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Confirmatory Factor Analyses of BPNSFS, 3-4 Substantive Factors and 2 Item Keying Factors (Combined Sample N = 3,692)
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In basic psychological needs theory (BPNT), the separable constructs of need satisfaction and need frustration are theorized as pivotally related to psychopathology and broader aspects of well-being. The Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scales (BPNSFS; Chen et al., 2015) have rapidly emerged as the dominant self-report measure...
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Research on the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness is well-established in second language (L2) research. However, little is known about the frustration of these basic psychological needs and how they can undermine intrinsic motivation and L2 achievement. Importantly, there is no valid scale of th...
The purpose of the current study was to test the necessity of basic psychological needs within self-determination theory (SDT) for employee wellbeing. Utilizing necessary condition analysis across three samples (two cross-sectional and one longitudinal), we evaluate whether need satisfaction and need frustration of the basic psychological needs for...
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Satisfaction and frustration of the needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, as assessed with the 24-item Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS), have been found to be crucial indicators of individuals’ psychological health. To increase the usability of this scale within a clinical and health services research...
Citations
... Basic psychological needs-Autonomy, Relatedness, and Competence-were assessed using the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (Murphy et al., 2022). The scale consists of 24 items, equally distributed among the three constructs and their satisfaction and frustration dimensions. ...
Introduction
Self-selection of aerobic training intensity is an approach that allows practitioners to develop autonomy (choice of pace), improve physical fitness, and contribute to better affective responses and training adherence. However, it is still unclear whether self-selection of training intensity in group settings is comparable to individual training conditions. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of three aerobic training protocols on psychophysiological responses in physically inactive adult obese women.
Methods
The sample consisted of 90 women with a mean age of 48.3 ± 5.5 years and BMI of 31.2 ± 4.8 kg/m², who participated in three treadmill aerobic training protocols: 1- Control group (IPI) with individually prescribed intensity (64 to 76% of HRmax), 2- Small group (SGS) with self-selected intensity, and 3- Individual with self-selected intensity (ISS). Heart rate (HR), total session volume (VL), affective valence was determined by feeling scale (FS), enjoyment was determined by Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), intention to repeat the exercise session (INT), and Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction Scale (BPNFS) were evaluated. Statistical analyses were conducted using two-way ANOVA for HR and FS, and one-way ANOVA for VL, PACES, INT, and BPNFS with Tukey post hoc test and significance criteria (p < 0.05).
Results
The results showed that HR and VL were similar (p > 0.05) between the protocols IPI, SGS and ISS, while FS, PACES, and INT were significantly higher in SGS and ISS than IPI protocols (p < 0.05). BPNFS also presented better results for the SGS and ISS protocols (p < 0.05).
Discussion
These findings suggest that the intensity and training volume were similar among different protocols. Affective responses were more positive perceived in SGS and ISS protocols.
Conclusion
We conclude that intensity self-selection is a safe, effective, and comparable strategy to prescribed intensity at moderate levels, providing a more enjoyable experience that may contribute to greater adherence to aerobic training.
... Factor structure of need domains Some work on basic needs conceives satisfaction and frustration as separate need domains (Holmquist et al., 2023;Vansteenkiste & Ryan, 2013), whilst other work does not (Murphy et al., 2023). To test these contrasting accounts, we reverse-coded frustration items and loaded them together with satisfaction items. ...
We propose a new motivational model that integrates self‐determination theory (with a focus on basic needs) with social‐psychological research on allyship and solidarity to better understand when and why allies may engage in different actions to address social injustice. We theorize that normative (e.g., donations and protesting) and non‐normative (e.g., blocking highways and disrupting events) solidarity‐based actions are motivated by allies' basic needs (measured at the individual and group levels) as well as their perception of disadvantaged groups' basic needs (measured at the individual and group levels). We tested the model in two cross‐sectional studies using two different contexts: English citizens' solidarity (i.e., allies from a high‐status group) with Ukrainian refugees and students' solidarity (i.e., allies from a low‐status group) with the striking university employees in the United Kingdom ( N total = 1232). In both studies, we found that the more allies' needs were satisfied, the more likely they were to engage in normative solidarity actions. In contrast, intentions to engage in non‐normative solidarity actions were predicted by frustration of allies' needs. Perceptions of disadvantaged group's needs predicted engagement in both normative and non‐normative actions. Notably, high‐status allies' solidarity was driven by both individual and group‐level needs, whilst low‐status allies were only motivated by group‐level needs.
