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The research in this chapter aims to examine the extent of sexual harassment (SH) in public spaces post-Nirbhaya, an event that occurred in Delhi, India, in 2012, with a focus on victims, self-reported behaviors of offenders, and offenders’ male friends. More specifically, we examine the concordance rates between victims and offenders as well as of...
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... One of them is the violence and criminal victimization in public places. Prior studies show that women are most often the target of criminal behaviors in public places across the country (Nalla, 2020;Nourani et al., 2020;Savard et al., 2020). Gender dichotomy also affects the spatial experience of transgender people. ...
The depiction of Indonesian women’s experiences in urban spaces has been little discussed. Do urban spaces provide equal opportunities and access for Indonesian women and men? This paper tries to answer this question. It investigates how Indonesian women experience urban spaces as represented in an Indonesian web series entitled Nanti Kita Cerita Tentang Hari Ini (2019). The paper uses the multimodal analysis method. The result of the analysis shows that there is a discrepancy in the portrayal of the female protagonist and of the urban spaces that she experiences. The ambiguity is seen in the depiction of an urban woman who is empowered, but on the other hand, has limited rights in urban spaces. In particular, the female protagonist is portrayed as an independent urban woman who can make her own choices for her future. The depiction is in line with the idealization of a modern woman, which Indonesian women have long dreamt of. However, the female protagonist does not fully enjoy this freedom and independence as there is still gender stratification that regards women as being inferior to men. It is seen in the spaces that she experiences. The patriarchal system that has long dominated Indonesian society confines women’s mobility and existence in the public space.
... Common examples include unwanted sexual comments, lewd looks, and groping. However, the behaviors associated with SH can be as trivial as name-calling or as severe as rape (Nalla, 2020). ...
... There are several different categorizations of sexual harassment. However, most are based on behavioral traits, such as whether the harassment takes the form of verbal comments, nonverbal cues, or physical actions (e.g., Gruber et al., 1996;Madan & Nalla, 2016;Nalla, 2020;Neupane & Chesney-Lind, 2014;Shibata, 2020;Timmerman & Bajema, 1999). In the current study, we grouped SH into three categories based on its purposes rather than its means of perpetration: unwanted sexual attention, gender harassment, and sexual coercion (Fitzgerald et al., 1988;Fitzgerald et al., 1995;Gelfand et al., 1995). ...
... Last, we reject Hypothesis 7, which proposes that Chinese nationals residing outside mainland China are less tolerant for SH. We find that Chinese nationals residing abroad tend to have higher tolerance of sexual harassment behaviors (specifically unwanted sexual attention) than those in China, which is against the assumption that acculturation to the "liberal" West lowers the individual's acceptance of sexual harassment cultivated in their conservative and patriarchal home countries (e.g., Bejarano et al., 2011;Cortina & Wasti, 2005;Kennedy & Gorzalka, 2002;Nalla, 2020;Tang et al., 1995a, b). However, similar findings are shared by a study of Indian migrants (Rajan et al., 2020), who hold much more conservative gender attitudes than non-migrants irrespective of where they return from. ...
This study examines the predictors of tolerance for different forms of sexual harassment among Chinese nationals, both students and non-students, residing in mainland China and abroad (N=2094). The forms of harassment comprise unwanted sexual attention, gender harassment, and sexual coercion. Drawing from Sykes and Matza’s theory of techniques of neutralization (e.g., denial of injury and denial of responsibility), we hypothesize that respondents—especially non-students—who employ neutralization techniques are more likely to tolerate sexual and gender harassment. Multiple regression models find mixed support for this hypothesis. Overall, being a woman and endorsement of traditional gender roles consistently shape students’ and non-students’ tolerance of sexual harassment behaviors, regardless of the subtype of harassment. For Chinese policymakers, we suggest that change must start by giving women a voice and recognizing the necessity of gender equality in education. Limitations are also discussed.
