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Composite content proportions and mass per m 2 .

Composite content proportions and mass per m 2 .

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Article
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The ecological transition is a process the building industry is bound to undertake. This study aimed to develop new bio-based building partition typologies and to determine if they are suitable ecological alternatives to the conventional non-renewable ones used today. This work started with the development of a bio-based epoxy composite board and a...

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... main components of each typology are described in Table 1. The proportions of Supersap bio-epoxy resin and flax fiber are specified in Table 2. The physical characteristics of the bio-composite board were tested in the university facilities, Table 3. ...

Citations

... Natural fibers also tend to have good acoustic and thermal insulation, which can be utilized to enhance operator comfort in tractor cabins and protect sensitive electronics. Their lower abrasion compared to glass fibers also imposes less wear on the production equipment such as molds, dies, and cutters, which can translate into reduced overall production costs [41,42]. Nevertheless, several barriers must be addressed to facilitate broader adoption in AME. ...
... Recent advances in bio-based polymer chemistry-including the development of highperformance biopolymers such as bio-polyamides and high-performance bio-polyesters from agricultural or forestry residues-have dramatically expanded the number of possible applications for green composites [41,47,48]. In parallel, innovations in green manufacturing techniques, such as solvent-free processing, optimized thermo-compression cycles for natural fibers, and additive manufacturing (3D printing) using biocomposite filaments, are enhancing the energy efficiency and scalability of production methods [49][50][51]. ...
... Driven by sustainability imperatives, bio-based polymers derived from renewable resources (e.g., plants, microorganisms) have emerged as alternatives to conventional petroleum-based matrices. These materials aim to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels, lower carbon footprints, and potentially offer biodegradability as an end-of-life solution [34,41]. ...
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Citation: Fartash Naeimi, E.; Selvi, K.Ç.; Ungureanu, N. Exploring the Role of Advanced Composites and Biocomposites in Agricultural Machinery and Equipment: Insights into Design, Performance, and Sustainability. Polymers 2025, 17, 1691. Abstract: The agricultural sector faces growing pressure to enhance productivity and sustainability, prompting innovation in machinery design. Traditional materials such as steel still dominate but are a cause of increased weight, soil compaction, increased fuel consumption, and corrosion. Composite materials-and, more specifically, fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs)-offer appealing alternatives due to their high specific strength and stiffness, corrosion resistance, and design flexibility. Meanwhile, increasing environmental awareness has triggered interest in biocomposites, which contain natural fibers (e.g., flax, hemp, straw) and/or bio-based resins (e.g., PLA, biopolyesters), aligned with circular economy principles. This review offers a comprehensive overview of synthetic composites and biocomposites for agricultural machinery and equipment (AME). It briefly presents their fundamental constituents-fibers, matrices, and fillers-and recapitulates relevant mechanical and environmental properties. Key manufacturing processes such as hand lay-up, compression molding, resin transfer molding (RTM), pultrusion, and injection molding are discussed in terms of their applicability, benefits, and limits for the manufacture of AME. Current applications in tractors, sprayers, harvesters, and planters are covered in the article, with advantages such as lightweighting, corrosion resistance, flexibility and sustainability. Challenges are also reviewed, including the cost, repairability of damage, and end-of-life (EoL) issues for composites and the moisture sensitivity, performance variation, and standardization for biocomposites. Finally, principal research needs are outlined, including material development, long-term performance testing, sustainable and scalable production, recycling, and the development of industry-specific standards. This synthesis is a practical guide for researchers, engineers, and manufacturers who want to introduce innovative material solutions for more efficient, longer lasting, and more sustainable agricultural machinery.
... Afin d9assurer la cohérence des résultats, l9ensemble des cas a été évalué selon une même méthode de caractérisation, à savoir ReCiPe Midpoint (2016). Les scénarios comparés comprennent : un panneau composite à base de chanvre et de tannin développé dans le cadre de cette étude, un panneau de plâtre à base de laine de mouton, un biocomposite mural composé de 51% de résine bio-époxy Supersap et de 49% de fibres de lin, proposé par Quintana et al. (2020), ainsi qu9une plaque de plâtre conventionnelle issue des travaux de Morsali et al. (2024). ...
