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Comparison of percentage of farms with activity inside buildings at every hour, and average hourly NH 3 concentration.
Source publication
The influence of the type of farming on harmful gas exposures to carbon dioxide (CO(2)), ammonia (NH(3)) and hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) was assessed from the perspective of animal welfare and occupational hygiene. Summer data of H(2)S, NH(3) and CO(2) concentrations and of environmental parameters were collected from 31 farms. The indices of exposure...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... significant differences were found when analysing the working hours spent inside the building in the afternoon and evening (between 15:00 -21:00) (F 5,25 = 2.749; p = 0.041). Figures 2 and 3 show the percentage of farms with activity inside the buildings for each hour during the measurement On poultry farms, CO 2 concentrations showed the highest values during the morning, when most farms performed farming activities. Pig and cattle farms showed a more stable trend, with values of CO 2 concentrations below the values recorded for poultry farms. ...
Citations
... Exposure to gaseous NH 3 and H 2 S has detrimental effects on human health (Jankowski et al., 2014). These gases are emitted by various sources, including industry processes (Norizan et al., 2022), landfills (Jiang et al., 2021), livestock operations (Barrasa et al., 2012;Kim et al., 2008;Liu et al., 2014;Lu et al., 2020;Song et al., 2013;Wu et al., 2020;Zicari et al., 2013), and agriculture activities (Geiser et al., 2008;Li et al., 2023). NH 3 and/or H 2 S not only adversely affect humans and livestock (Zicari et al., 2013) but also wild ecosystems (Dordevicé t al., 2021;Geiser et al., 2008). ...
Background
Ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are produced during digestion in the human gut, yet the impact of these internally generated gases on male reproduction have received limited attention in scientific research.
Methods
We systematically reviewed 935 scientific publications, spanning from 1947 to 2023, focusing on external or internal NH3 and/or H2S, male infertility, and gut microbiota. Meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the summary relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of combined studies.
Results
Our findings revealed that the internal NH3 and/or H2S were negatively related to the Lactobacillus, which is beneficial to male fertility, whereas NH3 and H2S were positively related to Bacteroides, which showed negative effects on male fertility. The meta-analysis comparing Lactobacillus and Bacteroides levels with NH3 showed statistically significant results (p<0.001).
Conclusions
The meta-analysis is the first to confirm these facts and explored the potential existence of a gut microbiota-inner gases-male fertility axis in the human gut.
... The most main gaseous pollutants from poultry farms are hydrogen sulphide, methane, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. Meanwhile, other air pollution, namely odor [14]. The odor from broiler farms produced by a combination of hundreds of odorants, which may be classified as volatile organic compounds (VOC) or gases such as NH3 or H2S [15]. ...
Broiler farms are the main supplier of national meat needs in Indonesia. Production of broilers in Indonesia continues to increase every year as a consequence of the Indonesian population increase. The main issue in animal production is environmental pollution including in broiler production. This study aimed to identify the source of air pollution related to broiler farms and how to overcome air pollution from broiler farms. The result of the study showed that there were several primary air pollutions from broiler farms, i.e., the pollution from emissions of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, greenhouse gasses, odor, and dust. Generally, air pollution from the broiler farm resulted mainly from broiler manure. It has been concluded that manure management is the main way in the reduction of air pollution from broiler farms. Management of feeding is the other way to reduce air pollution from broiler farms, it is because the air pollution from broiler manure resulted from excess nutrients from feed which released through manure. Applicating feed additives and waste additive is the other way which recommendation to reduce air pollution from broiler farms, besides other kinds of approaches.
... If the proper guidelines/ mitigation strategies are not followed, the poultry litter generate undesirable odours, gases, suspension of particulate matter and dust, etc. (Meda et al., 2011;Copeland, 2014). The most significant gaseous pollutants in the poultry sheds are ammonia (NH 3 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH 4 ) and hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S, Barrasa et al., 2012). ...
Present study was conducted in 240 day-old broiler chicks to assess the effect of condensed tannins (CT) containing guava leaf meal (GLM) supplemented diet on nutrient composition, litter metabolites viz. pH, moisture and ammonia concentration) and microbial counts after completion of feeding trial of 42 days. Chicks were randomly allocated into 4 dietary treatments, with 4 replicates of 15 chicks in each pen in a completely randomized block design (CRD). Chicks were fed basal diets supplemented with GLM @ 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 percent, in T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively, while, T0 group fed only basal diet. Litter materials of chicks showed good nutrient profiles and properly sterilized litter material act as alternative feed ingredient for ruminants feed. Supplementation of GLM in the diets of chicks significantly (P<0.05) reduced moisture, pH, NH3 concentration, harmful Eschericia coli and Clostridia spp. counts in the litter materials and reduced environmental pollution. The litter material of GLM supplemented (T1, T2 and T3) chicken showed significantly higher (P<0.05) CP contents as compared to un-supplemented control. It can be concluded that properly sterilized litter material of GLM supplemented chicks act as cheaper alternative feedstuffs for ruminant’s ration and reduce environmental pollution by lowering NH3 concentration, harmful E. coli and Clostridia counts in broiler litter material.
