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... In addition to that wild and domestic animals seeking drinking water can also contaminate the water through direct defecation and urination [31]. The result of this study was in conformity with several results of similar findings which showed the presence of coliforms such as E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter sp and Klebsiella pneumoniae in most water sources [32][33][34]. The finding of this study supported that of Olorode et al. [35] This finding supported the present study. ...
The traditional use of the Moringa Oleifera seeds for domestic household water treatment has been well known in some part of the world. The study was conducted to evaluate the disinfection effects of Moringa seeds extract against bacteria isolated from River Wudil, Kano State Nigeria. Two hundred and fifty millilitres (250mL) of water sample was collected in a sterile bottle from the bank of river. The bacteria were filtered from the water sample using Membrane filters (MF) method and inoculated onto the surface of nutrient agar. Identification of bacterial isolates was done by Gram staining, microbiological analysis and biochemical test. The Moringa seeds extract was screened for phytochemical screening and test for disinfection efficacy of the extract against bacteria isolated from river Wudil. The result of the study showed a total of 5 isolates obtained namely; Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Enterobacter, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. The results of phytochemical screening of the extract indicated the presence of saponins, flavonoids, glycoside, anthraquinones, tannin and terpenoids. The finding of the study on the disinfection property of the extract demonstrated that the extract possessed disinfection effect against the isolate and the activity of the extract is dose dependent wise. Higher activity was shown by 100mg/L. The sensitivity of the isolate to the extract also differs. Statistical analysis of the result showed that Proteus mirabilis is more sensitive to the extract with average zone of inhibition of 13.75mm while Escherichia coli is the less sensitive (10.37mm) among the isolates. However, there is no statistical difference on the sensitivity of the isolates to the extract. Based on the finding of the study, Moringa seeds extract can be applied in water treatment as disinfection agent.
... Heavy metals are dangerous because they tend to bioaccumulate in the living organism over time without been eliminated. Heavy metal toxicity can result to damaged or reduced metal and central nervous function, lower energy levels, blood composition and damage of lungs, kidneys, liver and other vital organ(Aminu, and Amadi 2014). Piper diagram divides water into four basic types according to their placement near the 4 corners of the diamond. ...
The present study deals on the geology and the quality assessment of surface and groundwater in Ukehe and environs, Igbo-Etiti L.G.A, southeastern Nigeria, in order to determine its suitability for domestic and agricultural purposes. The field study revealed that the area is underlain by two lithologic Units; A and B. The unit A is comprises of whitish, yellowish to brownish sandstone, fine to medium grained, poorly sorted and cross bedded. The unit B is made up of brownish to reddish ironstone with lateritic overburden. A total of ten (10) water samples were collected from difference locations within the study. The mean level of Cl-in the water samples ranged from 122±781mg/l. The NO3-ranged from 1±3mg/l, EC, Mg2+ and HCO3 mean values ranged from 32±64mg/l, 0±0.02mg/l and 0.5±5mg/l respectively. Ca2+ ranged from 6.5±185mg/l, Fe value ranged between 0±0.11mg/l. For Na+, the mean levels in the water samples ranged from 0±0.04mg/l, K ranged from 0.14±6.79mg/l, pH ranged from 5.5±8mg/l, SO42-ranged from 0.01±0.02mg/l, TDS ranged from 0.02±0.68mg/l while E-coli ranged from 8±62mg/l. The mean level of Zn in the water samples ranged from 1.52±2.1mg/l. For Mn, the mean level in the water samples ranged from 1.12±10.13mg/l. Ni had mean ranged value of 0.28±0.33mg/l. For Cu, the mean level ranged from 0.33±0.36mg/l. The mean concentration of Pb ranged from 0.07±0.12mg/l. For Cr, the mean level ranged from 0±0.03mg/l. The observed values of the physio-chemical parameter recorded shows that Cl-, Ca2+, turbidity and Fe are above the recommended values as prescribed by World Health Organisation (WHO), which implies that they are not good for domestic uses. However, Mn, Cu and Pb depicts that are above WHO standard, and it can lead to serious health issues. However, the piper trilinear plot shows that the samples falls within two hardness, which is permanent and temporary hardness. The stiff diagram shows possible source like sandstone, shale gypsum. In all, the portable water in the study area is relatively safe and fit for consumption and Agricultural purposes except for areas that is above WHO standard.
