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The increase in agricultural waste has been one of the main concerns today. Usually, the excessive waste is dumped in the landfill without any consideration to the environment. Previous research has found that waste containing highly reactive silica can react with calcium hydroxide in concrete resulting in a compact concrete microstructure. Hence,...
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Rice husk ash (RHA) is a pozzolan with high reactive potential that, when added to cementitious systems, promotes the reduction of the alkaline reserve. Within this context, the incorporation of calcium hydroxide (CH) aims to attenuate the impact on the alkaline reserve caused by the pozzolan. The present study aims to analyze the influence of the...
This study evaluates the influence of the CaO/Al 2 O 3 molar ratio of synthetic calcium aluminate hydrates on the properties
of alkali-activated materials based on metakaolin. Calcium aluminate hydrates with CaO/Al 2 O 3 molar ratios of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8,
1.0 and 1.2 were synthesised from bauxite and eggshells. Alkali-activated materials were prepare...
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The increase in agricultural waste has been one of the main concerns today. Usually, the excessive waste is dumped in the landfill without any consideration to the environment. Previous research has found that waste containing highly reactive silica can react with calcium hydroxide in concrete resulting in a compact concrete microstructure. Hence,...
Palm oil ash wastes are normally used as fuel to heat up boiler for electricity generation in palm oil mills. This process leads to the production of unwanted ash residue which is known as palm oil fuel ash (POFA). The sufficiently amorphous POFA contains a high amount of silica, which makes it possible to be used as a pozzolanic material in concre...
In this study, a modified version of electrospun nylon 66 nanofibers by silica particles were blended into ordinary Portland cement to investigate the microstructure and some mechanical properties of cementitious material. The addition of silica into the nanofibers improved the tensile and compressive properties of the hardened cement pastes. The o...
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... however, the expansion of FC technological advances may encounter challenges due to the deterioration of the ecosystem caused by the emission of contaminants as well as worries regarding environmental responsibility associated with the extraction of natural aggregates [8]. The incorporation of natural fibres in the augmentation of properties of FC in the process of FC production has yielded a notable array of prospective consequences [9]. ...
The construction industry across the world recognizes the need for green, lightweight, and self-compacting materials that are also ecologically benign. Considering this requirement, a recent discovery has indicated that a novel form of concrete, known as foamed concrete (FC), has the potential to reduce structural self-weight. Natural fibres are an excellent option to be added in FC for durability properties improvement and are viewed as a great way to contribute to sustainability. The purpose of this study is to examine the possible utilization of agave cantala-based fibre (AF) in the fabrication of foamed concrete (FC) with the objective of enhancing their durability properties. Low densities FC are prone to serious durability performance degradation hence in this experiment FC of low density of 650 kg/m3 was fabricated and evaluated. Varying weight fractions of AF between 0% to 5% were considered as an additive in FC. The durability parameters that were evaluated included apparent porosity, shrinkage, water absorption and UPV. The experimental findings indicate that incorporating a weight fraction of 3% of AF in FC resulted in the optimal durability characteristics across all the durability measures examined in this study. The inclusion of AF in the combination resulted in a significant decrease in the permeability porosity and water absorption of FC. The presence of FC-AF composites with 4% fibre led to the highest drying shrinkage and UPV value and it performed better than the remaining mixtures.
... Research indicates that adding more POFA to concrete generally decreases its workability. For example, Tambichik et al. [78] and Hussin et al. [79] observed a significant reduction in workability, with slump reductions of up to 43% and 40% at replacement levels of 30% and 15-30%, respectively. Similarly, Sumesh et al. [80] and Abdullah et al. [81] found that substituting cement with POFA at levels of 20% and 40% reduced workability by 25-30% and slightly increased the setting time by 5-10%. ...
... Tambichik et al. [78] reported that POFA improves overall durability over time due to its pozzolanic reactions. Shafigh et al. [83] found that POFA reduces water absorption by 10-15% and increases resistance to chloride ion penetration, protecting against chloride-induced corrosion. ...
