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Comparison results of the percentage of Mito + cells (A) and ROS + cells (B) in hippocampus of mice when exposed to GMF and HMF for 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Data were presented as mean ± SEM with data points superimposed in the histograms. Statistical significance was calculated by unpaired t-tests. **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05, ns means no significance.
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are one of the potential molecules in response to a hypomagnetic field (HMF), and exposure to an HMF for eight weeks led to an increase in ROS levels in the whole hippocampus area in mice. ROS are mainly derived from the byproducts of mitochondrial metabolism. However, previous in vivo studies mostly focus on the influ...
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Context 1
... comparison can assess the effects of different durations of HMF exposure on the active mitochondria and ROS levels in the hippocampus (Fig. 5). The percentage of Mito + cells decreased with prolonged exposure time in the HMF group. However, the percentage of cells containing the ROS (ROS + cells) in the HMF group showed an increasing trend with prolonged exposure time, especially a sharp increase from the sixth week to the eighth week of exposure. Similar trends in the ...
Context 2
... the study, it was observed that there was a gradual decrease in the percentage of Mito + cells and an increase in the percentage of ROS + cells with the duration of the magnetic field exposure in both the GMF and HMF groups (Fig. 5). The changing trend of the intra-group might not be directly related to the increasing age of the animals, but rather influenced by other factors such as mental disorders. Animals suffering from mental disorders, like anxiety and depression, often experience some degree of oxidative stress or disruption of ROS homeostasis. However, it ...
Citations
... ROS levels are tightly controlled by an inducible antioxidant program that responds to cellular stressors. Further, in vivo research on other hippocampal cells in the mouse hippocampus revealed that HMF (31.9 ± 4.5 nT) significantly increased its ROS levels by decreasing the expression of antioxidant genes, which may cause oxidative stress damage to the overall hippocampus and further affect anxiety and cognitive behavior in mice [44,45]. HMF can cause bone loss in mammals. ...
... We have found that HMF (31.1 ± 2.0 nT) may also cause neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of mice, manifested by the activation of microglia and upregulation of GFAP expression in astrocytes [49]. This may be closely related to the increase in ROS in hippocampal cells [44,45]. In the biological effects of HMF, changes in ROS levels in cells are often accompanied by changes in cell number, proliferation, and survival; changes in the expression level of antioxidant genes; and even behavioral abnormalities, such as a decline in cognitive and orientation abilities, in animals (Tables 1 and 2). ...
... These effects are closely linked to cellular mitochondrial dysfunction [43,49,92,93]. PGC-1α, a regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and an important inducer of antioxidant gene expression during oxidative stress, has been found to significantly reduce in expression levels due to HMF exposure, with a decrease in the number of active mitochondria in the hippocampus [45]. Low PGC-1α expression inhibits the induction of various ROS-detoxifying enzymes, resulting in increased ROS levels [94]. ...
The geomagnetic field (GMF) is crucial for the survival and evolution of life on Earth. The weakening of the GMF, known as the hypomagnetic field (HMF), significantly affects various aspects of life on Earth. HMF has become a potential health risk for future deep space exploration. Oxidative stress is directly involved in the biological effects of HMF on animals or cells. Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance favoring oxidants over antioxidants, resulting in cellular damage. Oxidative stress is a double-edged sword, depending on the degree of deviation from homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the important experimental findings from animal and cell studies on HMF exposure affecting intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as the accompanying many physiological abnormalities, such as cognitive dysfunction, the imbalance of gut microbiota homeostasis, mood disorders, and osteoporosis. We discuss new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying these HMF effects in the context of the signaling pathways related to ROS. Among them, mitochondria are considered to be the main organelles that respond to HMF-induced stress by regulating metabolism and ROS production in cells. In order to unravel the molecular mechanisms of HMF action, future studies need to consider the upstream and downstream pathways associated with ROS.
