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... formulations of soap base (A, B, and C; 130 g each) were initially prepared in duplicates by the cold and hot processes using the basic soap ingredients: palm kernel oil (PKO), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and distilled water, in concentrations shown in Table 1. ...
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... soap base formulations (D, E, F, G, H, I, J, and K; 130 g each; Table 1) were also prepared by the hot process using shea butter and/or coconut oil, in varied proportions of the soap base ingredients as well as other soap base formulations (L, M, and N; 130 g each; Table 1) with inclusion of excipients, such as sodium lauryl sulphate (a surfactant), stearic acid or/and oleic acid (fatty acids) intended to enhance performance and stability of the soap. ...
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... soap base formulations (D, E, F, G, H, I, J, and K; 130 g each; Table 1) were also prepared by the hot process using shea butter and/or coconut oil, in varied proportions of the soap base ingredients as well as other soap base formulations (L, M, and N; 130 g each; Table 1) with inclusion of excipients, such as sodium lauryl sulphate (a surfactant), stearic acid or/and oleic acid (fatty acids) intended to enhance performance and stability of the soap. ...
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... FLE, DLE, and DLP preparations of S. alata and E. uniflora, as well as equal quantity combinations (1:1 w/w ratio mixing) of the preparations, namely: S. alata FLE mixed with E. uniflora FLE; S. alata DLE mixed with E. uniflora DLE; and S. alata DLP mixed with E. uniflora DLP; were each incorporated into the selected soap base formulation (coded K) at the slurry stage of the preparation process before pouring into moulds. The different test preparations were incorporated at concentrations of 5, 9, or 11%w/w into the soap base formula K (Table 1). Foaming propensity test and pH determination at preset intervals over 12 weeks were carried out on the resulting herbal soap formulations. ...
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... G and H (55% oil content), which also gave strong translucency on white paper, contained two oils combined in their formulae (Table 1). Of the three soap bases prepared with combinations of the three oils (I, J, K), soap base K which contained a relatively higher proportion of SB demonstrated the highest emolliency ( Figure 1). ...
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... fact that formulation F, having only one oil component at 46% concentration in its formula (Table 1), demonstrated strong emolliency (Figure 1), suggests that its coconut oil component possesses greater oleaginous (lipophilic) property than does PKO (the oil component of formulation B; Table 1); formulation B being a similar (single oil, PKO) composition soap product with higher (51%) oil concentration level (Table 1), but showing only mild occlusive character (Figure 1). Formulation B had the lowest oil concentration (51%) among the formulations containing PKO as sole oil ingredient (Table 1) but contained the highest NaOH of the three indicating more effective saponification of the oil which would have lesser unsaponified oil to give emolliency. ...
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... fact that formulation F, having only one oil component at 46% concentration in its formula (Table 1), demonstrated strong emolliency (Figure 1), suggests that its coconut oil component possesses greater oleaginous (lipophilic) property than does PKO (the oil component of formulation B; Table 1); formulation B being a similar (single oil, PKO) composition soap product with higher (51%) oil concentration level (Table 1), but showing only mild occlusive character (Figure 1). Formulation B had the lowest oil concentration (51%) among the formulations containing PKO as sole oil ingredient (Table 1) but contained the highest NaOH of the three indicating more effective saponification of the oil which would have lesser unsaponified oil to give emolliency. ...
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... fact that formulation F, having only one oil component at 46% concentration in its formula (Table 1), demonstrated strong emolliency (Figure 1), suggests that its coconut oil component possesses greater oleaginous (lipophilic) property than does PKO (the oil component of formulation B; Table 1); formulation B being a similar (single oil, PKO) composition soap product with higher (51%) oil concentration level (Table 1), but showing only mild occlusive character (Figure 1). Formulation B had the lowest oil concentration (51%) among the formulations containing PKO as sole oil ingredient (Table 1) but contained the highest NaOH of the three indicating more effective saponification of the oil which would have lesser unsaponified oil to give emolliency. The soap base formulation K was finally selected as the most suitable for incorporation of the S. alata and E. uniflora leaf preparations, since it demonstrated the highest emolliency (Figure 1) and consistently showed the lowest pH values throughout the 18 weeks of study (Table 2). ...
Citations
... Calculation: The Antimicrobial activity of soap was assessed by measuring the zone of bacterial growth inhibition (mm). The measurement was taken across the zone of inhibition, from edge-to-edge, passing through the center of the well [26][27][28]. ...
