solvers. We demonstrate, through sensitivity analysis, that our model converges rapidly (< 1 CPU second on a laptop computer) under a wide range of operating parameters (e.g., feed pressures of 1-3 MPa, reactor temperatures of 624-824 K, sweep-to-feed ratios of 0-0.5, and steam/carbon ratios of 1-5). Ongoing work includes (1) validation and calibration of the WGS-MR model using benchtop laboratory data and (2) design, intensification, and optimization of blue H2 processes using the WGS-MR model.
... As shown in Fig. 5, natural gas is produced in oil and gas fields for hydrogen production by steam methane reforming. CO 2 emissions from the hydrogen production can be eliminated by the CCUS [101,102]. The associated water production in oil and gas fields is disposed in a subsurface saline aquifer in different geological formations [103]. ...
... In Fig. 1, which requires an overview of the discipline as a whole, the various methods of producing hydrogen are broken down in great detail. It is fascinating to observe that, among the numerous technologies used to produce hydrogen, the improvement of fossil fuels currently plays the prime role [13,14]. In the vast majority of cases, methane reforming with steam is used to produce hydrogen from natural gas [15]. ...
... In particular, Pd-Cu alloys are shown to stand out as they present low cost while showing more desirable properties including better resistance towards H2S and performing better in terms of hydrogen permeability than pure Pd [35]. Additionally, Pd-Cu alloy membranes also exhibit suppression of hydrogen embrittlement and good resistance to sulfur poisoning [36]. ...
Hydrogen is an alternative energy source that has the potential to replace fossil fuels. One of the hydrogen applications is as a material for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) in fuel cell vehicles. High-purity hydrogen can be obtained using a hydrogen separation membrane to prevent unwanted contaminants from potentially harming the PEMFC components. In this study, we fabricated a plasma membrane reactor and investigated the permeation performance of a hydrogen separation membrane in a plasma membrane reactor utilizing atmospheric pressure plasma. The result showed the hydrogen permeation rate increasing with time as reactor temperature is increased through joule heating. By decreasing the gap length of the reactor from 2 to 1 mm, the hydrogen permeation rate increases by up to 40%. The hydrogen permeation rate increases by 30% when pressure is applied to the plasma membrane reactor by up to 100 kPa.
... In the years 2020 to 2025, activity picks up, with the development of systems for converting the gas grid to hydrogen, the usage of hydrogen in a broader diversity of cars, and a number of initiatives delivering regional advantages through hydrogen production and usage. After 2025, a phased conversion of the gas grid with low carbon hydrogen produced through techniques such as CCS would enable broad use of hydrogen in heating, transportation, and industrial [143]. ...
Fuel cells use electrochemical processes to transform the chemical energy of a fuel into electrical energy, which is a key enabler for the shift to an H2-based economy. Because of their high energy conversion efficiency and low pollution emissions, fuel cells with polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMFCs) are regarded as being in frontline of commercialization for the transportation and automotive industries. However, there are two major hurdles to their future commercialization: cost and durability, which promote basic study and development of their components. In this article, we reviewed the materials, functional components, fabrication technologies and assembling characteristics related to PEMFCs. Platinum's significance as a catalyst in PEMFC applications stems from the fact that it beats all other catalysts in three critical parts: stability, selectivity, and activity. In order to create Pt rich surfaces of NPs, Pt metal is alloyed with d-block metals like Cu, Ni, Fe, and Co. PEMFC development is inextricably tied to the benefits and drawbacks of the Nafion membrane under various operating circumstances. Nafion membrane has some drawbacks, including poor performance at high temperatures (over 90℃), low conductivity under low humidification, and high cost. As a result, a variety of nanoscale additives are frequently added to Nafion nanocomposites to enhance the material's properties under fuel cell working conditions. Fiber composite based bipolar plates can deliver best performance. The assembly of PEMFC based on strap approach is being explored. The applications of PEMFC are also projected.
... Carbon dioxide-derived methanol and methane can only compete if power costs are kept low enough to account for between 40 and 70 percent of the total production costs. Still to date, the most common and cost-effective is the use of electricity and low-carbon hydrogen (Liguori et al. 2020). In North Africa, Chile, and Iceland CO 2 and low-cost renewable energy are available for the production of methane and methanol at commercial levels. ...
The capture of carbon and sequestration (CCS) activity is considered strategic in the context of world energy policy. In fact, CO2 emissions from fossil/conventional-fuel-fired power plants can be lowered by using CCS on the same. Various other methods have been developed to date to capture the carbon and store it. This article focuses on the various carbon capture technologies and the storage technologies such as pre-combustion, post-combustion, oxyfuel technology, and direct air capture (DAC) technology, including their subparts, along with the factors affecting the carbon capture technologies. The aim of the present study is to develop an overview of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies and CO2 sequestration, including a vast coverage of the various factors that have a huge impact on CCS. It emerged that the existing technologies that deal with CO2 sequestration and capture are being used at large scale to produce derivatives including chemicals, polymers, building materials, and various other products. The newest technology that has been seen creating a huge effect is direct air capture, and commercial use of such technologies has been seen. Future potential application areas have been realised in this review work. In addition, this article explores policy recommendations for the future.
... The need for energy-efficient liquid separations is becoming increasingly important as the global demand for energy and fresh water continues to grow. Energy-intensive separation processes, such as distillation, crystallization, reverse osmosis (RO), and condensation currently dominate the industry but are not sustainable in the long term [1][2][3][4][5][6]. The separation of liquids plays a vital role in various industries, including food production, pharmaceutical, and chemical [7,8]. ...
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) materials with tunable structures and functionalities have demonstrated great
potential as promising membrane materials, and play a crucial role in various industrially important chemical,
energy, and environmental processes. Due to their well-defined pore systems, unique chemical versatility, and
abundant chemical functionalities, MOFs have garnered interest in various energy-intensive separation applications.
Formulating them into structured configurations is a key step toward their scale-up and successful
implementation at the industrial level. This review focuses on the latest developments in MOF-based membranes
for liquid separations and highlights recent progress on design strategies, criteria for screening MOFs, fabrication
methods, and the most recent breakthrough in the areas of pervaporation, water treatment, and organic solvent
nanofiltration. Additionally, this study also discusses the possible applications of MOF-based membranes in the
removal of micropollutants, in decay processes, and in exhibiting antibiotic properties. The remaining challenges,
prospects, and guidance on the rational design and fabrication of high-performance MOF-based membranes and
transferring technology from a laboratory scale toward practical applications are discussed.
... The most commonly used membrane material is palladium (Pd) since it provides excellent permeability of hydrogen and its higher resistance to decomposition by hydrogen. 109 ...
This paper reviews the renewable hydrogen generation pathways, along with purification and storage technologies, and discusses the hydrogen economy and future prospects from an Indian context.