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![Conditions of lead oxide and protective films formation according to Martynov [17] and Müller [18]. The red line indicates the maximum core temperature for currently designed](publication/367027253/figure/fig1/AS:11431281112483783@1673441408259/Conditions-of-lead-oxide-and-protective-films-formation-according-to-Martynov-17-and.png)
Conditions of lead oxide and protective films formation according to Martynov [17] and Müller [18]. The red line indicates the maximum core temperature for currently designed
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![Parameters for calculating the limit solubility of oxygen in LBE [49].](publication/367027253/figure/tbl1/AS:11431281112493896@1673441412211/Parameters-for-calculating-the-limit-solubility-of-oxygen-in-LBE-49_Q320.jpg)
Controlling oxygen content in the primary circuit of nuclear reactors is one of the key tasks needed to ensure the safe operation of nuclear power plants where lead-bismuth eutectic alloy (LBE) is used as a coolant. If the oxygen concentration is low, active corrosion of structural materials takes place; upon increase in oxygen content, slag accumu...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... areas of lead oxides and protective films formation depending on the temperature and oxygen concentration in the LBE [17,18] are shown in Figure 1. [17] and Müller [18]. ...
Context 2
... one can see from the data presented in Figure 1, if the temperature of lead-bismuth eutectic coolant was above 350 °C and oxygen concentration was above (7-8) × 10 −6 wt %, lead monooxide was formed in the circuit. The optimal oxygen concentration values, which ensured the formation of strong protective films and at the same time prevented the formation of slag, are in a narrow range with (1-4) × 10 −6 wt % width [19]. ...
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Citations
... With respect to iron-based material calculations of the adsorption energy of liquid metal atoms and the escape energy of iron atoms on iron surfaces, bismuth exhibits a greater capacity for adsorption and dissolution corrosion compared to lead on Fe surfaces [8] According to the current literature, two reliable methods have been identified for mitigating the corrosion of steels in lead-bismuth Pb-Bi systems. The first method involves maintaining the oxygen concentration within a specified range [9], and the second method entails applying corrosion-resistant coatings to the surface of the materials [10]. ...
... After assembling, the experimental cells were tightly closed, evacuated, filled with high-purity argon (99.999%), and placed in vertical tube furnaces preheated to the desired temperature. (3); nickel heat reflecting screens (4); titanium getter (5); crucible (6); test samples (7); liquid metal (8); thermocouple (9). ...
The corrosion resistance of several types of steel (AISI 410, 321, 316L, 904L) was determined in a liquid Bi-Li (5 mol.%) alloy (BLA) medium at 650 °C combining gravimetric analysis of steel samples and chemical analysis of corrosion products’ content accumulating in the BLA phase. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry analysis were employed for characterizing steel structure and alloy composition. AISI 321, 316L and 904L nickel-containing corrosion-resistant steels underwent severe corrosion in BLA, and their corrosion rates depended on the nickel content in the material. AISI 410 steel exhibited the lowest corrosion rate of all the materials investigated, and this type of steel can be considered as a reasonable structural material for work in BLA environments. The corrosion rates of AISI 410, 321, 316L and 904L steels in BLA at 650 °C were 77, 244, 252 and 280 µm/year, respectively. It was also found that chromium was etched more intensively than iron from the surface of steel samples.
... If the oxygen concentration in LBE is more than 10 −6 wt%, the elemental O in liquid LBE will react chemically with the metal elements (Fe, Cr, etc.) in the steel material, thus causing oxidation corrosion on the surface of the structural steel [8,11,[13][14][15][16][52][53][54][55][56]. If a continuous and dense oxide film is produced on the surface of the structural steel, then oxidative corrosion will be effectively blocked. ...
... At high concentrations (C O > 10 −6 wt%) [56], the structural steel undergoes an oxidation reaction (Figure 1b). If multiple layers of poorly adherent oxide films are formed, these films can delaminate and oxidize the underlying surface. ...
... At low levels of oxygen in the LBE (C O < 5 × 10 −7 wt%), dissolution corrosion occurs mainly in structural steel. On the contrary, if the oxygen content in LBE is high (C O > 10 −6 wt%), oxidative corrosion will increase and Pb-O compounds will be formed, contaminating the liquid LBE and clogging the pipeline [56]. When the LBE's oxygen content is in this range, which can produce a stable Fe 3 O 4 that is not formed between Pb-O compounds, then a double-structured oxide layer will be formed. ...
Liquid lead–bismuth eutectic alloy is one of the candidate coolants for fourth-generation nuclear power systems because of its good physical and chemical properties, neutron economic performance, and safety. However, the compatibility between the coolant and structural steel is still the main factor restricting its large-scale industrial application in the nuclear energy field. Structural steel in a liquid lead–bismuth eutectic alloy for a long time would cause severe corrosion. The erosion of structural steel by high-flow-rate liquid lead–bismuth alloy will lead to a more complex corrosion process. This paper mainly reviews the corrosion characteristics of liquid lead–bismuth and the corrosion behavior of structural steel in liquid lead-bismuth eutectic. The main methods of inhibiting liquid lead–bismuth corrosion are summarized, and future research directions are suggested.
