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Conserved sequence blocks and secondary structures of the largest non-coding region in Acaroidea mites
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Mites from the Acaroidea (Sarcoptiformes: Astigmatina) are important pests of various stored products, posing potential threats to preserved foods. In addition, mites can cause allergic diseases. Complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) are valuable resources for different research fields, including comparative genomics, molecular evolutionary...
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Black flies (family Simuliidae) are globally distributed insects of great medical and veterinary importance. However, little is known about their mitogenomics. Therefore, in this study, the mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of five black fly species‒Simulium bidentatum, S. siripoomense, S. fenestratum, S. chamlongi, S. quinquestriatum‒were sequenced using next-generation sequencing. We conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis of these mitogenomes focusing on sequence length, A + T content, A/T bias, A + T- rich regions, overlapping and intergenic regions, nucleotide composition, relative synonymous codon usage, and the non-synonymous/synonymous substitution ratio (Ka/Ks). Additionally, we analyzed the phylogenetic implications in combination with the Simuliidae and Nematocera species available in GenBank. The mitogenomes ranged from 15,739 to 16,451 base pairs (bp); each contained 37 genes, with no gene rearrangements. The tRNASer (Ser1) lacks the dihydrouridine arm. Selection pressure analysis of 13 PCGs in 45 Nematocera mitogenomes revealed that nd2, nd5, nd4 l, and nd1 had Ka/Ks ratios greater than 1, indicating higher rates of non-synonymous substitutions. In contrast, cox1 showed the lowest Ka/Ks values, indicating strong purifying selection. Phylogenetic analyses supported the monophyly of each subgenus within Simulium, but revealed different subgeneric relationships compared to previous studies. We also observed that different samples can yield different phylogenetic results for higher level relationships within Culicomorpha. The phylogenetic position of Anisopodidae within the Bibionomorpha remains unclear and warrants further investigation.
The mite Thyreophagus entomophagus is a cosmopolitan species of significant economic importance in biocontrol applications, serving as a factitious prey for the mass rearing of predatory mites. This species has been reported from a variety of habitats. However, the taxonomic reliability of its name is questionable due to inconsistencies in historical species identifications, the absence of type specimens, and misidentified GenBank sequences. Here, to address these issues and to standardize the nomenclature, we redescribe Thyreophagus entomophagus based on a commercial culture with known COX1 barcoding sequence data and designate a neotype from this culture. As part of delimiting the species boundaries of Th. entomophagus, the question of whether this species forms heteromorphic deutonymphs is particularly important. While the literature suggests that most populations lack them, at least one population in Germany has been reported to produce heteromorphic deutonymphs. However, after careful examination, we identified this population as a new species, Thyreophagus holda, indicating that previous identifications of this population as Th. entomophagus were incorrect. The absence of the heteromorphic deutonymphal stage is a beneficial trait for mass production, as it simplifies the life cycle by eliminating the energetically costly heteromorphic deutonymph. Our preliminary molecular phylogenetic analyses of Th. entomophagus and other species of Thyreophagus indicate that the loss of heteromorphic deutonymphs and the emergence of asexual reproduction (another beneficial trait for mass production) are derived traits that arose after the divergence of the most recent common ancestor of Thyreophagus. These insights enhance our understanding of the evolutionary traits that increase the effectiveness of Th. entomophagus and related species in biocontrol settings. Our study points to the need for additional bioprospecting efforts to identify new candidate species for biocontrol that possess both asexual reproduction and the absence of heteromorphic deutonymphs.