Conference Paper
La nécessité croissante pour l'industrie de la construction de développer des solutions innovantes intégrant des pratiques éco-responsables et favorisant un usage durable des matériaux, exige une analyse complète de leur cycle de vie et de ne plus se limiter au bilan carbone. Cette étude s9inscrit dans la continuité des travaux antérieurs conduits en évidence le potentiel des marins issus des travaux tunneliers de Grand Paris Express pour la fabrication de mortiers thermiquement isolants destinés aux panneaux muraux. L9étude a montré qu9une formulation à base de marins tunneliers enrichis par 0.8% de fibres de chanvre, 2% de tannin et 5% de ciment représentait une solution optimale en termes de propriétés mécaniques, thermiques et hydriques. S9appuyant sur ces résultats, ce travail vise à effectuer une analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) de ces matériaux, de l9extraction jusqu9à la phase de production des mortiers isolants afin d9évaluer les impacts environnementaux, notamment le potentiel de réchauffement climatique, l9énergie incorporée, l9efficacité des ressources et les avantages environnementaux potentiels. En comparant ces mortiers biosourcés à des matériaux conventionnels à base de plâtre. Cette étude démontre la faisabilité de transformer les marins tunneliers en matériaux performants et à faible impact environnemental. Par ailleurs, elle établit une stratégie claire pour valoriser les déchets au sein de pratiques de construction durables, en promouvant des approches innovantes vers la neutralité carbone.
... Kosała K. [7] presented the results of research on the acoustic properties of sound-absorbing materials. The team of authors [8] focused on the development of new sustainable alternatives to conventional plasterboard partitions in combination with mineral wool. They analyzed six different configurations combining conventional materials with bio-based materials. ...
Article
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Building partition structures must meet several construction and technical parameters. During the measurement of the acoustic properties of dividing structures in real conditions, surprising results are often achieved that do not correspond to the expected values. Based on this reason, the composition of nine dividing constructions were designed. The measurements were carried out under conditions that are very close to real conditions. Measurements were performed in accordance with international standards. The monitored parameters also include acoustic parameters. In this paper, the analysis of acoustic parameters of nine building dividing structures (profiles) with different compositions was performed. The individual layers were made up of common building elements. Various statistical methods, variance analysis and regression were used in the evaluation. The apparent sound reduction index values measured for different profile types for frequencies from 100 to 3150 Hz are compared using Variance Analysis (ANOVA); the assumptions for their use are verified by the Shapiro–Wilk test and Levene Test of Homogeneity of Variances. Multiple linear regression was used to identify and analyze the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable. The methods of regression and correlation analysis were used in determining the parameters that affect the resulting coefficient of weighted structural sound insulation. The total thickness of the profile and the number of layers were found to be statistically significant parameters. Based on these analyses, the coefficient of weighted structural sound insulation was determined. A clear-cut definition and identification of the single-number rating required would thus be instrumental in selecting the appropriate material for accomplishing the desired objectives.
... All these projects use some kind of material that has reached the end of its useful life, and which has already been turned into waste. Other projects are even able to quantify the sustainability of these new eco-solutions with a life cycle analysis [6][7][8]. These projects are examples of the importance of the circular economy in the building sector. ...
Article
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This paper presents the initial prototypes of solutions designed using plastic caps, seeking acoustic applications for both airborne sound insulation and the acoustic conditioning of rooms. Plastic caps are a waste product from the packaging sector and they constitute a major waste problem, given that, if they are not attached to the packaging, they get lost during the recycling cycle and end up in landfill. Finding an application for this waste that can provide acoustic improvements is a sustainable alternative. This paper shows the results of airborne sound insulation measurements obtained in a scaled transmission chamber and sound absorption measurements obtained in a scaled reverberation chamber for different combinations of single and double plastic caps and combinations with thin sheets of sustainable materials, such as jute weaving, textile waste, hemp felt and cork board. Tests have shown that obtaining sound reduction index values of up to 20 dB is possible with plastic cap configurations, or even up to 30 dB is possible at some frequencies with combinations of caps and certain eco-materials. With regard to the sound absorption coefficient tests, close to unity absorption values have been achieved with the appropriate configuration at frequencies that can also be selected. The results indicate that these panels can be eco-solutions for airborne sound insulation as lightweight elements, or they can be used for the conditioning of rooms, tailoring the sound absorption maximums to the desired frequencies.