Sustainability has become an increasingly important goal, especially in developing countries where the focus is on protecting the environment and improving public health. A major environmental concern is the production of carbon dioxide, with cement manufacturing being a significant contributor. Cement, a key ingredient in concrete the second most used material worldwide after water plays a major role in the rising CO2 emissions each year. This situation highlights the urgent need for new research to reduce the environmental impact of cement production. One promising approach to addressing these challenges is the use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). SCMs have the potential to partially replace cement in concrete mixes, which can reduce CO2 emissions, decrease air pollutants, and save non-renewable resources. However, adding SCMs to concrete can lead to changes in its properties, where some may decrease compared to conventional concrete, while others may improve. This research examines various SCMs and evaluates their impact on the strength, workability, and durability of concrete. It also includes a detailed analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to study the microstructure. SCMs such as silica fume (SF), metakaolin (MK), and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) significantly improve compressive strength, chloride penetration resistance, and microstructural density at certain replacement levels. Fly ash (FA) supports long-term strength development, while agricultural by-products like rice husk ash (RHA) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) contribute to durability improvements when used carefully. The study underscores the importance of particle size, replacement rates in optimizing SCM performance, balancing workability, cost, and environmental benefits.
... Concrete inherently contains internal micro-cracks, which result in a decrease in its tensile strength and ultimately lead to brittle fracture [3,4]. The concrete has undergone restraint, and traditional strengthened steel bars have been employed to enhance lFC tensile characteristics [5]. ...
... fibre (aCrF) shows promise as an effective natural reinforcement for cement composites. The application of aCrF is thought to be an environmentally benign material that has been used in a number of industries, such as the building and automotive sectors [13]. The literature has documented the integration of agave fibres into a range of matrices, including polyester, epoxy, biopolymers, and cement [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. ...
Researchers are increasingly becoming fascinated by the possibilities of utilizing natural fibre, which is a byproduct of production processes, as an addition in concrete. This fibre exhibits a low density and is amenable to chemical changes. The primary aim of this research study is to examine the influence of agave cantula roxb. fibre (ACRF) in low-density foamed concrete (FC) after being subjected to different doses of alkali treatment using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Various weight fractions of treated ACRF were employed in the FC mix, namely 0% (as the control), 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%. FC with a density of 1060 kg/m3 was produced and subsequently tested. The three types of strength properties that have been evaluated and analysed included flexural, tensile, and compressive strengths. The findings from this study have revealed that the inclusion of 3% of treated ACRF in FC yields highly favourable results in relation to strength properties. The use of treated ACRF improves the FC’s strength characteristics, particularly its bending and tensile strength, by bridging microscopic cracks and filling up gaps. It is noteworthy to emphasize that accumulation and unequal dispersion of ACRF are possible if the weight fraction of ACRF applied above the optimal value of 3% which led to decrease in FC’s strength properties. This exploratory work will lead to a better understanding of the potential applications of treated ACRF in FC. It is critical to encourage the long-term development and implementation of FC products and technology.
... Sustainable solutions are based on designing buildings, building methods, and building materials in a way that makes the best use of resources [10]. the acquisition of construction materials from renewable and recycled sources is a crucial aspect of constructing sustainable buildings [11,12]. ...
The consumption of foamed concrete (FC) in conjunction with the incorporation of natural fibre is recognized as an outstanding effort in promoting sustainable practices. This effort is aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the impact it leaves behind on the environment. The goal of this experiment is to discover the viability of incorporating raw bamboo fibre (BF) into the fabrication of 1000 kg/m3density FC. The shrinkage, flexural, compressive, and tensile strengths of the material were the four characteristics that were considered throughout the analysis. The weight fractions of BF that were utilized were 0.0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4% respectively. According to the results, the FC-BF composites’ drying shrinkage, compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths were best achieved when 0.3% BF was present. This was caused by the BF’s adhesion to the cementitious matrix of the FC. Additionally, BF functioned as an anti-micro crack that prevented FC from developing internally induced microcracks and cracks.
... 14,15 In terms of material properties, concrete's thermal performance is insufficient to utilize it merely as a building envelope. 16 Other insulating materials must be considered when constructing concrete parts to minimize the heat conductivity, especially the building envelopes. 16 Lightweight foamed concrete (LFC), which has a dry density in the range of 850-1950 kg/m 3 , 17 is one form of building material noted for its advantageous thermal performance and sound absorption capacity. ...
... 16 Other insulating materials must be considered when constructing concrete parts to minimize the heat conductivity, especially the building envelopes. 16 Lightweight foamed concrete (LFC), which has a dry density in the range of 850-1950 kg/m 3 , 17 is one form of building material noted for its advantageous thermal performance and sound absorption capacity. 18,19 Below this range, concrete is considered a non-structural material. ...