... More recently, however, Murphy et al. (2023) have challenged the interpretive structure of the BPNSFS. With a sample of over 3,000 participants (primarily university students), they undertook a variety of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. ...
... The current investigation contributes to research on the BPNSFS by examining its structure in a novel population, by attempting to replicate and extend the interpretations of Murphy et al. (2023) and others regarding the BPNSFS factor structure, and by evaluating the correlates of an obtained factor solution using variables that are external to the factor analysis. Unlike previous BPNSFS factor analyses that have involved primarily student and community participants, here, we examine a sample drawn from a military population. ...
... Based on the various previous factor analytic studies, we hypothesized that a six substantive and a three substantive factor solution would each have acceptable to good fit. From Murphy et al. (2023), we hypothesized that each of a 5-factor solution (including two item keying factors) and a 6-factor solution (including two item keying factors) would have good fit. Also based on Murphy et al., we chose to examine fit for a 4-factor solution comprised of the three basic substantive needs but where autonomy is parsed into two distinct factors. ...
... Przybylski et al. (2013) found that individuals with lower levels of satisfaction of basic psychological needs such as competence (efficacy), autonomy (meaningful choices), and relatedness (connection with others) reported higher levels of FoMO, and that deficits in basic psychological needs may increase sensitivity to the fear of missing out on things, which in turn may drive people to use social media, as social media can provide individuals with effective self-regulatory tools to fulfill their psychological needs. Individuals who do not perceive basic psychological need satisfaction in their environment develop negative emotional and behavioral tendencies (Murphy et al., 2023). When an individual's basic psychological needs are thwarted, depressive tendencies tend to emerge. ...
Purpose
This study examines the relationship between social networking sites addiction and pro-social behavior, considering the increasing importance of social networking sites in daily life. It explores the mediating role of Fear of Missing Out in this relationship and investigates the moderating role of basic psychological need satisfaction.
Research design, data, and methodology
This study employed a snowball sampling method to conduct an online survey among social network users in China. The proposed model was tested using regression analysis to interpret the results.
Results
Findings indicate a negative predictive effect of social networking sites addiction on prosocial behavior. Misplaced fear partially mediates this relationship. Basic psychological need satisfaction significantly moderates the mediating effect of Fear of Missing Out on the relationship between SNS addiction and prosocial behavior.
Practical implications
This study provides strategies for effectively preventing social networking sites addiction in real-world settings and mitigating its negative impact on individuals’ physical and mental health. It suggests interventions at four levels—individual, school, society, and government—to enhance basic psychological need satisfaction, thereby improving prosocial behavior and facilitating the promotion of interpersonal interactions and the equitable, harmonious development of society.
... It should be noted that this research paradigm is not alone in calls for a substantive pause for reasons of psychometric inadequacy. Given the state of the evidence in recent years, researchers have noted the need for re-evaluation of a number of very popular theories and models, including self-regulated learning (Dinsmore & Fryer, 2023) and even basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration as it is used in SDT (Murphy et al., 2023). Reassessments and refinements are a part of science. ...
Al-Hoorie, Hiver, and In'nami (2024) illuminate a validation crisis within the L2 Motivational Self System, revealing empirical flaws in its current measurement. Their analysis indicates a persistent lack of discriminant validity among the system's constructs, issuing a fundamental challenge in distinguishing the concepts. These findings, echoing previous concerns, underscore a pressing need for theoretical refinement and methodological rigor within the field, leading the authors to advocate for a temporary halt in L2 Self studies to address these issues comprehensively. This commentary discusses the call for a substantive moratorium presented in Al-Hoorie et al. (2024) as a necessary step toward resolving persistent challenges in the field. By highlighting historical issues and suggesting pathways for theoretical diversification and methodological advancement, I aim to foster a productive dialogue on motivational psychology in language learning while ensuring empirical robustness.
... While the BPNSFS remains a widely-used and valuable tool, it is important to recognize that its original items were not developed with the more recent conceptual distinctions in mind. Consequently, some of the new items appear to better reflect low need satisfaction than true need frustration (Murphy et al., 2023). As Murphy et al. (2023, p. 129) argue, "[…] the apparent distinction between the Satisfaction and Frustration scales is likely primarily driven by item-keying direction, not by substantive content distinguishing constructs of need satisfaction and need frustration. ...