... A comparison of the data in Table 3 makes the environmental impact of the evaluated insulators visible. The environmental point of view also resonates in the work of Quintana-Gallardo et al. [36]. They state that the building industry is responsible for one-third of the total carbon emissions in the world. ...
... Pennacchio et al. [35] The responsibility of the building industry for one-third of the total carbon emissions in the world. Quintana-Gallardo et al. [36] Biocomposite panels have significantly lower environmental impacts. Nußholz et al. [37] Immersing wool in a saline solution, increasing the surface friction of the fibers and the adhesion to the cement matrix. ...
Article
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The presented review is focused on a brief overview of the scientific works on the use of sheep wool outside the textile industry that were published in recent years. The focus of the information is the on construction industry, which is a significant consumer of heat- and sound-insulating materials. With its properties, sheep wool can compete very well with insulators made from non-renewable resources. Other building elements can also be combined with wool, as long as they are used in appropriate conditions. Due to its chemical and physical structure, wool is extremely suitable for the adsorption removal of pollutants from the living and working environment, in native or modified form. Wool can also be used in recycling processes. However, each application must be preceded by an investigation of the optimal conditions of the given process, which offers researchers inspiration and interesting topics for research.
... In the context of an increasing concern about the effect of the building industry on the environment [2], the environmental drawbacks associated to the commercial products that lead the market as acoustic insulators, such as the energy requirements involved in the production of stone wool, which is melt at about 1500 • C [3], must be addressed through the development of materials that could offer suitable acoustic properties with enhanced sustainability. In this regard, biocomposites that combine natural fibers with a polymer matrix have attracted considerable attention as promising alternatives to traditional synthetic materials [4][5][6]. While extensive research has focused on the mechanical and thermal properties of these biocomposites [7][8][9], their acoustic behavior has not been widely studied [10,11]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Many synthetic materials used as sound absorbers in building industry require many resources in their manufacturing process; therefore, searching for sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives, such as biocomposites with natural fibers embedded in a polymer matrix, is a promising option. In this work, soy protein was combined with 10, 15 and 20 wt % sheep wool by freeze-drying in order to develop porous biocomposites for sound absorption applications. Sound absorption coefficients at normal incidence were close to 1 at medium and high frequencies and, thus, competitive values were yielded. Additionally, airflow resistivity values were determined, obtaining values above 5 kPa s m − 2 , adequate values for building materials. Furthermore, an empirical model was developed to predict the sound absorption behavior of the biocomposites. Comparison of the estimated values for sound absorption with their experimental counterparts showed good agreement and provided a practical prediction tool to facilitate the design of acoustic solutions.
... et al. (2020), UemuraSilva et al. (2021),Khoshnava et al. (2018),Demertzi et al. (2017),Scrucca et al. (2020),Sierra-Perez et al. (2016),Bories et al. (2016),Sinka et al. (2020),Silvestre et al. (2016),Rosso et al. (2020),Quintana et al. (2018),Khoshnava et al. (2020),Quintana-Gallardo et al. (2020),Cascione et al. (2022),Montazeri and Eckelman (2018), Ganne-Chédeville and Diederichs (2015), Bumanis et al. (2020), Platnieks et al. (2020), Zabalza Bribián et al. (2011), Schmidt et al. (2004b), Schmidt et al. (2004a), Pargana et al. (2014), Demertzi et al. (2015), Buratti et al. (2018), Arehart et al. (2020), Wilson (2010), Rivela et al. (2006b), Kouchaki-Penchah et al. (2016), Garcia and Freire (2014), dos Santos et al. (2014), Ricciardi et al. (2017), Rivela et al. (2006a), Ricciardi et al. (2014), Secchi et al. (2016), Hossain et al. (2018), and Vilaboa Díaz et al. al. (2021), Ip and Miller (2012), Arrigoni et al. (2017), Sinka et al. (2018), Quintana-Gallardo et al. (2021), Pretot et al. (2014), Heidari et al. (2019), Ben-Alon et al. (2021), Zieger et al. (2020), Pittau et al. (2018), Keena et al. (2022), Sinka et al. (2022), Nordby and Shea (2013), Menet and Gruescu (2012), Gonzalez (2014), La Rosa et al. (2014), D'Alessandro et al. (2017), and Cornaro et al. Tariku (2021), Florentin et al. (2017), Koh and Kraniotis (2021) and Maalouf et al. (2018) LCA x 4 Barreca et al. (2019), Bennai et al. (2022), Yin et al. (2020), Rosso et al. (2021), Opoku et al. (2020), Jeon et al. (2019), Guo et al. (2020), Moussa et al. (2018), Saeli et al. (2022), and El hammouti et al. ...