The construction industry recognizes the need for green, lightweight, and self-compacting materials that are also ecologically benign. Recent studies suggest that the novel lightweight foamed concrete (LFC) could potentially reduce the self-weight of structures. Adding natural fibers to FC improves its mechanical properties and contributes significantly to sustainability. One of the greatest difficulties in constructing reinforced LFC is the reinforcing steel bars’ corrosion, which impacts the behavior and lifetime structural integrity of concrete buildings. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the potential use of sugarcane bagasse fiber (SBF) in low-density LFC, after altering it with sodium hydroxide-based alkali treatment (NaOH) to enhance its properties. Low-density FCs are prone to serious durability and performance degradation; hence, in this experiment, FCs with a low density of 800 kg/m³ were fabricated and evaluated. Quantification and evaluation were conducted on several different characteristics, including the slump, density, thermal conductivity, and compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths. The findings suggest that employing SBF with an optimal reinforcing range of 3% to 4% can improve the mechanical characteristics and thermal conductivity of LFC-SBF composites. The slump flow gradually decreased from 1% to 5% of the SBF’s weight fraction. The lowest slump flow was achieved by adding SBF to the LFC mixture at a weight fraction of 5%. The addition of SBF to LFC resulted in a significant boost in the material’s splitting tensile, compressive, and flexural strengths. By adding 4% SBF to LFC, the optimal strength properties were concluded in the material. In addition to this, the weight percent of SBF contributed to an increase in the thermal conductivity of LFC. This was because the porous structure of LFC, which contained SBF, enabled it to absorb heat.
... This is due to the AF's ability to provide bridging pressures that span across fissures in the matrix, as well as its capacity to decrease the occurrence of microcracks. 77 AF plays a significant role in providing the bridging force that spans across the break in the matrix. 78 Clustering of AF was seen when the weight fraction of AF surpassed the ideal quantity, leading to a considerable impact on the morphology of the FC cementitious composite. ...
Currently, foamed concrete (FC) is widely employed in building construction and civil engineering works, and by using abundant natural fibers in FC, significant environmental benefits can be obtained. The durability properties of the essential materials acting independently could well be enhanced if the appropriate proportion of natural fiber-strengthened FC were used in the correct volume. This study aimed to develop new composite materials composed of FC and agave fiber (AF). The objective was to ascertain the optimal proportion of AF to be added to FC to increase its durability performance. A low-density FC of 950 kg/m³ was fabricated utilizing varying percentages of AF, namely 0% (control), 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5%, 6.0%, and 7.5%. The evaluated properties were the shrinkage, workability, density, water absorption, ultrasonic pulse velocity, porosity, compressive strength, and elastic modulus. Using AFs in FC, the optimal shrinkage and ultrasonic pulse velocity were observed. When the weight fractions of AF were increased from 1% to 4.5% in the mixtures, the porosity, workability, and water absorption of FC were significantly reduced. In addition, FC showed a slight increase in the dry density with the rise in the AF’s weight fraction and the increase in the curing age from day-7 to day-56. This research delivers noteworthy data on the durability properties of FC-AF composites, allowing future researchers to study other properties like the structural performance, strength properties, and thermal conductivity of FC-AF composites.
... Compared to conventional concrete, FC production is both waterand energy-efficient [16,17]. By replacing part of concrete with bubbles of air [18,19], this creative method reduces the use of fine filler, cement, and water without causing damage to the environment. In recent years, there has been an increase in the use of FC as a semi-structural component in construction [20,21], taking advantage of its lightweight and efficient insulating properties. ...
Three different densities (500 kg/m3, 1000 kg/m3, and 1500 kg/m3) of foamed concrete (FC) were tested alongside mortar with a density of 1980 kg/m3 to investigate how high temperatures affect the qualities of FC. A flow table test was used to examine the fresh qualities of the mixtures. The modulus of elasticity, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), bending strength, split tensile strength, compressive strength, thermal conductivity, porosity, and appearance and colour changes at ambient temperature and after exposure to various high temperatures (100 ◦C,
150 ◦C, 200 ◦C, 400 ◦C, 600 ◦C, and 800 ◦C) were evaluated. To study the effects of varying densities, microstructure analysis was performed utilizing scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry. According to the findings, the four varied densities appeared dissimilar. FC with lower densities (500 kg/m3 and 1000 kg/m3) showed signs of cracking, while FC with a higher density (1500 kg/m3) enabled for precise detection of the pore connectivity and surface spalling occurrences. High temperatures had less effect on the mortar than FC mixtures. As the temperature increased, the modulus of elasticity, split tensile strength, bending strength, compressive strength, thermal conductivity, and mass loss decreased for all the mortar and FC samples. The UPV values increased marginally up to 100 ◦C before decreasing. This investigation highlighted the need for additional research and code provisions that consider different innovative construction materials and FC constituent classes.