... The results show that there were higher levels of faecal water contamination in the dry season compared to the rainy season. These findings contrast with studies by Moyo (2013), Wright et al. (2013), Kostyla, Bain et al. (2015) and Cassivi et al. (2021) which reported higher contamination in the wet season but echo those by Chidavaenzi et al. (1997), Palamuleni (2002), Kulabako et al. (2007) and Tukur and Amadi (2014) which found higher contamination in the dry season. Godfrey et al. (2006) linked higher dry season contamination to pressure on fewer available water sources. ...
Many people switch sources of drinking water and sanitation between seasons, yet such shifts are not reflected in the reporting of access to improved water and sanitation services by the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP). Drawing on quantitative and qualitative data collected from urban and rural sites in dry and rainy seasons in Benue state, Nigeria, this study highlights the importance of seasonal variations in water access and quality. Water testing showed that water sources had higher levels of contamination with coliforms, nitrate and chloride in the dry season than the wet season. The contamination of water from these pollutants is above WHO standards and believed to come mainly from pit latrines. Semi-structured interviews revealed that many people who use improved water and sanitation facilities in the rainy season sometimes switch to poorer quality unimproved sources in the dry season. Travel times for collecting water as well as waiting times also significantly increased in the dry season. It is recommended that this important seasonality element is factored into JMP data collection and reporting.
... However, there was a considerable number of reports on HCO 3 ( Figure 11). HCO 3 concentrations ranged from 6.0 to 126.0 mg/l with a mean value of 23.79 mg/l [94] . Other studies reporting HCO 3 from the Hadejia-Yobe basin indicated that HCO 3 ranged from 21.2 to 359 mg/l with a mean value of 53.05 mg/l [95] . ...
Understanding the hydrochemical and hydrogeological physiognomies of subsurface water in a semi-arid region is important for the effective management of water resources. This paper presents a thorough review of the hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of the Hadejia-Yobe basin. The hydrochemical and hydrogeological configurations as reviewed indicated that the Chad Formation is the prolific aquifer in the basin. Boreholes piercing the Gundumi formation have a depth ranging from 20-85 meters. The hydrochemical composition of groundwater revealed water of excellent quality, as all the studied parameters were found to have concentrations within WHO and Nigeria’s standard for drinking water quality. However, further studies are required for further evaluation of water quality index, heavy metal pollution index, and irrigation water quality. Also, geochemical, and stable isotope analysis is required for understanding the provenance of salinity and hydrogeochemical controls on groundwater in the basin.
... Leachate from pit latrines to nearby wells may cause human and ecological health hazards associated with microbiological and chemical contamination of groundwater (Nwachukwu and Otokunefor, 2006). In rural areas, well water are not properly planned before drilling and are often times located near unlined septic tanks or pit latrines which are majorly not properly covered (Tukur and Amadi, 2014). ...
Provision of safe water and improvement in sanitation has led to a reduction in occurrence of diseases,
especially water borne diseases but citing of pit latrine near these wells can be of health concern.
Assessment of microbiological quality, feacal sterol concentration and antibiotic resistant pattern of
isolated bacteria from hand dug well in Oko, Nigeria were carried out during dry and rainy seasons
using standard methods. A total of thirty-one and twenty-nine organisms were isolated during rainy and
dry seasons, respectively. The total heterotrophic count of the water samples for dry and rainy seasons
ranged from 1.14 to 5.53×105 Cfu/100 mL and 0.54 to 7.06×105 Cfu/100 mL respectively, while total
enterobacteriaceae count ranged between 1.18 to 4.62×105 Cfu/100 mL and 4.58 to 14.1×105 Cfu/100 mL
during dry and rainy season, respectively. All the isolates showed multiple antibiotics resistant (MAR)
to the eleven antibiotics used in this study. U.V spectrophotometric analysis revealed the
concentrations of coprostanol to be within the range of 1.654 to 2.676 abs which is an indication of
contamination from human feacal sources. There was a significant relationship between the resistant
pattern of both Cephalosporin and Penicillin classes of antibiotics, a justification from heavy pollution
and possession of multidrug (commonly used antibiotics) resistant organisms of the studied well water
samples, these calls for a major concern of public health workers.