Article
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Using circular bio-based building materials is considered a promising solution to reduce the environmental impacts of the construction industry. To identify the pros and cons of these materials, it is essential to investigate their sustainability performance. However, the previous sustainability assessment studies are heterogeneous regarding the assessment methods and objectives, highlighting the need for a review to identify and analyse these aspects. Moreover, there is still a lack of studies reviewing the methodological issues and implications of the assessment methods, as well as the current end-of-life scenarios and circularity options for these materials. To address these gaps, this study conducts a systematic and critical review of a sample of 97 articles. The results indicate that Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the most frequently applied method, yet most studies are cradle-to-gate analyses of materials. Otherwise, very few studies consider the end-of-life phase, and most of the end-of-life scenarios analysed are unsustainable and have low circularity levels. The analysis also highlights the methodological issues of the assessment methods used, with a particular focus on LCA, such as a lack of consensus on system boundaries, functional units, and databases for facilitating sustainability assessments associated with the use of circular bio-based building materials. Two primary recommendations emerge from the analysis. Firstly, for LCA studies, it is recommended to increase transparency and harmonisation in assessments to improve the comparability of results. Besides, to overcome data availability issues, it is recommended to use data from multiple sources and conduct sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. Secondly, more sustainability assessments (including the three pillars) considering the whole life cycle with more sustainable end-of-life scenarios and circularity options for these materials should be conducted.
... Traditional plasterboards consist of a dense gypsum core protected on its sides by a cellulose layer [39]. The manufacturing process begins with extracting of gypsum rocks from quarries and transporting them to a processing facility, where they are crushed and ground into a powder, which is then calcinated at 160 • C, resulting in the accumulation of significant GHG emissions [13,40]. ...
Article
Full-text available
The global construction sector contributes a significant share of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In Australia, infrastructure activity alone generates 18% of the GHG emissions. The use of low-embodied carbon building materials is crucial to decarbonise the construction sector and fulfil national and international climate goals. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a promising feedstock for low-carbon construction materials because of its carbon sequestration capacity, fast-growing cycles, and technical functionality comparable to traditional materials. This study utilised the life cycle assessment (LCA) guideline ISO 14040:2006 to estimate the carbon footprint (CF) of hemp-based building materials in Western Australia capturing region-specific variations in terms of inputs, soil, productivity, and energy mix. The functional unit was 1 m² of a hemp-based board, and the system boundary was cradle-to-gate, i.e., pre-farm, on-farm, and post-farm activities. The CF of 1 m² of hemp-based board was estimated to be −2.302 kg CO2 eq. Electricity from the public grid for bio-based binder production during the post-farm stage was the main contributor to total CO2 eq emissions (26%), followed by urea production (14%) during the pre-farm stage. Overall, the use of electricity from the public grid during the post-farm stage accounted for 45% of total emissions. Sensitivity analysis showed that the CF of hemp-based boards was highly sensitive to the source of energy; i.e., total replacement of the public grid by solar power decreased the CF by 164% (−2.30 to −6.07 kg CO2 eq). The results suggested that hemp-based boards exhibit lower embodied GHG emissions compared to traditional materials, such as gypsum plasterboards.