... It should also be stressed that it is more appropriate to use positive descriptions of need frustration rather than negative descriptions of need satisfaction in need frustration scales (De Vaus, 2014;Longo et al., 2016). Longo et al. (2016) pointed out the problem of negative wording in W-BNS and BNSW-S, and Murphy et al. (2023) recently deemed BPNSFS invalid for use as a measure of the dual-dimension theory precisely for this reason. ...
Background
Because the fulfillment of basic/fundamental psychological needs affects people’s motivation and well-being, measuring the degree to which these needs are met is of interest to researchers across various domains. Although numerous self-assessment tools have been developed, no recent comprehensive reviews exist, hindering cumulative scientific progress. The present systematic review aimed to identify and analyze the main approaches to developing self-report scales for assessing basic/fundamental psychological need fulfillment. The objective is to inform readers interested in selecting instruments for their studies and those intending to develop new scales.
Methods
Following PRISMA, we conducted a search of Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and ProQuest in August 2023. The following information was extracted from eligible studies: Scale name, abbreviation, theoretical basis, application domain, final scale construction, scale development and validation methodology, and citation count.
Results
Our search identified 32 primary studies, in which 31 original scales were developed and validated, and 89 secondary studies that aimed to modify these original scales. The predominant theoretical basis was Self-Determination Theory, although eight scales were based on alternative need typologies. The scales were either domain-general or specific to contexts such as work, education, or exercise/sports contexts. While most were designed to measure need satisfaction, some also addressed need support, frustration, and thwarting.
Conclusion
Despite significant efforts in developing, adapting, and applying scales to measure need fulfillment, we found several issues resulting from diverse perspectives on conceptualizing psychological needs and need typologies, discordant approaches in developing and validating measures, and other inconsistencies that should be acknowledged and addressed in future research.
... Such multi-method approaches will provide a more comprehensive assessment of individuals' experiences and support environments. Fourthly, Murphy et al. (2023) raised concerns about the validity of frustration scales for each need. They contended that the frustration scale for a specific need consisted mainly of negatively worded items related to need satisfaction for that need. ...
... Consequently, in this study, we have amalgamated the need satisfaction items with reverse-scored need frustration items. The insights from Murphy et al. (2023) underscore the importance of additional research to validate these findings in future studies, using perhaps a revised version of the instrument for basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration. ...
Background:
This study, grounded in self-determination theory, examined how satisfaction of the needs for autonomy, relatedness and competence in people with mild to borderline intellectual disability (MBID) changed over a 4.5-year period. Additionally, it explored the association between life events across various domains (i.e. health, support and living situation, crime, relationships and freedom and finance) and these changes and explored the prospective associations between these needs, perceptions of support from direct support staff and the well-being and ill-being of people with MBID.
Methods:
Based on a sample of 117 adults with MBID, multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine correlations between constructs at both time points and the impact of autonomy support on need satisfaction and motivation, taking into account life events.
Results:
The analyses showed that, at both time points, most constructs were statistically significantly correlated and remained so despite a time lag of 4.5 years. Autonomy support emerged as a significant positive predictor, of medium size, for satisfying autonomy and relatedness needs. Its association with competence need satisfaction was not statistically significant after Bonferroni correction. For type of motivation, autonomy support statistically predicted increased autonomous motivation, irrespective of life events.
Conclusions:
Findings underline the potential of autonomy supportive direct support in the lives of individuals with MBID. Some unexpected null findings underscore the need for further study into the interplay between autonomy support, life events and the well-being of people with MBID.
... Evidence is similarly mixed regarding the extent to which need satisfaction or need frustration in daily life predict in-game need satisfaction [27,41,185,281]. Interpretation of results is further complicated by these studies' deployment of a need frustration scale [i.e., 105] whose validity was recently questioned [378]. As such, there is a need to identify conditions that help account for these mixed findings, alongside potential methodological confounds. ...
Self-determination theory (SDT), a psychological theory of human motivation, is a prominent paradigm in human-computer interaction (HCI) research on games. However, our prior literature review observed a trend towards shallow applications of the theory. This follow-up work takes a broader view -- examining SDT scholarship on games, a wider corpus of SDT-based HCI games research (N=259), and perspectives from a games industry practitioner conference -- to help explain current applications of SDT. Our findings suggest that perfunctory applications of the theory in HCI games research originate in part from within SDT scholarship on games, which itself exhibits limited engagement with theoretical tenets. Against this backdrop, we unpack the popularity of SDT in HCI games research and identify conditions underlying the theory's current use as an oft-unquestioned paradigm. Finally, we outline avenues for more productive SDT-informed games research and consider ways towards more intentional practices of theory use in HCI.
