Concept of the ultrasonic driving system for algae removal.

Concept of the ultrasonic driving system for algae removal.

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This study investigates the optimal design and operation of an underwater ultrasonic system for algae removal, focusing on the electromechanical load of Langevin-type piezoelectric transducers. These piezoelectric transducers, which operate in underwater environments, exhibit variations in electrical–mechanical impedance due to practical environmen...