Soap is essentially used for various purposes. Therefore, it is important to determine the physico-chemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of soaps to evaluate their quality. The present research work focuses on 22 commercial soaps which include bar soaps (SN 1-SN 19) and liquid hand washes (SN 20-SN 22). The values of different parameters for commercial soaps are observed which are between 3.84–83.75 % for moisture content, 6.83–25.16 cm for foam height, 7.01–10.17 for pH, 62.47–91.39 % for total fatty matter, 0.20–1.17 % for total alkali content, zone of inhibition, 17.33–29.27 mm/100 % conc., antioxidant activity, 357.41–777.15 μg/mL. It is observed that all of the soaps have a foam height, and pH within the permitted limit (FH-above 1.5 cm, pH 7–10). All bar soap has a total fatty matter and a total alkali content within the accepted value. Moreover, 8 soaps show antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, which were further tested for rapid efficacy and antioxidant properties. A survey report of 22 commercial branded soaps was done on 50 people in Bangladesh to get feedback from customers. Combining all the parameters, SN 3 has good results among bar soaps with mild moisturizing and cleansing properties (MC-8.30 ± 0.035 %, FH-22.33 ± 0.29 cm), is safe for the skin (pH-9.83 ± 0.02, TAC-0.99 ± 0.03), has good TFM values (72.89 %), has proficient bacteria growth-inhibiting properties (ZI-18.67 ± 0.29 mm/100 % conc.) and has the ability to remove free radicals (357.41 ± 2.07 μg/mL). Besides, SN-21 among liquid hand wash soaps possesses overall excellence as it moisturizes skin well (MC-83.75 ± 0.05 %), is almost safe for skin (pH-7.73 ± 0.02, TAC-0.98 ± 0.01 %), has TFM (11.35 %), has good cleansing capacity (FH-22.66 ± 0.58 cm) and bacteria growth inhibiting activity (29.27 ± 0.25 mm/100 % conc.), destroys selected bacteria (MIC – 1.2 × 10⁷ CFU at 1 min and 5.5 × 10⁷ CFU at 10 seconds), and wash away free radicals from skin (420.64 ± 3.62 μg/mL).
... In China, the herbal treatment has been practiced for quite some time and is still very demanding. According to Ayobami et al. (2017), it is possible to formulate topical herbal remedies such as soaps, ointments, creams, lotions, gels or crude/solvent extracts from plants that contain bioactive (antimicrobial) principles for the care and treatment of skin infections as an alternative to synthetic antibiotics. Throughout history, people have taken baths in herbal waters and added other bathing additives that were believed to be beneficial. ...
Malaysian herbs, Averrhoa Bilimbi, and Flos Lonicerae, are widely known in traditional Chinese medicine. Both are used as natural remedies for jaundice treatment in newborns. Formulating herbal bath soap by the saponification method is proposed because newborn babies are poor feeders. Today, a lot of chemicals are used in soap production. Users will have a wide range of issues due to chemicals like parabens and triclosan. As a result, soap is made from herbs without chemicals. This herbal soap uses two herbs, Averrhoa Bilimbi leaf and Flos Lonicerae. Paper journals examining these herbs’ physicochemical properties are scarce in Malaysia. After the herbal soap has been successfully created, it will be examined for its physicochemical properties. The antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC), of Averrhoa Bilimbi leaf extract and Flos Lonicerae extract were all tested. The antibacterial activity, heavy metal and pH tests were also validated the suitability of this herbal soap for skin application. According to the findings, Averrhoa Bilimbi leaf extract had a TPC value of 24.49 mg GAE/g compared to 4.96 mg GAE/g for Flos Lonicerae extract. Averrhoa Bilimbi leaf required a slightly higher concentration of 0.0588 g/mL extract to inhibit 50% of the DPPH assay compared to Flos Lonicerae plant extract, which required 0.0315 g/mL. Since there was no evidence of any bacterial growth, the herbal soap was effective against all the tested bacterial strains. The heavy metal test showed the soap does not contain any lead, mercury or arsenic and exhibits a pH value which close to the range for suitable skin application.