... mg/L and a mean value of 0.54 mg/L and these values are below the permissible limit of 1.5 mg/L (NSDWQ, 2007). High fluoride content in water causes dental and skeletal fluorosis in animals (Aminu and Amadi, 2014;Maspalma et al., 2016;Okunlola et al., 2016). The concentration of iron in the water ranged from 0.07 to 0.65 mg/L with a mean value of 0.19 mg/L while the concentration of zinc varied between 0.77 mg/L and 3.47 mg/L with an average value of 1.17 mg/L (Table 1) as against the maximum recommended value of 0.30 mg/l and 3.0 mg/l respectively (NSDWQ, 2007). ...
... Yet, evidence shows that poverty is still on the increase rather. lnadequate access to safe water for domestic purposes (drinking, cooking, personal and home hygiene) is an important measure of poverty (Carter and Bevan, 2008;Aminu and Amadi, 2014). Extending and enhancing the development of water resources in general, and of groundwater in particular, can have significant beneficial impacts on poi,erty and livelihoods. ...
... These waterborne diseases such as typhoid fever, cholera, infectious hepatitis, dysenteries, diarrhoea and many varieties of gastro-intestinal diseases are mostly due to microbial contaminations in water particularly bacteria (Adeyinka et al., 2014;Raji and Ibrahim, 2011). Several studies in Nigeria have shown the presence of microbial contaminant in water (Aminu and Amadi, 2014;Anake et al., 2013;Bisi-Johnson et al., 2013;Ndamitso et al., 2013;Eze and Madumere, 2012;Odeyemi and Agunbiade, 2012;Adekoyeni and Salako, 2012;Odeyemi et al., 2011, Nyanganji et al., 2011. ...
... In this study, arsenic, iron and aluminium were not detectable in all the samples but lead, cadmium and copper were detectable in a few. Previous studies in Nigeria have shown some of these heavy metals to be present in water (Aminu and Amadi, 2014;Eze and Madumere, 2012;Odeyemi et al., 2011;Adekoyeni and Salako, 2012). Lead was detectable in 3 samples but only sample OR1 (0.29 mg/L) was found to be above the WHO tolerated limit of 0.05 mg/L. ...
... --- (Aminu and Amadi, 2014;Anake et al., 2013;Ndamitso et al., 2013;Odeyemi and Agunbiade, 2012). ...
Water borne diseases and heavy metal poisoning as a result of poor quality of portable water has been of a major public health concern in Nigeria. The quality of portable water in Enugu, a fast growing and population expanding city calls for a general concern. Hence, this study was aimed to ascertain the quality of portable water sources in Enugu metropolis. A total of twelve water samples were randomly collected and analysed for the physicochemical parameters, heavy metals and faecal contaminants. The samples were odourless without colour but a few showed high levels of calcium and magnesium hardness. The total hardness was within the WHO and Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS) permissible level. The pH was low (2.0 to 6.3) and not within the WHO permissible level (6.5 to 8.5) but the acidity which ranged from 0.1 to 0.6 mg/L was within the acceptable range. Copper, lead and cadmium were present in a few samples but the level was beyond the tolerated limits of NIS and WHO for one sample contaminated with lead (0.29 mg/L) and two samples with cadmium (0.351 and 0.004 mg/L). Lactose fermenter was present in one sample and was confirmed to be a coliform (Gram negative bacilli). In all, portable water in Enugu is relatively safe and fit for consumption as the level of heavy metal and microbial contamination was low. However, there is need for regular quality control monitoring of portable water to minimize the risk of related health consequences due to heavy metal and microbial contamination. This will partly contribute towards the attainment of the Millennium Development Goal objective of making available quality portable water to the society.