... Furthermore, since all constructs in the study were measured using self-report instruments, the correlations are likely inflated due to shared method variance. Recently, the BPNSFS has been criticized for not adequately assessing the frustration of psychological needs (Murphy et al., 2023). Murphy et al. (2023) argue that the items in the BPNSFS that are supposed to measure need frustration assess dissatisfaction of psychological needs rather than active thwarting of needs. ...
... Recently, the BPNSFS has been criticized for not adequately assessing the frustration of psychological needs (Murphy et al., 2023). Murphy et al. (2023) argue that the items in the BPNSFS that are supposed to measure need frustration assess dissatisfaction of psychological needs rather than active thwarting of needs. A final shortcoming of the current study is that only the trait part of the DSM-5 alternative model for personality disorders and the ICD-11 model for personality disorders was examined. ...
The satisfaction of basic psychological needs is closely connected with an individual’s well-being and mental health. The purpose of the present study was to examine the associations of persistent and pervasive negative cognitions about oneself and others (early maladaptive schemas) and pathological personality traits (DSM-5 and ICD-11 personality traits) with the satisfaction and frustration of basic psychological needs. To this aim, self-report measures of psychological need satisfaction (Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale), early maladaptive schemas (Young Schema Questionnaire – Short Form 3), and pathological personality traits (Modified Personality Inventory for DSM-5 and ICD-11 – Brief Form Plus), were administered in a community sample (N = 322, Mage = 35.3 years, SDage = 12.5 years, 66% female). The data were analyzed using correlation analysis, linear regression analysis, and a machine-learning approach (XGBoost). The results showed strong negative relationships of early maladaptive schemas and pathological personality traits with the satisfaction and frustration of the needs for autonomy, relatedness, and competence, especially the disconnection/rejection and impaired autonomy/performance schema domains and the pathological personality traits of negative affectivity and detachment. Early maladaptive schemas predicted the frustration of the psychological needs for relatedness and competence above pathological personality traits. The study findings add to the understanding of current psychological need satisfaction.
... Nuevamente vuelve a aparecer la diversión como factor motivador, esta vez no basada en la novedad, sino en la satisfacción de cubrir otra de las necesidades psicológicas básicas: la relación, definida por Murphy et al. (2023) como la conexión existente entre iguales. El relacionarse con los demás de manera positiva y el sentido de pertenencia a un grupo son fundamentales en el desarrollo del niño. ...
Utilizando como referencia la Teoría de la Autodeterminación con su exposición de las tres necesidades psicológicas básicas, la literatura sobre los estilos de enseñanza y las metodologías activas, se detalla una propuesta didáctica que utiliza el sistema Points, Badgets and Leaderboards (PBL) para la asignatura de Educación Física basada en el universo de Avatar. Esta intervención se llevó a cabo en un centro de educación secundaria de Madrid (España) con alumnado de segundo de ESO, al término de la cual se obtuvo información por parte de algunos de los participantes, a través de entrevistas personales, sobre aspectos relacionados con el sentimiento de competencia, el trabajo en equipo, la temática utilizada y el sistema de reparto de puntos. La sensación de novedad y el sentimiento de pertenencia a un grupo parecen haber sido los dos elementos clave en el aumento de la motivación en el alumnado durante la intervención, al mismo tiempo que se discute la escasa repercusión motivacional de otros factores como la temática elegida o el sistema de puntuación.
Using as a reference the Self-Determination Theory with its exposition of the three basic psychological needs, the literature on teaching styles and active methodologies, a didactic proposal using the Points, Badgets and Leaderboards (PBL) system for the subject of Physical Education based on the universe of Avatar is detailed. This intervention was carried out in a secondary school in Madrid (Spain) with students in the second year of ESO, at the end of which information was obtained from some of the participants, through personal interviews, on aspects related to the feeling of competence, teamwork, the subject matter used and the system for distributing points. The sense of novelty and the feeling of belonging to a group seem to have been the two key elements in increasing student motivation during the intervention, while at the same time the low motivational impact of other factors such as the chosen subject matter or the scoring system is discussed.