... Traditional plasterboards consist of a dense gypsum core protected on its sides by a cellulose layer [38]. The manufacturing process begins with the extraction of gypsum rocks from quarries and their transportation to a processing facility where they are crushed and ground into a powder, which is then calcinated at 160°C, resulting in the accumulation of significant GHG emissions [13,39]. ...
Preprint
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The global construction sector contributes a significant share of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In Australia, infrastructure activity alone generates 18% of the GHG emissions budget. The use of low-embodied carbon building materials is crucial to achieving sustainability in the construction sector and to fulfill national and international climate goals. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is considered a promising feedstock for sustainable construction materials because of its biogenic carbon content, fast-growing cycles with low agricultural input requirements, and technical functionality which is comparable to traditional materials. This study has applied the life cycle assessment (LCA) guideline of ISO 14040:2006 to estimate the carbon footprint (CF) expressed in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) emissions of hemp-based building materials in Western Australia. The functional unit is 1 m2 of hemp-based board, and the system boundary includes cradle-to-gate stages, i.e., pre-farm, on-farm, and post-farm activities. The production of 1 m2 of hemp-based board is estimated to be - 2.302 kgCO2eq. Electricity from the public grid for lignin extraction during the post-farm stage is the main contributor to total CO2eq emissions (26%), followed by urea production (14%) during the pre-farm stage. Overall, the use of electricity from the SWIS during the post-farm stage accounts for 45% of total emissions. Sensitivity analysis shows that the CF of hemp-based boards is highly sensitive to the source of energy, i.e., total replacement of the SWIS by solar power decreases the CF from - 2.30 to -6.07 kgCO2eq (164%). The results suggest that hemp-based boards exhibit lower embodied GHG emissions compared to traditional materials, such as gypsum plasterboards.
... Few studies have conducted comparative LCA studies for applications in the building or construction industry [3,23,24,29]. Some studies have shown that replacing conventional plasterboards with composites significantly reduces environmental impacts [23,24]. ...
... Few studies have conducted comparative LCA studies for applications in the building or construction industry [3,23,24,29]. Some studies have shown that replacing conventional plasterboards with composites significantly reduces environmental impacts [23,24]. Moreover, Global Warming Potential (GWP) has been used as the primary life cycle impact assessment indicator in many different fields, including the construction sector [16,23,24,29]. ...
... Some studies have shown that replacing conventional plasterboards with composites significantly reduces environmental impacts [23,24]. Moreover, Global Warming Potential (GWP) has been used as the primary life cycle impact assessment indicator in many different fields, including the construction sector [16,23,24,29]. Global Warming Potential primarily concentrates on quantifying the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere and their influence on global warming and climate change [14]. ...
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As one of the most pollution-generating industries in the world, the textile industry generates large volumes of waste at the end of its manufacturing process. This waste is frequently dumped in open areas or is openly burned, contributing to GHG emissions. In recent years, emphasis has been placed on developing new materials from textile waste to promote a circular textile economy. The construction industry is one application for these novel materials. The construction industry consumes a lot of resources and energy. As a result, recycled and upcycled building materials are gaining popularity in the construction industry. The research team developed a new composite material for non-structural applications using polyester textile waste and thermoplastic packaging waste. This study aimed to conduct a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to determine the sustainability of this new material as a substitute for partitioning wall materials available in the market. The goal of the LCA study was to compare the Global Warming Potential (including biogenic CO2) of the production phase of the composite material against the gypsum partitioning board. The scope of the study focused on the Sri Lankan context. The functional unit for this study was considered as 1 m2 of each type of material. The modeling was carried out using GaBi LCA modeling software (V8.7.1.3). The LCI inputs for the production phase of the composite were based on literature data, the GaBi database (V8.7.1.3), and the Ecoinvent 3.8 database. According to the analysis, the production of 1 m2 of the new composite board as an alternative material saves GHG 8.4617 kg CO2 eq compared to virgin gypsum boards. These findings suggest that using waste resources to create new construction materials aids the sustainability efforts of both industries. The findings are also useful in making decisions on using waste-based composites in specific applications.KeywordsGHGGlobal Warming PotentialLCAWall partitioning materialTextile wasteThermoplastic composite