... If the proper guidelines/ mitigation strategies are not followed, the poultry litter generate undesirable odours, gases, suspension of particulate matter and dust, etc. (Meda et al., 2011;Copeland, 2014). The most significant gaseous pollutants in the poultry sheds are ammonia (NH 3 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH 4 ) and hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S, Barrasa et al., 2012). ...
... Similarly, growth was depressed along with feed intake when grower pigs were exposed to ammonia concentrations of 10 ppm [58]. In addition, a positive correlation between NH 3 concentrations and the increase in temperature was observed on most farms [59]. ...
... Through statistical analyses, we also found that the breeding conditions, including the open type of housing and animal density, and duration of manure storage were associated with target gases. In previous studies, it has been reported that the type of animal housing, ventilation rate, manure collection system, stage of production, and the breeding scale were the main variables affecting the emissions [15,21,27,33,34]. ...
Background
Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are harmful gases generated during aerobic/anaerobic bacterial decomposition of livestock manure. We evaluated ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentrations generated from workplaces at livestock farms and determined environmental factors influencing the gas concentrations.
Methods
Five commercial swine farms and five poultry farms were selected for monitoring. Real-time monitors were used to measure the ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentrations and environmental conditions during the manure-handling processes. Monitoring was conducted in the manure storage facility and composting facility. Information on the farm conditions was also collected through interview and walk-through survey.
Results
The ammonia concentrations were significantly higher at the swine composting facilities (9.5–43.2 ppm) than at other manure-handling facilities at the swine and poultry farms, and high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide were identified during the manure agitation and mixing process at the swine manure storage facilities (6.9–19.5 ppm). At the poultry manure-handling facilities, the ammonia concentration was higher during the manure-handling processes (2.6–57.9 ppm), and very low hydrogen sulfide concentrations (0–3.4 ppm) were detected. The air temperature and relative humidity, volume of the facility, duration of manure storage, and the number of animals influenced the gas concentrations.
Conclusion
A high level of hazardous gases was generated during manure handling, and some levels increased up to risk levels that can threaten workers' health and safety. Some of the farm operational factors were also found to influence the gas levels. By controlling and improving these factors, it would be possible to protect workers' safety and health from occupational risks.
... It was also seen that concentrations of NO 2 and H 2 S were low as compared with those of CH 4 and CO 2 as shown in Fig. 2c, d. The H 2 S is produced by anaerobic decomposition of sulphate-containing organic compounds present in manure and causes respiratory problems when present in high concentrations (Barrasa et al. 2012). Wang et al. (2011) mentioned a 100% mortality rate in Leghorn males (breed of chicken) when exposed to 4000 mg/kg of hydrogen sulphide for 15 min, and exposure of 2 mg/kg was recommended as least toxic. ...
... Wang et al. (2011) mentioned a 100% mortality rate in Leghorn males (breed of chicken) when exposed to 4000 mg/kg of hydrogen sulphide for 15 min, and exposure of 2 mg/kg was recommended as least toxic. The maximum production of hydrogen sulphide in the present study was 0.14-0.20 ppm for groups 1 to 3 (Table 3), and the average concentration reported by Barrasa et al. (2012) for H 2 S was 0.10 ppm in fattening broiler houses which is lower than that in the present study. The concentration of NO 2 (0.02-0.06 ppm) among all the three groups was slightly higher as compared with NO 2 concentrations (0.01 and 0.02 ppm) reported by Almuhanna et al. (2011) in two mechanically ventilated poultry houses in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, for a complete growth cycle. ...
... A study designed in a respiration chamber by Wang and Huang (2005) for investigation of poultry enteric fermentation reported an estimated emission factor of 15.87 mg bird −1 life cycle −1 for CH 4 . Methane and carbon dioxide have the ability to displace oxygen and can cause suffocation in controlled environments (Barrasa et al. 2012). Carbon dioxide was the highest concentration gas recorded in this study. ...