... lightweight foamed concrete (lWFC) is a widely recognized building material that facilitates the creation and utilization of lightweight constructions. the removal of coarse components from lWFC mixtures allows to produce mixtures that are highly malleable [6]. the lWFC exhibits a significant degree of fluidity, which is attained through the amalgamation of a mortar slurry containing cement with pre-made foam [7]. the utilisation of specific combinations of materials can offer notable benefits in construction projects located in areas with challenging soil conditions, where the load exerted on building foundations tends to be relatively low [8]. nevertheless, the growth of lWFC technology may face obstacles due to environmental degradation resulting from the release of harmful substances and concerns about sustainability arising from the extraction of natural aggregates [9]. the application of natural fibres in the enhancement of properties of low-fluorinated compounds during the production of concrete has resulted in a significant range of potential outcomes [10]. ...
The utilization of readily accessible natural fibres in lightweight foamed concrete (LWFC), which is already a widely used building material, can have a substantial positive impact on the environment. Therefore, the mechanical characteristics might be increased by using a correct mix proportion of fibre-reinforced LWFC. Innovative LWFC-agave fibre (AF) composites were created in this experiment. In order to get the best mechanical qualities, this investigation set out to establish the correct weight fraction of AF to be added to LWFC. Two LWFC densities of 750 and 1500 kg/m3 were produced with the addition of several weight fractions of AF, precisely 0.0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5%, 6.0%, and 7.5%, were used. To establish the mechanical characteristics of LWFCAF composites, flexural tests, tensile strength tests, axial compression tests, and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests were carried out. Test results revealed that the combination of LWFC together with a weight fraction of 4.5% of AF exhibited superior mechanical properties. Beyond 4.5% of AF’s weight fraction, the mechanical properties started to deteriorate. This study gives insight and crucial data on the mechanical characteristics of LWFC-AF composites therefore it will enable future researchers to explore other properties of LWFC reinforced with AF.
... The concept of foamed mortar (FM) is widely understood to be a flexible and lightweight material that possesses a consistently dispersed pore structure, which is obtained through the mechanical injection of air in the form of tiny bubbles [1][2][3][4][5]. The composition of this material consists of Portland cement paste or a cement filler matrix (mortar), with a minimum total volume of 20% [6]. The density of FM can be adjusted within the range of 400 to 1600 kg/m 3 [7]. ...
Utilizing sawdust efficiently to produce construction materials can help safeguard the environment and decrease costs by minimizing the need for traditional resources and reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Additionally, recycling sawdust plays an essential role in creating a sustainable ecosystem. Hence, this study aimed to examine the potential use of sawdust ash (SDA) as a partial cement replacement on foamed mortar (FM) properties, including its fresh, mechanical, transport, thermal, and microstructural properties. A variety of FM mixtures were tested for workability, density, consistency, intrinsic air permeability, porosity, split tensile strength, compressive strength, flexural strength, and thermal conductivity by replacing cement with SDA at varying percentages of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. The results revealed that FM’s workability was reduced by the introduction of SDA with a higher percentage cement replacement, while the density of the FM mixtures was reduced due to SDA’s specific gravity being lower than that of cement. A linear improvement was observed in the air permeability, sorptivity, and porosity of FM–SDA composites with an increased SDA percentage to 20%. It is notable that these properties started to deteriorate once the cement replacement by SDA surpassed 30%. A noticeable improvement of mechanical strength properties of the FM was found at 20% of SDA content, but they deteriorated when the SDA content was more than 30%. FM blends with higher SDA contents exhibited larger and more apparent voids, according to SEM analysis. In conclusion, incorporating sawdust into formulations emerges as a viable method for FM production. This approach not only mitigates the environmental impact of sawdust disposal but also reduces the need for extracting natural resources in construction material manufacturing.