... Purified S. alata flower extract was almost as potent as standard antibiotics, showing zones of bacterial growth against multiple antibiotic-resistant local isolates that were not susceptible to methicillin, penicillin, and streptomycin [18]. Oyedele et al [19] reported that S. alata leaf extract exhibits antimicrobial properties that promise to be useful for the treatment of topical infections. Antiseptic herbal soap containing a combination of methanolic dry leaf extract of S. alata and Eugenia uniflora showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans comparable to a comparison commercial antiseptic soap containing 0.30% triclosan [19]. ...
... Oyedele et al [19] reported that S. alata leaf extract exhibits antimicrobial properties that promise to be useful for the treatment of topical infections. Antiseptic herbal soap containing a combination of methanolic dry leaf extract of S. alata and Eugenia uniflora showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans comparable to a comparison commercial antiseptic soap containing 0.30% triclosan [19]. [23]. ...
... The mechanism of antibacterial activity of S. alata involves leakage of potassium ions and proteins [23]. Crude bark extract of S. alata showed higher inhibition of T. verrucosum and E. floccosum compared to M. canslaslomyces [19]. Ethanol extract of S. alata leaves inhibited the growth of S. aureus, but did not inhibit E. coli [22]. ...
Senna alata (Fabaceae) has been long used by local people in Indonesia and other countries to treat various skin infections. This study aims to explain the relationship between the benefits and bioactivity of S. alata. The method used is library research on various research results published online at Google Scholar using the keywords Senna alata , uses of S. alata and S. alata bioactivity. The results obtained were synthesized to provide comprehensive information on the botanical, benefits and bioactivity of S. alata. Traditionally, S. alata is used to cure typhoid, diabetes, malaria, asthma, ringworm, skin infections, scabies, blotches, herpes, and eczema. The S. alata has bioactivity as anti-microbial, anti-cancer, antidiabetic mellitus and abortion, but its use as an antimicrobial is more prominent, so it has the potential to be developed as a drug to treat skin disease. The bioactivity of S. alata as an antimicrobial is related to the content of its secondary metabolites, especially anthraquinones, which be used as a compound to standardize the quality of S. alata raw materials.
... The degree of emolliency of soaps is directly affected by its oil content. Soap formulations with high oil concentrations tend to be more translucent [27]. Although the soap formulations in this study used the same amount of oil, emolliency test was still conducted as the varied concentrations of J. podagrica and S. lycopersicum could be a factor. ...
This study was conducted to produce and evaluate the physico-chemical properties and sensory attributes of herbal soap containing Jatropha podagrica roots, Solanum lycopersicum skin, and Pandanus amaryllifolius leaves. Plant materials used are locally found, grown, and harvested in Baco, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines. Crude extracts were acquired using ethanolic extraction from which three various concentrations (%v/v) were derived to proceed in herbal soap making. Herbal soap underwent testing for physico-chemical properties such as foaming propensity test, pH profiling, and emolliency test. Sensory profiling test using modified quantitative descriptive analysis was also administered. Foaming propensity test of three soap formulations showed that the soap with equal concentrations of J. podagrica, S. lycopersicum, and P. amaryllifolius (1.0671 % v/v) ethanolic extracts exhibits the strongest foam stability due to the combined viscosity of the three ethanolic extracts. The three treatments (T1, T2, T3) demonstrated mild, moderate, and strong translucency respectively under the soap emolliency test showing that other than oil content, varying concentrations of the ethanolic extracts affected the emolliency property of the soap. Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA) of the sensory attributes of the three soap formulations showed that difference exists between all the formulations in terms of color (p = 0.00757) and texture (p = 0.03278). No difference was observed for odor and lathering intensity attributes. Treatment 2 exhibited best result in foaming propensity test. All treatments demonstrated normal soap pH level. Meanwhile, Treatment 3 showed positive results in quantitative descriptive analysis. Further studies and laboratory tests like antimicrobial test were recommended.
... Then, it was transferred to 100 ml measuring cylinder, volume was made up to 100 ml with distilled water. 25 strokes were given, and solution was allowed to stand till aqueous volume measured up to 100 ml and foam height was calculated, above the aqueous volume (Oyedele et al., 2017). The foam height of AMS was 30 cm and 22 cm in DW and TW respectively. ...
... The measuring cylinder was covered with hand and shaken 10 times. The volume of foam at 1-min interval for 4 min was recorded (Oyedele et al., 2017). The foam retention of AMS was 20 min and 12 min in DW and TW respectively. ...