Particulate and gaseous emissions from intensive poultry facilities are major public and environmental health concern. The present study was aimed at exploratively monitoring particulate matter (PM) and gaseous concentrations in controlled-environment facilities using low-cost sensors in Lahore, Pakistan. The indoors and outdoors of 18 broiler houses, grouped into three categories based on the age of birds: group I (1–20 days), group II (21–30 days) and group III (31–40 days), were examined. Low-cost sensors Dylos 1700 and Aeroqual 500 series with different gas sensor heads were used to monitor PM and different gases such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), respectively. Overall, the mean PM and gaseous concentrations increased with the age and activity of birds as compared with the non-activity time of birds. Statistically significant differences were observed in all measured parameters among the groups. The negative correlation between indoor and outdoor environments for PM and gas concentrations at some broiler houses demonstrates the contribution of additional sources to emissions in outdoor environments. The findings contribute to our knowledge of temporal characteristics of particulate and gaseous concentrations from poultry facilities particularly in Pakistan and generally to the capability of using low-cost sensors to evaluate emissions from such facilities.
... Significant differences were observedbetween hourly CO 2 concentrations, depending on the activities inside the building. However, it was found that the values of daily exposure and short-term exposure toNH 3 , H 2 S and CO 2 were below the corresponding exposurelimit values in all cases [9]. ...
... In livestock buildings, ammonia is derived from the decomposition of nitrous compounds (Watt et al., 2010). Ammonia is a major gaseous compound with a highly hydrophilic base in the air of livestock buildings and it is capable of reducing daily weight gains and feed utilization (Seedorf and Hartung, 1999;Barrasa et al., 2012). Ammonia emissions from livestock production have contributed significantly to the formation of fine particulate matter (Carew 2010) and have clear pathological effects such as irritant properties which can injure the respiratory tract and the eyes, rhinitis atrophic and enzootic bronchopneumonia of animals and humans (Seedorf and Hartung, 1999;Popescu et al., 2010). ...
Animal agricultural activities can be a significant source of pollutants affecting the health of farmers and neighboring communities. The main objective of this research was to improve the air quality by reducing the interior concentrations of emitting pollutants such as particulate matter (PM) and ammonia (NH3) within forced-ventilated fattening pig barns in order to improve the working conditions for human and the living conditions for animals as well as to have less impact on the surrounding environment. The mitigation techniques were a recirculating air scrubber and spraying of a water–oil mixture. The reduction efficiencies of the two mitigation techniques for PM and NH3 concentrations inside the barns were investigated. Two air scrubbers were mounted in a barn occupied with 515 pigs. A water–oil mixture spraying system with two different nozzles geometries was installed in a barn with 680 pigs. The data obtained from the mitigation system was compared with that obtained from a control barn with the same animal capacity and conditions. The results indicated that the average reduction efficiencies were 63% for total PM, 61% for PM10 and 32% for NH3. The results indicated that the average reduction efficiencies of the spraying system for the whole periods were 74% for total PM, 72% for PM10 and 19.5% for NH3 when using small nozzles and 44% for total PM, 39% for PM10 and 16% for NH3 when using large nozzles. The spraying system reduced the germs and fungal spore concentrations by 14 and 58%, respectively.
... Furthermore, in terms of toxic gases in animal house, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are two well-known toxic components (Yao and Li, 2010). They can cause respiratory, eye diseases and even poisoning death (Teye et al., 2008;Yao and Li, 2010;Barrasa et al., 2012). ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of microbial aerosols on immune function of ducks and shed light on the establishment of microbial aerosol concentration standards for poultry. A total of 1800 1-d-old cherry valley ducks were randomly divided into five groups (A, B, C, D, and E) with 360 ducks in each. To obtain objective data, each group had three replications. Concentrations of airborne bacteria, fungi, endotoxin in different groups were created by controlling ventilation and bedding cleaning frequency. Group A was the control group and hygienic conditions deteriorated progressively from group B to E. A 6-stage Andersen impactor was used to detect the aerosol concentration of aerobes, gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and AGI-30 microbial air sampler detect the endotoxin, and Composite Gas Detector detect the noxious gas. In order to assess the immune function of meat ducks, immune indicators including H5 AIV antibody titer, IgG, IL-2, T-lymphocyte transformation rate, lysozyme and immune organ indexes were evaluated. Correlation coefficients were also calculated to evaluate the relationships among airborne bacteria, fungi, endotoxin, and immune indicators. The results showed that the concentration of airborne aerobe, gram-negative bacteria, fungi, endotoxin have a strong correlation to H5 AIV antibody titer, IgG, IL-2, T-lymphocyte transformation rate, lysozyme, and immune organ indexes, respectively. In addition, when the concentration of microbial aerosol reach the level of group D, serum IgG (6–8 weeks), lysozyme (4 week) were significantly higher than in group A (P < 0.05); serum IL-2 (7 and 8 weeks), T-lymphocyte transformation rate, lysozyme (7 and 8 weeks), spleen index (6 and 8 weeks), and bursa index (8 week) were significantly lower than in group A (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The results indicated that a high level of microbial aerosol adversely affected the immune level of meat ducks. The microbial aerosol values in group D provide a basis for recommending upper limit concentrations of microbial aerosols for healthy meat ducks.