... Faecal coliform are indicators of anthropogenic contamination affecting the quality of waters to be used for drinking purposes (Olasehinde et al., 1998). Bacteriologically polluted water is potentially dangerous to health because of possible outbreaks of typhoid, dysentery or cholera epidemics (Aminu and Amadi, 2014;Akoteyon and Soladoye, 2011;Dan-Hassan et al., 2012). ...
... y las bacterias reductoras de sulfato, desempeñan un papel importante en los procesos de eutrofización de los ecosistemas acuáticos y en algunas ocasiones se asocian a procesos infecciosos en los humanos [8,9]. La contaminación microbiológica de las aguas subterráneas resulta ser poco conocida en comparación con la de las aguas superficiales; sin embargo, evaluar su calidad es importante teniendo en cuenta que representan una fuente valiosa de almacenamiento y reserva de agua para las poblaciones [10][11][12]. Los reservorios acuíferos del departamento del Atlántico, Colombia, han sido poco estudiados, debido probablemente al desconocimiento de la importancia de los bienes y servicios ambientales que prestan, entre ellos, ser fuentes de agua de uso para la agricultura, la piscicultura y, en muchos casos, para el consumo humano [13]. Bajo este contexto el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la calidad sanitaria de los balnearios «El Chorro» y «Los Mangos» ubicados en el corregimiento de Corrales de San Luis Beltrán, uno de los más importantes del departamento del Atlántico, Colombia, el cual posee en su territorio importantes valores paisajísticos y culturales que lo hacen atractivo para los turistas. ...
Análisis de coliformes y bacterias reductoras de sulfato en reservorios acuíferos de Corrales de San Luis Beltrán, Atlántico, Colombia Analysis of coliforms and sulfate-reducing bacteria in reservoirs aquifer Introducción: La verificación y seguimiento de la presencia de microrganismos indicadores de la ca-lidad del agua es imprescindible debido al riesgo que representan para la población que la utiliza para consumo, recreación o deporte. Los reservorios acuíferos de Corrales de San Luis Beltrán, Atlántico, Colombia, son fuente de sustento de las comunidades campesinas aledañas, animales y plantas de la reserva; sin embargo, su calidad microbiológica no ha sido estudiada. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad sanitaria del agua de reservorios acuíferos de Corrales de San Luis Beltrán. Materiales y métodos: Se realizaron muestreos de aguas superficiales y sedimento de reservorios acuíferos de Corrales de San Luis Beltrán, y se midieron in situ algunos parámetros fisicoquímicos (temperatura, pH, y oxígeno disuelto), y la calidad microbiológica (coliformes totales, coliformes fecales y bacterias reductoras de sulfato). Resultados: Se presentaron concentraciones bajas de oxígeno disuelto (2,71 mg/L), tempera-tura promedio de 26 °C y pH ligeramente básico (8,1). Los coliformes totales oscilaron entre 1,0x10 4 y 1,3x10 7 UFC/100 mL y los fecales entre 0 y 1,3x10 5 UFC/100 mL. Se encontró una correlación negativa entre el pH y los coliformes totales, y entre el oxígeno disuelto y los coliformes fecales; y una correlación positiva entre los coliformes fecales y la temperatura. Los recuentos de bacterias reductoras de sulfato fueron superiores a 10 3 UFC/100 g. Conclusiones: La comparación de los resultados obtenidos con la normatividad ambiental mostró un deterioro de la calidad sanitaria del agua del sitio muestreado, lo que hace necesario implementar políticas de manejo ambiental en esta región. Palabras claves: Bacterias reductoras del azufre, coliformes, calidad del agua. Introduction: The verification and monitoring of indicator microorganisms of water quality is essential. A low water quality may represent a risk for human health, because human populations frequently use it for consumption, recreation, or sport. Water reservoirs situated in Corrales de San Luis Bel-tran, Atlantico, Colombia, are source of sustenance to local peasant communities, animals, and plants around the village. However, the microbiological quality has not been established. Objective: To assess the sanitary water quality from Corrales de San Luis Beltran. Materials and methods: Surface water and sediment were sampled and some physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen), and the microbiological quality (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and sulfate-reducing bacteria) were measured in situ. Results: The analysis showed low dissolved oxygen levels (2,71 mg/L), an ave