... Emollience test. 2 gm of each soap formulation was placed on a white paper surface about 5 cm 2 and left in the laboratory for 24 h at room temperature. The degree of translucency was then recorded and graded into mild, moderate, or strong translucency (Oyedele et al., 2017). The test showed strong emollience. ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Curcuma longa L., Azadirachta indica A Juss. Cassia tora L. has been used in Unani medicine for various skin ailments. Several researches have been conducted on these plants which have shown anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, antiviral, anti-oxidant, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, and immune modulation activities. Skin diseases and the use of these drugs are mentioned in classical Unani literature like The Canon of medicine, Continens Liber, Hippocratic treatments, The Complete Book of the Medical Art etc.
Aim
The aim of the study was to formulate anti-microbial soap and to evaluate its clinical efficacy of in the management of Tinea corporis.
Materials and methods
The anti-microbial soap was prepared by hydroalcholic extracts of Curcuma longa L., Azadirachta indica A Juss. and Cassia tora L. The prepared soap was evaluated for various physicochemical parameters, microbiological evaluation, stability study, skin irritation, In-vitro anti-microbial activity, GCMS analysis, and a clinical trial was carried out to evaluate its efficacy. A Single Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled trail on 30 patients aged between 18 and 60 years of either gender was carried out. The participants were randomly allocated to receive either anti-microbial soap or Placebo soap for 4 weeks. Subjective parameters including erythema, pruritis and desquamation were assessed weekly while as objective parameter including Photograph of lesion, Total Symptom Score (TSS) and KOH mount was assessed at baseline and at the end of the trial.
Results
The improvement in subjective parameters was found significant in test group. Erythema, scaling, and desquamation was completely relieved by 70%, 80% and 25% patients respectively in test group while as none of the patients got complete relief in control group. There was statistically significant reduction in average TSS 8.65 ± 0.6708 to 3.05 ± 1.35 p < 0.001. KOH mount turned negative in 80% patients in test group while as only 20% turned negative in control group.
Conclusion
It is concluded that Unani drugs can be utilized in better way by modifying into a convenient dosage form. Anti-microbial soap was formulated by adding minimal additives to achieve effectiveness, with cost effective benefits and less or no side effects. Anti-microbial soap was effective in management of management of Tinea corporis. Moreover further studies on large sample size are required to fine-tune these observations.
... Plants have been used in the treatment of human diseases and infections since ages [3]. The active constituents of plants can be formulated as ointment, cream, gel, lotion, soap, or crude/solvent extract [4,5]. Utilization of plant extracts and their derived phytoconstituents have a likely future for controlling hyperpigmentation [6]. ...
Objectives: The ultimate aim of this study is to formulate and evaluate the herbal bath soap using methanolic extracts of three plants having ethnic and dermatological importance in Ayurveda, namely, Hemidesmus indicus, Cyperus rotundus, and Saussurea lappa. Methods: The roots of H. indicus and S. lappa and rhizomes of C. rotundus were extracted with ethanol using Soxhlet apparatus. Then, these extracts were used to make soap by reacting oil and lye in a process of saponification. Results: The soap made was evaluated for physicochemical characters such as total fatty matter, moisture content, and pH and found to be 77, 5.3%, and 8 and for other parameters, good characteristics were observed. Discussion: The soap also exhibited good cleaning efficiency in removing microbes on hands. Conclusion: Hence, based on the antimicrobial effects and parameters, the formulated soap can further be standardized and an alternative to commercial medicinal and skin whitening soaps.
Herbal soap production promotes the use of natural and sustainable personal care products; and non-wood forest products, which can provide economic opportunities for local communities while contributing to biodiversity conservation and promoting the use of traditional medicinal plants. This study aimed to formulate, develop, and characterize an herbal soap infused with KaPaMa (Karimbuaya, Pako, Mayana) leaf extracts and evaluate its physicochemical properties. Six different soap base formulations were prepared, and the best soap formulation was selected, which did not contain propylene glycol. KaPaMa extracts were incorporated at three different concentrations (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8%), and the developed KaPaMa soaps were evaluated for their physicochemical properties. The extracts of Euphorbia neriifolia (Karimbuaya), Diplazium esculentum (Pako), and Coleus blumei (Mayana) contain phytochemicals that exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, making them suitable for use in soap formulations. The KaPaMa soaps were found to have acceptable pH and low total alkali content, indicating that these are not corrosive to human skin. However, the soaps had low foaming ability, high moisture content, and total fatty matter. Further optimization of the formulation is recommended to improve foaming ability and reduce moisture content.
