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New gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)—strontium-doped nanosize hydroxyapatite (SrHA) composite hydrogel scaffolds were developed using UV photo-crosslinking and 3D printing for bone tissue regeneration, with the controlled delivery capacity of strontium (Sr). While Sr is an effective anti-osteoporotic agent with both anti-resorptive and anabolic propert...
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... interconnected pores are beneficial for the migration and adhesion of a high cell density [16]. Figure 5 shows the 3D porous network structure useful for host tissue ingrowth. There is a significant difference between GelMA-HA-PR scaffolds (Figure 5b), which show no porous structure on the surface, and the other scaffolds. ...
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... 5 shows the 3D porous network structure useful for host tissue ingrowth. There is a significant difference between GelMA-HA-PR scaffolds (Figure 5b), which show no porous structure on the surface, and the other scaffolds. SEM images show the presence of HA/SrHA nanoparticles on the surface of the scaffolds. ...
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... this sample, the particles of HA are clearly visible on the surface of the scaffold, and the surface looks more compact and rugged. The resemblance between the non-Sr-containing samples can be seen (Figure 5b,c), as well as between the Sr-containing samples (Figure 5d,e). Polymers 2024, 16, x ...
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... this sample, the particles of HA are clearly visible on the surface of the scaffold, and the surface looks more compact and rugged. The resemblance between the non-Sr-containing samples can be seen (Figure 5b,c), as well as between the Sr-containing samples (Figure 5d,e). Polymers 2024, 16, x ...
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... interconnected pores are beneficial for the migratio adhesion of a high cell density [16]. Figure 5 shows the 3D porous network structur ful for host tissue ingrowth. There is a significant difference between GelMA-HA-PR folds (Figure 5b), which show no porous structure on the surface, and the other scaff SEM images show the presence of HA/SrHA nanoparticles on the surface of the scaff The HA particles present a uniform distribution inside the GelMA matrix. ...
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... 5 shows the 3D porous network structur ful for host tissue ingrowth. There is a significant difference between GelMA-HA-PR folds (Figure 5b), which show no porous structure on the surface, and the other scaff SEM images show the presence of HA/SrHA nanoparticles on the surface of the scaff The HA particles present a uniform distribution inside the GelMA matrix. There is nificant difference between the GelMA-HA-PR scaffold and the other samples. ...
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... sample, the particles of HA are clearly visible on the surface of the scaffold, and the su looks more compact and rugged. The resemblance between the non-Sr-containing ples can be seen (Figure 5b,c), as well as between the Sr-containing samples ( Figure ( Pores were analyzed quantitatively using ImageJ. Average Feret diameters ar sented in Figure 6, except for GelMA-HA-PR, which has no distinct pores and cou be analyzed through this method. ...
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... occurred between the degradat terns of GelMA-HAHT and GelMA-HAHT-Sr10%. A remarkably lower degrada was observed in the case of GelMA-HAPR, which may be due to the lower surfac the scaffold, as noticed from the SEM micrographs (Figure 5b). The amide bon hydrogel can be coordinated by the Ca 2+ in the HA/SrHA structure, thereby increa hydrogells stability. ...
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... occurred between the degradation patterns of GelMA-HAHT and GelMA-HAHT-Sr10%. A remarkably lower degradation rate was observed in the case of GelMA-HAPR, which may be due to the lower surface area of the scaffold, as noticed from the SEM micrographs (Figure 5b). The amide bond in the hydrogel can be coordinated by the Ca 2+ in the HA/SrHA structure, thereby increasing the hydrogel's stability. ...
Citations
... Biomaterials, including hydrogels and bioceramics, offer essential structural support and create a conducive environment for cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation [174][175][176]. Hydrogels, known for their high-water content and biocompatibility, can be tailored to mimic the natural ECM, while bioceramics provide the necessary mechanical strength and osteoconductivity to support new bone growth [177][178][179][180]. ...
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a crucial role in bone formation and remodeling. Intrinsic genetic factors and extrinsic environmental cues regulate their differentiation into osteoblasts. Within the bone microenvironment, a complex network of biochemical and biomechanical signals orchestrates bone homeostasis and regeneration. In addition, the crosstalk among MSCs, immune cells, and neighboring cells—mediated by extracellular vesicles and non-coding RNAs (such as circular RNAs and micro RNAs) —profoundly influences osteogenic differentiation and bone remodeling. Recent studies have explored specific signaling pathways that contribute to effective bone regeneration, highlighting the potential of manipulating the bone microenvironment to enhance MSC functionality. The integration of advanced biomaterials, gene editing techniques, and controlled delivery systems is paving the way for more targeted and efficient regenerative therapies. Furthermore, artificial intelligence could improve bone tissue engineering, optimize biomaterial design, and enable personalized treatment strategies. This review explores the latest advancements in bone regeneration, emphasizing the intricate interplay among stem cells, immune cells, and signaling molecules. By providing a comprehensive overview of these mechanisms and their clinical implications, we aim to shed light on future research directions in this rapidly evolving field.
Natural polymer-based hydrogels, generally composed of hydrophilic polymers capable of absorbing large amounts of water, have garnered attention for biomedical applications because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and eco-friendliness. Natural polymer-based hydrogels derived from alginate, starch, cellulose, and chitosan are particularly valuable in fields such as drug delivery, wound dressing, and tissue engineering. However, compared with synthetic hydrogels, their poor mechanical properties limit their use in load-bearing applications. This review explores recent advancements in the enhancement of the mechanical strength of natural hydrogels while maintaining their biocompatibility for biomedical applications. Strategies such as chemical modification, blending with stronger materials, and optimized cross-linking are discussed. By improving their mechanical resilience, natural hydrogels can become more suitable for demanding biomedical applications, like tissue scaffolding and cartilage repair. Additionally, this review identifies the ongoing challenges and future directions for maximizing the potential of natural polymer-based hydrogels in advanced medical therapies.
